Assessment of multiple factors affecting intelligence quotient of children of rural and urban areas of Rajasthan, India

Background: Children are the future of our country and hence their mental and physical wellbeing should be our upmost priority. Undernutrition is a major public health problem in our country and is one of the most common reasons for morbidity and mortality in children under 5yrs of age. The first few years of life are particularly important because vital development occurs in all domains. Therefore, this study has aimed to study the Intelligence Quotient (IQ) of the children of the age group 3-5 in urban and rural areas and study the factors associated with it.Methods: A cross section study of the children group of population was performed. Two sections of the children group were taken for the study- children population residing in an urban area and children population residing in a rural community of Rajasthan, India. The data was compiled and analyzed using appropriate statistical methods.Results: In our study, we have found that The following chosen demographic factors were found associated with children Intelligence quotient (IQ) - nutritional status, socioeconomic status, and age, while gender was not found to be associated with IQ.Conclusions: As, cognitive development is fairly important to children and their future, it should be paid more acknowledgment, as well as early preventive methods of it’s associated factors.

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Komparácia pro-poor rastu vo vidieckych a mestských oblastiach Indonézie

10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9896-2021-16 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Barbora Frličková

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Poor People ◽

Average Income ◽

Poor Growth ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Poverty And Inequality ◽

Partial Period ◽

Urban And Rural Areas

The paper analyses construction and use of a selected indicator of pro-poor growth – the rate of pro-poor growth. It further explains the interpretation of this indicator in absolute and relative terms and indicates how economic growth affects poverty and inequality. The selected indicator is applied to the example of Indonesia and compares pro-poor growth in urban and rural areas of the country, examines regional disparities in terms of pro-poor growth for the period 1996–2019. From the absolute interpretation, pro-poor growth is observed in both urban and rural areas over the whole period. In relative terms, results of pro-poor growth for the first partial period (1996–2000) differ. While there was a relative pro-poor growth in the rural areas, there was a strong pro-poor growth in the cities with a significant decline in inequality observed (incomes of poor people increased while the average income of the whole population dropped). Indonesia achieved trickle-down growth in both rural and urban areas in two remaining periods (2000–2010 and 2010–2019).

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ALS Curriculum Implementation for Juvenile Delinquents in Urban and Rural Areas in the Philippines: A Comparative Analysis

Middle Eastern Journal of Research in Education and Social Sciences ◽

10.47631/mejress.v1i1.3 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 1-14

Author(s):

Vandon Borela

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Juvenile Delinquents ◽

Urban Areas ◽

The Philippines ◽

Learning System ◽

Structured Interviews ◽

Alternative Learning ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Urban And Rural Areas

Purpose: The aim of this research study is to evaluate the implementation of Alternative Learning System (ALS) curriculum offered to juvenile delinquents in urban and rural areas in the Philippines. The study also aims to determine whether the current education programs meet the needs of the juvenile delinquents with reference to Juvenile delinquency acts. The study is an attempt to highlight the aspects of Alternative Learning System (ALS) that should be developed. Approach/Methodology/Design: The study is qualitative and conducted in Marikina City and Rizal province, the Philippines. This study used exploratory study analysis. The respondents are the Alternative Learning System (ALS) teachers. For data collection, three semi-structured interviews were employed and the respondents’ answers were categorized using analytical coding to compare and analyze the implementation of the ALS curriculum for juvenile delinquents. Findings: The interpretation and analysis of the data collected shows that the ALS teachers from both the rural and urban areas have the same experiences on the implementation of the ALS program for juvenile delinquents in terms of curriculum, instruction and assessment. Furthermore, the teachers gave an emphasis that once the juvenile delinquents undergo the program, they are given a new hope and new direction in life to pursue their dreams. Lastly, the teachers from both areas have the same suggestions for the improvement of the implementation of the program, such as additional funds for the development of quality learning materials, increasing the number of learning centers, and designing various forms of assessment. Practical Implications: The study will contribute positively to the understanding of Alternative learning System. The significance of this study lies in the comparison of the alternative learning system curriculum and how it is implemented to the juvenile delinquents in urban and in rural areas. Originality/value: This study engages ALS teachers in assessing the ALS curriculum, reflecting actual experiences to meet the expectations and needs of the juvenile delinquents.

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Rural Area Emotional Disturbance Service Delivery: Problems and Future Directions

Behavioral Disorders ◽

10.1177/019874298300800202 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 113-119

Author(s):

Paul L. Beare ◽

Evelyn C. Lynch

Keyword(s):

Service Delivery ◽

Emotional Disturbance ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Directors Of Special Education ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Problems And Solutions ◽

The Status ◽

Urban And Rural Areas

This study investigated the status of Emotional Disturbance (ED) service delivery in rural and urban areas of three midwestern states. Information was gathered from directors of special education. Urban and rural areas were compared on level and types of services, and training and license of the involved teachers. Additional data were collected concerning the directors' perception of service delivery problems and solutions. Generally, rural areas were found to have more severe problems than urban areas in service delivery. Suggestions were offered to help alleviate delivery problems.

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Evaluation of access to electricity and the socioeconomic effects in rural and urban expanses of Nigeria

International Journal of Social Economics ◽

10.1108/ijse-09-2020-0662 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽

Author(s):

Toluwalope Ogunro ◽

Luqman Afolabi

Keyword(s):

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

National Development ◽

Content Type ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

The Government ◽

Electricity Access

PurposeRecently, multidimensional aspects of poverty has been increasingly focused on which includes education, economy and health, while access to modern energy such as stable electricity is also one of the possible solution; thus, this article aims to divulge the relation between access to electricity and progression in socioeconomic status in urban and rural areas of Nigeria in an attempt to propose a sustainable framework for access to electricity.Design/methodology/approachDemographic and health survey data are collected using four categories of model of questionnaires. A standard questionnaire was designed to gather information on features of the household's dwelling element and attributes of visitors and usual residents between the 2018 period. Biomarker questionnaire was used to gather biomarker data on men, women and children. Logistic model estimation technique was employed to estimate the socioeconomic factors affecting access to electricity in Nigeria.FindingsThese studies discovered that there are diverse set of factors affecting access to electricity in Nigeria especially in the rural areas. However, respondent residing in rural areas are still largely deprived access to electricity; most importantly, households with no access to electricity are more likely to use self-generating sets as revealed. Additionally, empirical findings indicated that the higher the level of your education and wealth, the higher the likelihood of having access to electricity in Nigeria. These factors included political will to connect the rural areas to the national grid, development of other infrastructures in those deprived areas and others.Practical implicationsThe problem confronting access to electricity in Nigeria has three components. The first is the significance of those deprived access to electricity in the rural areas and the physical resources needed to connect them to the national grid. The second is the political willingness of the government to have equitable distribution of public goods evenly between rural and urban areas especially on electricity access which will go a long way in reducing poverty in Nigeria. The third is lack of robust national development plans and strategy to tackle the problems facing electricity access in Nigeria.Social implicationsAs the rate of socioeconomic status/development increases, access to electricity is anticipated to rise up in Nigeria.Originality/valueThe findings can be used by the policy makers to address problems facing access to electricity in Nigeria.

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The Influence of Information Services on Public Transport Behavior of Urban and Rural Residents

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su11195454 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (19) ◽

pp. 5454

Author(s):

Xuemei Zhou ◽

Jiahui Liang ◽

Xiangfeng Ji ◽

Caitlin Cottrill

Keyword(s):

Public Transport ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Information Service ◽

Rural Residents ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Transport Behavior ◽

Urban And Rural Residents ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Urban And Rural Areas

Rural and urban areas are mainly connected by public transport in China. The characteristics of the trips of local residents in rural and urban areas are different; therefore, the demand for public transport information services is different. Based on the revealed data, a structural equation model is applied to examine the critical factors affecting the behavior of urban and rural residents in choosing public transport in the Beidaihe District, Qinhuangdao City, China. The effect of information service factors on public transport behavior of urban and rural residents is obtained. The influence level of public transport information service on public transport behavior of urban and rural residents before and during travel is discussed. This study provides valuable insights to improving public transport services between urban and rural areas of China, which can attract more residents to use public transport and promotes sustainable development between urban and rural areas.

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Demographic and socioeconomic factors affecting infant mortality in Egypt

Journal of Biosocial Science ◽

10.1017/s002193200001885x ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 22 (4) ◽

pp. 447-451 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Hassan Y. Aly

Keyword(s):

Infant Mortality ◽

Socioeconomic Factors ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Positive Effects ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Reduce Infant Mortality ◽

Nationally Representative

SummaryThis paper analyses the relative importance of demographic and socioeconomic factors with respect to their role in reducing infant mortality in Egypt.Logit analyses of data from a nationally representative sample of Egyptian households, and for urban and rural households separately, indicate that demographic factors have more effect on infant mortality than socioeconomic factors. The results also show the need to improve housing in urban areas and sewerage systems in rural areas in order to reduce infant mortality. One of the most important policy conclusions, however, concerns the importance of providing a vigorous educational campaign to enlighten mothers and prospective mothers in both rural and urban areas on the positive effects of breast-feeding, longer birth intervals, and fewer children on the survival of infants.

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The Effect of Location on the Value of Ornamental Trees Using the Example of a Green Space in Lublin

Real Estate Management and Valuation ◽

10.2478/remav-2019-0035 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 27 (4) ◽

pp. 53-61

Author(s):

Eugenia Czernyszewicz ◽

Małgorzata Szymańska ◽

Beata Żuraw ◽

Katarzyna Leziak

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Growth Conditions ◽

Health Resort ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Valuation Method ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Historic Areas ◽

Urban And Rural Areas ◽

Ornamental Trees

Abstract This paper examines and identifies, using a specific example, how the location of trees influences their value. For the valuation of trees outside a forest area, appraisers often employ methods recommended for estimating forest stands, which significantly reduces the value of trees and valued properties. The tree-valuation method developed by SZCZEPANOWSKA et al. (2010) was used in our study. First, we compiled an inventory of trees located on plots intended for expropriation. The study covered all specimens with trunk circumferences of over 25 centimetres, which amounted to a total of 76 trees. We considered the value of the trees in the conditions of the actual location, which means that our calculations included house gardens in the city and the values of the same trees in hypothetical growth conditions: tree stands in rural and urban areas, green spaces in urban and rural areas, housing estates, roads and streets (both urban and rural), and historic areas, health resorts and health-resort protection zones. Our study has shown that the tree valuation method based on differentiating coefficients is a very useful tool for establishing the value of trees in outlying areas.

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Functional links between rural and urban areas in the territory of the city of Banja Luka and the perspective of their development

Economics of Sustainable Development ◽

10.5937/esd2002050t ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 49-62

Author(s):

Milan Tomić ◽

Sandra Rover ◽

Bojan Pejović ◽

Nina Uremović

Keyword(s):

Urban Environment ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Urban Environments ◽

Urban Center ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Political Dimensions ◽

Urban And Rural Areas ◽

Banja Luka

Different types of interactions between rural and urban areas have the effect of improving economic, social, cultural and political dimensions in both areas, separating these two areas by their type of activity. Rural and urban types of regions have different resources and means that can be used in a complementary way. In rural-urban interaction there is a possibility of occurrence of conflict of interest of these two areas. This kind of conflict should be overcome when applying the partnership approach between rural and urban areas. The types of rural areas, depending on the proximity of the urban center and the functions of these areas, are divided into suburban, agricultural and remote type areas. By determining the functions of each type of area, the type and intensity of the interactions of rural areas with the urban center are presented. Rural entrepreneurs are able to bridge rural-urban differences, possessing certain market knowledge and descriptions of the characteristics of urban environments, while benefiting from their position. Rural entrepreneurs' interaction with the urban environment can contribute to sustainable economic relations between citizens in urban and rural areas. This paper presents the results of research related to determining the functions of certain areas, their strengths, unused and utilized resources, the frequency of interaction with the urban environment and the perspectives of suburban, agricultural and remote type areas in the context of interaction with the urban environment.

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Dispatcher-Assisted Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: Disparity between Urban and Rural Areas

Emergency Medicine International ◽

10.1155/2020/9060472 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Yen-Chin Chen ◽

Shao-Hua Yu ◽

Wei-Jen Chen ◽

Li-Chi Huang ◽

Chih-Yu Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Spontaneous Circulation ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Taichung City ◽

Urban And Rural Areas ◽

Utstein Style ◽

Hospital Cardiac Arrest

Object. To compare the provision and effectiveness of dispatcher-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation (DACPR) in rural and urban areas. Methods. Patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) were prospectively registered in Taichung. The 29 districts of Taichung city were divided into urban and rural areas based on whether the population density is more than 1,000 people per square kilometer. Prehospital data were collected according to the Utstein-style template, and telephone auditory records were collected by a dispatch center. Results. 2,716 patients were enrolled during the study period. 88.4% OHCA occurred in urban areas and 11.6% in rural areas. 74.9% after dispatcher assistance, laypersons performed CPR in urban areas and 67.7% in rural areas (p=0.023). The proportion of laypersons continued CPR until an emergency medical technician’s (EMT) arrival was higher in the urban areas (59.57% vs 52.27%, p=0.039). Laypersons continued CPR until an EMT’ arrival would increase the chance of return of spontaneous circulation in urban and rural areas, with adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of 1.02, 95% confidence interval (CI) of 0.82–1.27, and aOR of 1.49, 95% CI of 0.80–2.80, respectively. Continued laypersons CPR until the EMT’ arrival also improved survival with favorable neurological function, with aOR of 1.16, 95% CI of 0.61–2.20 in urban areas and aOR of 2.90 95% CI of 0.18–46.81 in rural areas. Conclusion. Bystanders in urban areas exhibited higher ratio of acceptance of DACPR. However, after DACPR intervention, prognosis improvement was considerably higher in rural areas than in urban areas.

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Differences in maternal mortality between urban and rural areas: Analysis of Maternal Mortality based in Jinan, China in 1995- 2018

10.21203/rs.2.17817/v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Lihua Zhang ◽

Tingting Zhen ◽

Qinyou Meng ◽

Shimin Yang ◽

Jiaxue Pan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Maternal Mortality ◽

Maternal Death ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Maternal Deaths ◽

Policy Makers ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

The Difference ◽

Urban And Rural Areas

Abstract Background: Although a large number of studies have shown that maternal mortality in rural areas is higher than that in urban areas, few reports discussed about the detailed situation and the behind causes. Here, we summarized the maternal mortality from 1995 to 2018 in Jinan and the reason behind it was deeply discussed. It is expected to reveal the difference and its behind reasons, thus providing a basis for policy makers to develop interventions. Methods: Data about maternal mortality in the selected city from 1995 to 2018 were collected through the local maternal and child health care network. Maternal death age, maternal death delivery location, maternal death location, number of pregnancies, number of deliveries and maternal death causes were analyzed. The composition ratio of above factors were compared in order to indicate the differences between rural areas and urban areas. Results: The study showed that 75.34% of maternal deaths in urban areas occurred in tertiary hospitals, which were 2.13 times higher than that in rural areas(P<0.05). 16.67% of maternal deaths in rural areas delivered in primary hospitals, which were 12.17 times higher than that in urban areas (P<0.05) . The main cause of death in rural areas were attributed to direct obstetrics reasons, which were indirect obstetric reasons for urban areas (P<0.05). There was no difference of maternal deaths in the death age, number of births, and number of pregnancies between rural areas and urban areas.(P>0.05) Conclusion: Policy makers should focus on the construction of medical institutions in rural areas, the improvement of rescue capabilities in rural areas and the convenience of transport in rural areas in order to narrow the gap between rural and urban areas. Key words: Maternal Mortality; Differences between urban and rural areas; China

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