Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and associated factors among human immunodeficiency virus patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy in North central Nigeria

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a complex disorder defined by cluster of risk factors for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The Use of Highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV patients is associated with metabolic syndrome which increases the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of MS among HAART treated HIV patients and HAART naïve patients.Methods: This was a cross-sectional study that evaluated 581 (396 females, 184 males) consenting HIV patents in the hospital. Clinical characteristics, anthropometry, blood pressure, lipid profile, fasting blood glucose, fasting plasma insulin, CD4 cell counts and viral load were determined using appropriate standard techniques. MS was defined using International Diabetes Federation (IDF) cut-off values.Results: The overall prevalence of MS was 10.7%, with more females 52 (13.1%) than males 10 (5.4%), p=0.005. MS in patients on HAART was 58 (15.1%) and HAART naive 4 (2.0%). Overall, waist circumference, BMI, systolic blood pressure (BP), diastolic blood pressure (BP), triglycerides and fasting blood glucose were 82.7±11.5, 22.7±, 120.6±17.6, 77.5±10.6, 1.1±0.7 and 5.1±1.9 respectively. Patients with MS had significantly higher (p<0.05) waist circumference (94.1 vs 81.3 cm), BMI (24.8 vs 22.5 kg/m2), systolic BP (135.4 vs 118.8 mmHg), diastolic BP (86.2 vs 76.5 mmHg), triglycerides (1.3 vs 1.0 mmol/l) and fasting blood glucose (6.3 vs 4.9 mmol/l). Insulin resistance (IR) was higher in patients with MS 11.8(7.9) compared with patients without MS 5.5 (6.8) p=0.02.Conclusions: Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in this study was lower than that reported in previous works, the prevalence is much higher in the HAART treated patients. The risk of MS were high triglycerides, hypertension and abnormal fasting blood glucose. There was significant association with the traditional risk factors, age, female gender and HIV duration.

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The Metabolic Syndrome: Comparison of Newly Proposed IDF, Modified ATP III and WHO Criteria and their Agreements

Cardiovascular Journal ◽

10.3329/cardio.v6i1.16110 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 17-22 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

AKM Mainuddin ◽

KN Choudhury ◽

KR Ahmed ◽

S Akter ◽

N Islam ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Blood Glucose ◽

Waist Circumference ◽

Fasting Blood Glucose ◽

T Test ◽

Anthropometric Measurement ◽

Who Criteria ◽

Significant Difference

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MS) results from clustering of cardiovascular risk factors occurring in association with insulin resistance and obesity. With the increasing prevalence of obesity worldwide, MS is of keen interest in research. The disorder is defined in various ways, but one consolidated definition is needed to make studies comparable worldwide. The study was to determine the risk factors of metabolic syndrome in Bangladesh and comparison of newly proposed definition of International Diabetes Federation (IDF), modified National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATP III) and the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria and their agreements. Materials and Methods: This was a cross sectional hospital based study. We randomly selected 229 participants. After obtaining informed written consent data collectors collected data by interview, clinical examination, anthropometric measurement and investigations. We calculated independent sample t-test means between to distinguish which risk factors were present in participants with and without MS, using SPSS v17. Results: The percentage of risk factors of MS among subjects according to different criteria was 72% of Modified ATP-III, 69% of IDF and 39% of WHO definition .In Modified NCEP ATP III when did independent sample t-test mean of BMI, waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, high density lipoprotein and triglyceride were present statistically significant difference between without MS and with MS (p<0.05). According to WHO criteria BMI, waist circumference, fasting blood glucose were statistically significant (p<0.05) and similarly fasting blood glucose & triglyceride were statistically significant difference between without MS and with MS (p<0.05) according to IDF criteria.ATP III and WHO criteria showed good agreement (k 0.56) compared to ATP III with IDF (k 0.31) and WHO with IDF (k 0.11) criteria. Conclusion: Metabolic syndrome is highly prevalent in Bangladesh. We detected the highest proportion of participants with MS using the ATP III definition, which emphasizes the predominant focus on the modified waist circumference for Asian participants. However, MS prevalence following WHO criteria in those with impaired glucose regulation is comparable with ATP III definition. Follow up study needed to examine the significance of MS following all definitions for the assessment of risk for diabetes and or cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular Journal Volume 6, No. 1, 2013, Page 17-22 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/cardio.v6i1.16110

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Association of normoalbuminuria and microalbuminuria with the components of metabolic syndrome in Bangladeshi adults

BIRDEM Medical Journal ◽

10.3329/birdem.v10i3.48703 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 152-158

Author(s):

Muntakim Mahmud Saadi ◽

Farida Akhter Tania ◽

Manindra Nath Roy ◽

Rubena Haque ◽

Farzana Akonjee Mishu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Blood Glucose ◽

Urinary Albumin Excretion ◽

Fasting Blood Glucose ◽

Urinary Albumin ◽

Normal Range ◽

Low Hdl

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is clustering of metabolic abnormalities characterized by obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia and glucose intolerance that collectively increases the risk of diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, stroke and overall mortality. Microalbuminuria is associated with diabetes mellitus, hypertention, obesity all are components of metabolic syndrome. Microalbuminuria and MetS have both been linked to chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease. Before development of microalbuminuria there is a wide normal range for urinary albumin excretion. By comparing the strength of the association between MetS and its components with normoalbuminuria and microalbuminuria, we can assess the risk of cardiovascular and renal diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the association of normoalbuminuria and microalbuminuria with the components of MetS in Bangladeshi adult subjects. Methods: It was a cross-sectional analytical study, carried out in the Department of Biochemistry of Sir Salimullah Medical College and Mitford Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh during the period of March 2017 to January 2018. Total 175 patients with MetS attending the outpatient department of Medicine and Endocrinology of Mitford Hospital were included. Collected data was checked, edited and analyzed with the help of software SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) version 22. Results: This study showed, among the total 175 study subjects, 125 subjects were with normoalbuminuria (71.43%) and 50 subjects had microalbuminuria (28.57%). With an average age 42.4 years, female were 52% in this study. There was also female predominance among microalbuminuric subjects (13.71% vs 14.75%). Participants with microalbuminuria were more likely to have higher systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and fasting blood glucose (FBG) than those with normoalbuminuria. The albumin creatinine ratio (ACR) of study subjects ranged from 3.00 to 270.39 mg/g and mean ACR was 27.14 mg/g. The mean ACR for participants with three (n=34), four (n=72) and five (n=69) components of MetS were 14.73, 19.94 and 40.77 mg/g respectively and corresponding prevalence of microalbuminuria was 10%, 32% and 58% respectively. Normal range of urinary albumin excretion rate (normoalbuminuria) were classified into four quartiles according to their ACR values and ranges for Q1, Q2, Q3 & Q4 were respectively Q1 = 3.00 to 5.1, Q2 = 5.1 to 8.2, Q3 = 8.2 to 13.89, Q4 = 13.89 to 28.1mg/g. The means of elevated DBP, SBP, FBG and tri-acyl glycerol (TAG) among the components of MetS showed increasing trend from lower to upper quartiles within normal range. Q1 was considered as base line in comparison to other quartiles. Odds of elevated WC, FBG, TAG, BP and low HDL-C were high across increasing quartiles of ACR (1.00 vs 1.33 vs 2.24 vs 1.79 respectively for central obesity; 1.00 vs 1.07 vs 1.97 vs 2.07 respectively for elevated fasting blood glucose; 1.00 vs 1.51 vs 1.69 vs 1.69 respectively for elevated TAG; 1.00 vs 6.86 vs 3.87 vs 2.88 respectively for elevated BP and 1.00 vs 1.35 vs 2.79 vs 2.79 respectively for low HDL-C; p-values <0.05 for all). Among the components of MetS, most significant relationship was observed between elevated BP and increasing ACR quartile within normal range. Conclusions: In conclusion, we demonstrated that microalbuminuria was strongly associated with MetS and its components. Microalbuminuria should be reconsidered as a component of MetS as it shows incremental effect with severity of MetS. Even upper normal range of albuminuria (higher normoalbuminuria) is strongly associated with elevated BP, FBG and TAG among the components of MetS. So, normal range of albuminuria should be rearranged after performing large scale population study in this regard. Birdem Med J 2020; 10(3): 152-158

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Korelasi Lingkar Pinggang dengan Kadar Gula Darah Puasa, Kadar Trigliserida, dan Tekanan Darah pada Mahasiswa Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas HKBP Nommensen

Health & Medical Journal ◽

10.33854/heme.v3i2.583 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 08-13

Author(s):

Ervina Julien Sitanggang

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Young Adults ◽

Blood Glucose ◽

Waist Circumference ◽

Blood Sugar ◽

Fasting Blood Glucose ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

Blood Glucose Levels ◽

Sugar Levels

Introduction: Cardiovascular disease is the number one cause of death globally with an incidence of adolescents and young adults in Indonesia as many as 153.705 cases. Central obesity is associated with the risk of cardiovascular disease due to increase in fasting blood glucose levels, cholesterol and triglyceride levels, and blood pressure. Aims: to determine the correlation between waist circumference and fasting blood glucose levels, triglyceride levels, and blood pressure in young adults. Method: This analytic study with a cross-sectional approach involved 53 young adult subjects (18-25 years old). Waist circumference is measured using a tape measure. Blood sugar and triglyceride levels were measured using Cobas® 6000 analyzer machine from blood samples of subjects after fasting for 8-12 hours. Blood pressure data are obtained by measurement using aneroid sphygmomanometer. Results: In this study, the mean waist circumference of the research subjects was 77,4 cm. No correlation was found between waist circumference and fasting blood sugar levels (p = 0,159). However, a positive correlation was found between waist circumference and triglyceride levels (p = 0,008; r = 0,332), between waist circumference and systolic blood pressure (p = 0,049; r = 0,230), and between waist circumference and diastolic blood pressure (p = 0,017; r = 0,293). Conclusion: waist circumference is positively correlated with triglyceride levels and blood pressure, but does not correlate with fasting blood sugar levels.

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The Brown Algae Fucus vesiculosus and Ascophyllum nodosum Reduce Metabolic Syndrome Risk Factors: A Clinical Study

Natural Product Communications ◽

10.1177/1934578x1801301228 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 13 (12) ◽

pp. 1934578X1801301 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Sara De Martin ◽

Daniela Gabbia ◽

Maria Carrara ◽

Nicola Ferri

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Blood Glucose ◽

Waist Circumference ◽

Fasting Blood Glucose ◽

Ascophyllum Nodosum ◽

Fucus Vesiculosus ◽

Homa Index ◽

Insulin Levels ◽

Glucose Levels

Fucus vesiculosus and Ascophyllum nodosum have been traditionally used for the treatment of obesity and several gastrointestinal diseases. We have recently demonstrated that the phytocomplex obtained from these algae (Gdue™) controls postprandial glucose levels in a mouse model of steatohepatitis, a condition often associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. We analyzed the effect of Gdue™ on HOMA index, waist circumference, fasting blood glucose and insulin levels in overweight or obese subjects. Waist circumference decreased significantly after 6 months of treatment (112 ± 17 at t0 vs 105 ± 13 cm after 6 months of treatment; p<0.0001). Both blood glucose and insulin levels were significantly reduced after 6 months of treatment with Gdue™ (110 ± 15 at t0 vs 98 ± 15 mg/dL after 6 months for glucose; p<0.0001; 22.6 ± 9.5 at t0 vs 17.8 ± 8.6 μU/mL after 6 months for insulin; p<0.05). Accordingly, HOMA index decreased significantly (6.103 ± 2.548 at t0 vs 4.419 ± 2.382 after 6 months; p<0.01), suggesting an improvement of insulin sensitivity status. This phytocomplex represents a useful dietary supplement for controlling relevant metabolic syndrome risk factors, such as waist circumference, fasting insulin and glucose levels.

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Dietary Animal to Plant Protein Ratio Is Associated with Risk Factors of Metabolic Syndrome in Participants of the AHS-2 Calibration Study

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13124296 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (12) ◽

pp. 4296

Author(s):

Bahar Azemati ◽

Sujatha Rajaram ◽

Karen Jaceldo-Siegl ◽

Ella H. Haddad ◽

David Shavlik ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Blood Glucose ◽

Waist Circumference ◽

Dietary Protein ◽

Protein Intake ◽

Fasting Blood Glucose ◽

Plant Protein ◽

Protein Ratio ◽

Calibration Study

Background: Few research studies have focused on the effects of dietary protein on metabolic syndrome and its components. Our objective was to determine the relationship between the type of dietary protein intake and animal to plant (AP) protein ratio with metabolic syndrome and its components. Methods: This population-based study had a cross sectional design and conducted on 518 participants of the Adventist Health Study 2 (AHS-2) Calibration Study. Two sets of three dietary 24-h recalls were obtained six months apart. Anthropometric measures and biochemical tests were performed in clinics. Regression calibration models were used to determine the association of type of dietary protein with metabolic syndrome and its components (raised triglyceride, raised blood pressure, reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), raised fasting blood glucose and increased waist circumference). Results: The likelihood of metabolic syndrome was lower in those with higher total dietary protein and animal protein intake (p = 0.02).Total protein (β = 0.004, [95%CI: 0.002, 0.007]), animal protein intake (β = 0.004, [95%CI: 0.001, 0.007]) and AP protein intake ratio (β = 0.034, [95%CI: 0.021, 0.047]) were positively associated with waist circumference. Higher AP protein ratio was related to higher fasting blood glucose (β = 0.023, [95%CI: 0.005, 0.041]). Conclusion: Our study suggests that considering a significant amount of plant protein as a part of total dietary protein has beneficial effects on cardiometabolic risk factors.

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Audit of monitoring of the parameters of metabolic syndrome in patients on clozapine

The Psychiatrist ◽

10.1192/pb.bp.111.037994 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 36 (12) ◽

pp. 466-469 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

John Tully ◽

Christina Sim ◽

Razi Hemani ◽

Malik Munir ◽

Nasir Khalil ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Blood Glucose ◽

Waist Circumference ◽

Lipid Profile ◽

Antipsychotic Medication ◽

Marked Improvement ◽

Fasting Blood Glucose ◽

Therapeutic Interventions ◽

Clinical Implications

Aims and MethodHigh rates of metabolic syndrome exist among patients on clozapine. Monitoring its parameters facilitates interventions which may alleviate negative health consequences. We completed an audit of the monitoring of the parameters of metabolic syndrome in patients on clozapine. The results were compared with the Maudsley Guidelines for monitoring in patients on any antipsychotic medication.ResultsInitial audit showed high overall rates of concordance with guidelines for the frequency of measurement of blood pressure (91.8%), but much lower rates for measuring fasting blood glucose (43.2%) and lipid profile (52.7%), and no record of analysis of waist circumference. This prompted development of a formal protocol for measuring parameters. Repeat audit after 1 year showed marked improvement in rates of measurement.Clinical implicationsImplementation of relatively straightforward measures, such as the introduction of a one-page form on which to record parameters, can lead to a much improved rate of monitoring for metabolic syndrome. This should in turn prompt therapeutic interventions, which are discussed.

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HUBUNGAN FAKTOR ASUPAN DENGAN LINGKAR PINGGANG, KADAR GULA DARAH PUASA DAN TEKANAN DARAH PADA REMAJA OBESITAS DI SMA NEGERI 9 SEMARANG

JURNAL RISET GIZI ◽

10.31983/jrg.v7i2.5196 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 107-114

Author(s):

Shafira Tri Handayani ◽

Yuwono Setiadi ◽

Yuniarti Yuniarti

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Blood Glucose ◽

Waist Circumference ◽

Blood Glucose Level ◽

Systolic Blood Pressure ◽

Glucose Level ◽

Central Obesity ◽

Fasting Blood Glucose ◽

Fasting Blood Glucose Level

Background : Obesity in adolescence associated with the incidence of metabolic syndrome. The metabolic syndrome is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by high blood pressure, high fasting blood glucose, high triglycerides, low HDL and central obesity. An increasing number of metabolic syndrome in line with the increase in the number of obesity. Based on RISKESDAS 2013 increased the proportion of central obesity from 2007 to 2013 by 18.8% to 26.6%. The prevalence of central obesity in Semarang 21.5%.Aim : Knowing the relationship among intake with waist circumference, fasting blood glucose level and blood pressure in obese adolescents in SMAN 9 Semarang.Method : This study was an observational study with cross-sectional design. Sampling was conducted randomized to receive 47 samples. The data collected is macro nutrients intake factors with 24 hours recall method, weight, height, waist circumference, fasting blood glucose level and blood pressure. Data was collected by the method of anthropometry; interviews, blood pressure measurement and fasting blood glucose level measurement. The correlations test using linear regression.Results: There is a correlation between intake with waist circumference (p 0.046 0.05) with a moderate relationship (R = 0.454) and contributed 20.6%, there is a correlation between intake with fasting blood glucose level (0.039 p 0.05) with the level of relationship is (R = 0.448) and contributed 20.1%, there is a correlation between intake with systolic blood pressure (p 0.004 0.05) with a strong correlation (R = 0.556) and contributed 30.6%, and there is no correlation between intake factor with diastolic blood pressure (p 0.113 0.05) and contributed 16.3%.Conclusion: There is a correlation among intake with waist circumference, fasting blood glucose level and systolic blood pressure. There is no correlation between intake with diastolic blood pressure.

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Effectiveness of Ascophyllum nodosum and Fucus vesiculosus on Metabolic Syndrome Components: A Real-World, Observational Study

Journal of Diabetes Research ◽

10.1155/2021/3389316 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Antonio Nicolucci ◽

Maria Chiara Rossi ◽

Massimiliano Petrelli

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Body Weight ◽

Blood Glucose ◽

Waist Circumference ◽

Real World ◽

Fasting Blood Glucose ◽

Ascophyllum Nodosum ◽

Fucus Vesiculosus ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome

Introduction. Gdue is a nutraceutical obtained from the association of two marine algae, Ascophyllum nodosum and Fucus vesiculosus, in addition to chromium picolinate, which could be useful for the treatment of dysglycemia, overweight, and the other components of the metabolic syndrome. The aim of the study was to assess the real-world effectiveness and safety of Gdue when administered to subjects with one or more components of the metabolic syndrome. Methods. A longitudinal, retrospective, observational study, conducted among primary care physicians, nutritionists, and specialists from various disciplines. The impact of 180 days of administration of Gdue was assessed on body weight, waist circumference, fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, lipid profile, and blood pressure levels. The likelihood of experiencing a first major cardiovascular event over ten years was estimated using Italian risk charts. General linear models for repeated measures were applied to assess changes in the parameters of interest during the follow-up. Results are expressed as estimated marginal means with their 95% confidence interval. Results. Overall, 505 patients were enrolled by 282 physicians. After 6 months of treatment with Gdue, body weight was reduced on average by 7.3 kg (-8.0; -6.6), waist circumference by 7.5 cm (-8.2; -6.8), fasting blood glucose by 16.3 mg/dL (-17.8; -14.7), HbA1c by 0.55% (-0.62; -0.49), systolic and diastolic blood pressure by 7.1 mmHg (-8.3; -6.0) and 4.2 mmHg (-5.0; -3.5), respectively, LDL cholesterol by 18.2 mg/dL (-21.2; -15.3), and triglycerides by 39 mg/dL (-45; -32). HDL cholesterol was significantly increased by 2.9 mg/dL (0.7; 5.0). The 10-year risk of cardiovascular events significantly decreased by 1.8%, corresponding to a relative risk reduction of 27.7%. Conclusion. Our real-world study shows that 6 months of treatment with Gdue have an impact on all the components of the metabolic syndrome, thus offering the potential for decreasing the cardiovascular risk associated with metabolic syndrome.

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