A study on comparison of short term three dose antibiotic prophylaxis with conventional prolonged postoperative antibiotic coverage in development of surgical site infections

Background: Surgical site infections are still an increasing threat to the surgeons despite advances in techniques of surgery, patient care and sterilization practices. Most of the studies state that pre-operative antibiotic prophylaxis is effective in reducing the risk of wound infection in surgical procedures and has been a standard practice followed in many surgeries. Prolonged administration of prophylactic antibiotic has been associated with development of resistant bacterial strains and predisposes the patient in development of wound infection. The aim of the present study is to study the effectiveness of short term antibiotic coverage during decisive period in prevention of post-operative infection in surgical procedures.Methods: A prospective randomized and comparative study was done for one year with 100 cases divided into two groups A and B. Group A received prophylactic Ceftriaxone three doses intravenously, 12 h before surgery 1st dose, 1h before surgery 2nd dose and third 10h after surgery. Group B received Ceftriaxone twice daily for 5 days after surgery. The two groups were compared for development of SSI and associated risk factors.Results: The mean age of the total study group was 37.11± 12.12 years with 60% of males and 40% females. Overall incidence of SSI in study was 24% with Group A 10% and 14% in group B. Anemia, associated drain, increased BMI and undernourishment was associated risk factors and a statistically significant association was found with these risk factors in present study. Pseudomonas and Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus were the isolates in the study.Conclusions: Present study strongly recommends the use of antibiotics during surgery than administration after surgery. More care and proper management of the cases are required with associated risk factors like increased BMI, presence of drain and low Hb%. Large multicentric studies are further required to establish further associated risk factors and to identify the local pathogens and their resistance pattern. Appropriate use of antibiotics can substantially reduce the emergence of resistant pathogens and limit the cost of treatment.

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Antimicrobial prophylaxis in noninstrumented spine surgery: a prospective study to determine efficacy and drawbacks

Journal of Neurosurgery Spine ◽

10.3171/2020.11.spine201891 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

Aymeric Amelot ◽

Maximilien Riche ◽

Samuel Latreille ◽

Vincent Degos ◽

Alexandre Carpentier ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Single Dose ◽

Prospective Study ◽

Antibiotic Prophylaxis ◽

Spine Surgery ◽

Surgical Site Infections ◽

Csf Leak ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Group A ◽

Group B

OBJECTIVE The authors sought to evaluate the roles of perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis in noninstrumented spine surgery (NISS), both in postoperative infections and the impact on the selection of resistant bacteria. To the authors’ knowledge, only one prospective study recommending preoperative intravenous (IV) antibiotics for prophylaxis has been published previously. METHODS Two successive prospective IV antibiotic prophylaxis protocols were used: from 2011 to 2013 (group A: no prophylactic antibiotic) and from 2014 to 2016 (group B: prophylactic cefazolin). Patient infection rates, infection risk factors, and bacteriological status were determined. RESULTS In total, 2250 patients (1031 in group A and 1219 in group B) were followed for at least 1 year. The authors identified 72 surgical site infections, 51 in group A (4.9%) and 21 in group B (1.7%) (p < 0.0001). A multiple logistic regression hazard model identified male sex (HR 2.028, 95% CI 1.173–3.509; p = 0.011), cervical laminectomy (HR 2.078, 95% CI 1.147–3.762; p = 0.016), and postoperative CSF leak (HR 43.782, 95% CI 10.9–189.9; p < 0.0001) as independent predictive risk factors of infection. In addition, preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis was the only independent favorable factor (HR 0.283, 95% CI 0.164–0.488; p < 0.0001) that significantly reduced infections for NISS. Of 97 bacterial infections, cefazolin-resistant bacteria were identified in 26 (26.8%), with significantly more in group B (40%) than in group A (20.9%) (p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS A single dose of preoperative cefazolin is effective and mandatory in preventing surgical site infections in NISS. Single-dose antibiotic prophylaxis has an immediate impact on cutaneous flora by increasing cefazolin-resistant bacteria.

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Antibiotic Prophylaxis Before Dental Procedures Can Reduce ONJ Incidence.

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v110.11.3613.3613 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 110 (11) ◽

pp. 3613-3613 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Vittorio Montefusco ◽

Francesca Gay ◽

Francesco Spina ◽

Maria Teresa Ambrosini ◽

Massimo Maniezzo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Zoledronic Acid ◽

High Risk ◽

Antibiotic Prophylaxis ◽

Low Risk ◽

Dental Procedure ◽

Dental Procedures ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Group A ◽

Group B

Abstract Osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) is a frequent complication in bisphosphonate-treated multiple myeloma (MM) patients. The pathogenesis is unclear, and major risk factors are duration of bisphosphonate treatment and dental procedures. The histology of osteonecrotic bone shows osteomyelitis and inflammatory infiltrates, and, in most cases, presence of Actynomycetes. Since dental procedures are a major risk factor for ONJ development and oral microflora can be involved in the pathogenesis of the disease, we conducted a retrospective observational trial comparing ONJ occurrence and related risk factors in two groups of MM patients, who received zoledronic acid treatment at two Italian hematological centres. In one centre all patients systematically received as antibiotic prophylaxis amoxicillin-clavulanate 1 gm bid or levofloxacin 500 mg once a day starting from one day before to 3 days after any dental procedure (group A, 52 patients), while in the other centre patients did not receive any prophylaxis (group B, 61 patients). Dental procedures were categorized according to their invasivity and their supposed probability to cause ONJ. Extractions, implants, and professional cleanings were considered at high risk, while fillings were considered low risk procedures. Thirty-three group A patients (63%) and 32 group B patients (52%) received high risk procedures; 4 group A patients (8%) and 5 group B patients (8%) received low risk procedures, while 15 (29%) and 24 (39%) patients, respectively, had a denture. The duration of zoledronic acid exposure differed significantly between the two groups, with a median of 26 months for A patients and 12 months for B patients (p<0.0001). In group A no cases of ONJ were observed, while in group B 8 cases (13%) of ONJ were diagnosed, with a significant difference between the two groups (p=0.007). There was a temporal correlation between dental procedure and ONJ, with a median time of 60 days (range 37–990). The relative risk of ONJ after a dental procedure was 4.8 (p=0.01). The pooled analysis of the two groups showed that age, sex, transplant procedure, and thalidomide therapy did not correlate with ONJ. In both groups the presence of dentures was not associated with ONJ. While in group B incidence of ONJ is consistent with data reported in the literature, which range between 7% and 11%, group A patients had an unexpected low occurrence of this complication, despite a significantly longer exposure to zoledronic acid. This finding suggests a possible role of antibiotic prophylaxis in protecting from ONJ after dental procedures. Further, our observation, along with the correlation between dental procedures and ONJ development, can contribute to the proposal of a comprehensive model of ONJ pathogenesis: trauma of the alveolar bone modified by bisphosphonates induces a bacterial translocation with a subsequent induction of infection, inflammation and necrosis. In this perspective, since antibiotic prophylaxis is a simple and low cost precaution, it’s reasonable to propose it as part of standard care to zoledronic acid treated MM patients before any dental procedure.

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Superficial surgical site infections following stone and non-stone bile duct surgery- A comparative analysis

Northern International Medical College Journal ◽

10.3329/nimcj.v11i2.54061 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 458-462

Author(s):

Chishti Tanhar Bakth Choudhury ◽

BH Nazma Yasmeen ◽

Manir Hossain Khan ◽

AHM Towhidul Alam ◽

Shirin Akhter

Keyword(s):

Bile Duct ◽

Surgical Site Infection ◽

Wound Infection ◽

Surgical Site Infections ◽

Stone Disease ◽

P Value ◽

Site Infection ◽

Causative Agents ◽

Group A ◽

Group B

Background : Superficial surgical site infection (SSSI) is a vital issue after biliary surgery. Surgical site infections remain a major cause of illness in the post-operative period. Objectives : The purpose of the present study was to compare the number of wound infection and the causative organism of surgical site infection of patient of stone and non-stone bile duct surgery. Methodology : This cross-sectional study was carried out in the Department of Surgery at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka from May 2017 to April 2018 for a period of 12 months. Patients presented with biliary disease of stone and non-stone variety were selected as study population. Patients were divided into 2 groups designated as group A and group B. Patients with the biliary stone disease were enrolled in group A and the biliary nonstone disease patients were in the group B. Patients were followed up in the postoperative period up to 2 weeks to find out the incidence of wound infection and its risk factors, causative agents, and some other variables. Certain variables were closely monitored to find the postoperative outcome as these variables were standard parameters in assessment of the outcome of the study. Results : A total number of 50 patients were recruited for this study of which 25 patients were enrolled in group A and the 25 patients were enrolled in group B. Mean age was 42.48 ± 17.21 years in group A and 40.04 ± 21.37 years in group B. The difference was not statistically significant ( p=0.659). Males were predominant in both groups. Male female ratio was 1.77:1 and 1.08:1 in group A and group B respectively. Inflammatory evidence of gall bladder with pericholecystic collection was found in 5 (20%) and 6 (24%) patients in group A and group B. There was evidence of cholangitis in 8 (32%) and 4 (16%) patients in group A and group B respectively. Evidence of inflammation at the wound site, was found in 14 (56%) patients in group A and 7 (28%) patients in group B. There was statistically significant difference between these 2 groups in the incidence of superficial surgical site infection, ( p value is 0.045). Regarding per operative collected bile, we found E. Coli in 4 cases in group A and 3 cases in group B ( p value is 0.408). Klebsiella spp. was found in 1 patient in group A. Wound swab C/S identified E. Coli in 1 patient in group A. Staph aureus was found in 1 and 2 patients in group A and group B respectively ( p value is nonsignificant). Conclusion : In conclusion, there is a difference in the incidence of occurrence of surgical site infection and causative agents after stone and non-stone bile duct surgery. Stone disease has increased chance of wound infection than nonstone disease of bile ducts. Northern International Medical College Journal Vol.11 (2) Jan 2020: 458-462

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Antibiotic prophylaxis before skin incision versus after cord clamping in the prevention of maternal and neonatal infectious morbidity after cesarean section

QJM ◽

10.1093/qjmed/hcaa056.036 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 113 (Supplement_1) ◽

Author(s):

W H Eltantawy ◽

K M Labib ◽

A M Farag

Keyword(s):

Cesarean Section ◽

Antibiotic Prophylaxis ◽

Wound Infection ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Skin Incision ◽

Infectious Morbidity ◽

Cord Clamping ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Group A ◽

Group B

Abstract Background the purpose of antibiotic prophylaxis in surgical procedures is not to sterilize tissues but to reduce colonisation pressure of microorganisms introduced at the time of the operation to a level that can be overcome by the patient’s immune system. Aim of the study to compare the effects of antibiotic prophylaxis administered in cesarean section preoperatively versus after neonatal cord clamp on postoperative infectious complications for both the mother and the neonate. Patients and Methods This comparative study was carried out between August 2017 and February 2018, at Ain Shams maternity hospital and Al-Galaa teaching hospital, a prospective randomized control comparativestudy of 874 pregnant ladies undergoing cesarean section after obtaining the approval of the local ethical committee and a fully-informed written consent. Results Of 874 pregnant ladies undergoing cesarean section, mean gestational age in group A (38.71±1.09); while in group B mean gestational age (38.86±1.06). In group A, wound infection 8 cases (1.6%), endometritis 25 cases (5.7%), UTI 18 case (4.1%). In group B, wound infection 16 cases (3.7%), endometritis 35 cases (8%), UTI 28 case (6.4%). No cases suffered from early or long term neonatal complications. Conclusion there is no significant difference between timing of antibiotic either before skin incision or after cord clamping, however there are risk factors that increase the maternal, fetal infectious morbidity as high BMI, low gestational age, previous section, general anaesthesia.

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Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Clean Head and Neck Surgery: An Observational Retrospective Single-Centre Study

Ear Nose & Throat Journal ◽

10.1177/0145561319853520 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 98 (6) ◽

pp. 362-365 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Carlos Miguel Chiesa-Estomba ◽

Elizabeth Ninchritz ◽

Jose Angel González-García ◽

Ekhiñe Larruscain-Sarasola ◽

Jon Alexander Sistiaga-Suarez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Prophylaxis ◽

Head And Neck ◽

Prophylactic Antibiotic ◽

Neck Surgery ◽

Head And Neck Surgery ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

Single Centre Study ◽

Group A ◽

Group B

Introduction: Surgical site infection (SSI) is a common complication in surgery. In head and neck surgeries, different rates are reported in the indexed literature. Nowadays, this indiscriminate use of antibiotics is associated with increased cost and risks for patients. Antimicrobial misuse has also contributed to the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Patients and Methods: A total of 204 patients were included in this observational retrospective cohort study. The primary outcome of this study was to describe the rate of SSI. Wound infection was considered as SSI and was defined as any cellulitis or pus drainage requiring treatment with antibiotics. Results: Of all, 127 were included in group A (not antibiotic) and 77 in group B (antibiotic prophylaxis); 109 (53.5%) patients were male, and 97 (47.5%) were female. Four (3.14%) patients developed SSI in group A and 3 (3,89%) developed SSI in group B, being not statistically significant ( P = .592). In group A, 2 patients suffered SSI after a submandibular gland resection (SGR), 1 patient after a parotid gland resection (PGR), and another one after a branchial cleft cyst resection. In group B, 1 patient suffered SSI after an SGR and 2 after a PGR. On univariate and multivariate analyses, we did not find any variable associated with the development of SSI. Conclusion: According to our results, the prophylactic antibiotic in clean, benign head and neck surgery is not necessary. Nevertheless, physicians and surgeons should be aware that severe or even fatal SSIs might be developed, and it needs to be explained to our patient before any surgery.

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TO COMPARE THE DURATION OF SURGERY IN SINGLE DOSE INTRAVENOUS ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS OVER NO ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS IN THE PREVENTION OF WOUND INFECTION FOLLOWING LICHTENSTEIN TENSION FREE INGUINAL HERNIOPLASTY

International Journal of Medical and Biomedical Studies ◽

10.32553/ijmbs.v5i6.1938 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (6) ◽

Author(s):

Prteet Negi ◽

Priyanka Thakur ◽

Ramesh Bharti ◽

Amar Verma ◽

Rajesh Sharma ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Single Dose ◽

Antibiotic Prophylaxis ◽

Wound Infection ◽

Inguinal Hernioplasty ◽

Intravenous Antibiotic ◽

Duration Of Surgery ◽

Antibiotic Group ◽

Group A ◽

The Mean ◽

Group B

Background: We conducted a study to compare the duration of surgery in single dose intravenous antibiotic prophylaxis over no antibiotic prophylaxis in the prevention of wound infection following Lichtenstein tension free inguinal hernioplasty Methods: This prospective study was conducted in the Department of Surgery, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Government Medical College Kangra at Tanda from May 2018 to December 2019after being approved by institutional protocol review committe and ethics committee.50 patients were included in the study.These patients were randomised into two groups i.e. Group A (Antibiotic Group) and Group B (Non-antibiotic Group). Results: The mean duration of surgery in Antibiotic group (Group-A) was 56.6±15.66 minutes whereas it was 50.2±9.62 minutes in Non-antibiotic group (Group-B). The mean duration of surgery was more in Antibiotic group (Group-A) as compared to Non-antibiotic group (Group-B), however the difference was not statistically significant (p= 0.088). Conclusion: In our study, we concluded that statistically insignificant difference was found in the duration of surgery in Antibiotic and Non-antibiotic Group Keywords: Duration of surgery, Antibiotic, Pre-operative

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Complications rate of and risk factors for the unplanned reoperation of degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis in elderly patients: a retrospective single-centre cohort study of 33 patients

10.21203/rs.2.18807/v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Weiyang Zhong ◽

Xinjie Liang ◽

Xiaoji Luo ◽

Tianji Huang ◽

Zhengxue Quan

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Elderly Patients ◽

Wound Infection ◽

Neurological Deficit ◽

Degenerative Lumbar Spondylolisthesis ◽

Screw Misplacement ◽

Group A ◽

Group B ◽

Lumbar Spondylolisthesis ◽

Complications Rate

Abstract Background: The study aimed to investigate the complications rate of and risk factors for unplanned reoperation among elderly patients who underwent posterior lumbar fusion (PLF) for degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis (DLS).Methods: A total of 1100 DLS patients who were older than 60 years were reviewed from January 2006 to December 2016; 33 patients underwent unplanned reoperations and were analysed and divided into two groups (group A: posterolateral fusion, 650 patients; group B: intervertebral fusion, 450 patients). Sex, body mass index (BMI), radiographic data and clinical outcome data were analysed to evaluate the complications rate of and the risk factors for unplanned reoperations.Results: A total of 33 patients underwent unplanned reoperations (3%). The patients were followed for an average of 4.20±2.25 years (group A) and 4.32±2.54 years (group B) without a significant difference. Significant differences were found in mean age, levels of involvement, hospital stay, surgery time, and blood loss between the groups. The causes of unplanned operation were wound infection, screw misplacement, neurological deficit, nonunion, and screw fracture, which were significant except for wound infection between the groups. Higher BMI (obesity), diabetes mellitus (DM), more bleeding and sex (female) were risk factors for complications. Cases of screw misplacement, neurological deficit, nonunion and screw fracture in group A were more significant than those in group B.Conclusion: Patients with higher BMI, DM, older age, posterolateral fusion, and female sex predicted a higher incidence of unplanned reoperations. Spine surgeons may need to pay more attention to their preoperative training and to improving surgical techniques that could reduce the reoperation rate.

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COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CLOSED REDUCTION AND EXPERT TIBIA NAILING WITH OPEN REDUCTION AND PLATE & SCREW FIXATION IN THE TREATMENT OF PROXIMAL TIBIA EXTRAARTICULAR FRACTURES

International Journal of Medical and Biomedical Studies ◽

10.32553/ijmbs.v2i6.38 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Anil Pandey ◽

Setul Shah ◽

Deepak S Maravi ◽

S Uikey

Keyword(s):

Intramedullary Nailing ◽

Closed Reduction ◽

Proximal Tibia ◽

Plate Fixation ◽

Surgical Site Infections ◽

Delayed Union ◽

Large Sample Size ◽

Multicentric Study ◽

Group A ◽

Group B

Introduction:- Extra-articular proximal tibial fractures account for 5–10 % of all tibial shaft fractures and it result from high-velocity trauma. Closed reduction with minimally invasive plating and locked intramedullary nailing have been widely used for treatment of proximal tibia extraarticular fractures. Our pupose is to compare the pros and cons of these two methods. Materials and methods:- 22 patients were included in this study for a period of 2 years. Patients treated with IMN were kept in group A patients treated with percutaneus plating were kept in group B. Standard approach of nailing and plating were used and proper follow up were taken for next upcoming 1 year. Results:- Combined average age was 38years. Male were more commonly affected than female (13:8). Majority of fracture were of type A33. Operative time was < 2 hours in both groups. Less blood loss occurred during intramedullary nailing as compared to locking plate fixation. Surgical site infections (SSIs) were seen in two patients in the PTP group. Delayed union occurred in two patients in the IMN group. The average range of motion was 119.7(range 90-150, SD= 19.18) in group A and 115.2(range 80-150, SD = 17.28) in group B. Conclusion:- in treatment of proximal tibia extra articular fracture use of IMN and PTLCP gives comparable results. To validate this issue further a large sample size multicentric study is recommended Key words: intramedullary nailing (IMN), Extraarticular tibialn fracture, Surgical site infection.

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Hygienic characteristics of the cosmetologists' lifestyle

Russian Journal of Occupational Health and Industrial Ecology ◽

10.31089/1026-9428-2020-60-12-958-963 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 60 (12) ◽

pp. 958-963

Author(s):

Natalia I. Latyshevskaya ◽

Tatyana L. Yatsyshena ◽

Elena L. Shestopalova ◽

Irina Yu. Krainova

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Information And Communication Technologies ◽

Health Risks ◽

Healthy Lifestyle ◽

Personal Hygiene ◽

Risk Category ◽

Essential Components ◽

Group A ◽

Group B

Modern trends in the deterioration of health and the growth of non-communicable diseases among the adult working-age population, including medical workers, actualize the importance of a healthy lifestyle for maintaining health and professional longevity. There were almost no studies related to cosmetologists' experienced group as representatives of aesthetic medicine. There is no scientific evidence on behavioral risks of this group. It justifies the relevance of this study. The study aims to analyze the essential components of the cosmetologists' lifestyle depending on age and the argumentation of priority behavioral health risk factors for preventive and recreational work justification. Sixty women (practicing cosmetologists in Volgograd at the age of 28-39 years (group A) and 40-53 (group B)) took part in the study. Lifestyle assessment included a modified questionnaire. The questionnaire consists of 5 blocks (block 1 - nutrition; 2 - physical activity, including hardening and active rest; 3 - daily regimen; 4 - personal hygiene; 5 - bad habits). It allows the analysis of the adherence to a healthy lifestyle based on the provision of quantitative data. Statistical data processing was carried out using the Excel package. The authors identified the essential and statistically significant differences in the cosmetologists' lifestyle depending on age. The respondents of group B demonstrated hygienically rational indicators in all blocks of the lifestyle more often. They had a more formed adherence to a healthy lifestyle: 504 answers in the category "insignificant risk" of respondents in group B versus 354 in group A. Distribution of answers in the "high risk" category: 119 responses in group B and 185 in group A. The lifestyle of 46.7% of the respondents in group B refers to a healthy lifestyle. 3.3% of the group B respondents have an anxious lifestyle, 50% have health risks. 10% of Group A respondents' lifestyle refers to a healthy lifestyle. 13.3% of Group A respondents' lifestyle refers to an anxious lifestyle; 76.7% of this group have health risks. There was almost no complex hygienic research profession of medical cosmetologists. Cosmetologists of the older age group (40-53 years old) are more conscious of maintaining a hygienically rational lifestyle. The most significant defects among cosmetologists aged 28-39 years are low physical activity, nutritional defects, insufficient duration of night rest, and excessive use of information and communication technologies for rest, accompanied by manifestations of neurotization and signs of pronounced fatigue. The obtained results argue the need to develop and implement informational and educational measures to prevent risk behavior patterns, taking into account the age of cosmetologists and the priority of the identified behavioral risk factors.

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Effect of short-term use of oral contraceptive pills on intraocular pressure

Pakistan Journal of Ophthalmology ◽

10.36351/pjo.v35i3.871 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 35 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Tayyaba Gul Malik ◽

Hina Nadeem ◽

Eiman Ayesha ◽

Rabail Alam

Keyword(s):

Oral Contraceptive ◽

Childbearing Age ◽

Short Term ◽

Oral Contraceptive Pills ◽

Contraceptive Pills ◽

Time Period ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Group A ◽

Group B ◽

Short Time

Objective: To study the effect of short-term use of oral contraceptive pills on intra-ocular pressures of women of childbearing age. Methods: It was a comparative observational study, conducted at Arif memorial teaching hospital and Allied hospital Faisalabad for a period of six months. Hundred female subjects were divided into two groups of 50 each. Group A, included females, who had been taking oral contraceptive pills (OCP) for more than 6 months and less than 36 months. Group B, included 50 age-matched controls, who had never used OCP. Ophthalmic and systemic history was taken. Careful Slit lamp examination was performed and intraocular pressures (IOP) were measured using Goldman Applanation tonometer. Fundus examination was done to rule out any posterior segment disease. After collection of data, we analyzed and compared the intra ocular pressures between the two groups by using ANOVA in SPSS version 21. Results: Average duration of using OCP was 14.9 months. There was no significant difference of Cup to Disc ratios between the two groups (p= 0.109). However, significant difference was noted between the IOP of OCP group and controls. (p=0.000). Conclusion: OCP significantly increase IOP even when used for short time period.

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