Judicious and non-judicious use of colistin sulfate in indoor poultry experimentation and its effect on haematological parameters and body weight in broiler

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of discriminate and indiscriminate use of colistin sulfate on body weight and haematological parameters in broiler. Day-old-broiler chicks were collected and reared for up to 31 days. The chicks were randomly divided into control, discriminate and indiscriminate antibiotic group. The discriminate group was treated with colistin sulfate antibiotic (Eskolis-24) for one week (from 16th to 22th day) followed by one week withdrawal period. In case of indiscriminate group, the poultry were treated with colistin sulfate antibiotic for 14 days (from 16th to 29th day) without any withdrawal period until sacrifice. The body weight of the birds were recorded daily. The mean body weight was highest in indiscriminate group (1408.22±133.49 gm) followed by discriminate group (1330.15±134.93 gm) and control group (1243.81±173.19 gm). The differences among means of three groups were not statistically significant. The Total erythrocyte count (Million/mm3) of control, discriminate, and indiscriminate groups were 2.53± 0.05, 2.56±0.08, and 2.52±0.08 respectively. The hemoglobin (gm%) were 7.06± 0.09, 7.03± 0.12, and 7.11±0.09 respectively and the Packed Cell Volume (%) were 19.66±1.11, 19.33±0.95, and 20.16±0.70 respectively. The results found were not statistically significant among the groups for TEC, Hb and PCV respectively. Total lymphocyte (%) count were 67.16±0.60, 70±1.15, and 71.83±1.30 respectively. Total neutrophil (%) count were 32.83± 0.60, 28.83±1.42, and 26.83±1.10 respectively. Total eosinophil (%) count were 0± 0, 1±0.44, and 1.16±0.40 respectively. Total basophil (%) count were zero (0) and total monocyte (%) count were 0± 0, 0.17±0.17, and 0.17±0.17 respectively. In our experiment, both discriminate and indiscriminate groups showed no significant differences of lymphocyte, neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil and monocyte. Therefore, discriminate and indiscriminate use of colistin sulfate for two weeks has no effect on haematological parameters of broiler poultry. Further experiment needed for more concise conclusion. Asian Australas. J. Food Saf. Secur. 2021, 5 (2), 43-54

Preventive antibiotic therapy in acute stroke patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data of randomized controlled trials

Introduction Infection after stroke is associated with unfavorable outcome. Randomized controlled studies did not show benefit of preventive antibiotics in stroke but lacked power for subgroup analyses. Aim of this study is to assess whether preventive antibiotic therapy after stroke improves functional outcome for specific patient groups in an individual patient data meta-analysis. Patients and methods We searched MEDLINE (1946–7 May 2021), Embase (1947–7 May 2021), CENTRAL (17th September 2021), trial registries, cross-checked references and contacted researchers for randomized controlled trials of preventive antibiotic therapy versus placebo or standard care in ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke patients. Meta-analysis was performed by a one-step and two-step approach. Primary outcome was functional outcome adjusted for age and stroke severity. Secondary outcomes were infections and mortality. Results 4197 patients from nine trials were included. Preventive antibiotic therapy was not associated with a shift in functional outcome (mRS) at 3 months (OR1.13, 95%CI 0.98–1.31) or unfavorable functional outcome (mRS 3–6) (OR0.85, 95%CI 0.60–1.19). Preventive antibiotics did not improve functional outcome in pre-defined subgroups (age, stroke severity, timing and type of antibiotic therapy, pneumonia prediction scores, dysphagia, type of stroke, and type of trial). Preventive antibiotics reduced infections (276/2066 (13.4%) in the preventive antibiotic group vs. 417/2059 (20.3%) in the control group, OR 0.60, 95% CI 0.51–0.71, p < 0.001), but not pneumonia (191/2066 (9.2%) in the preventive antibiotic group vs. 205/2061 (9.9%) in the control group (OR 0.92 (0.75–1.14), p = 0.450). Discussion and conclusion Preventive antibiotic therapy did not benefit any subgroup of patients with acute stroke and currently cannot be recommended.

1300. Comparison of Narrow vs. Broad Spectrum Antibiotics for Treatment of Community-acquired Aspiration Pneumonia

Background Aspiration pneumonia (aspPNA) accounts for 5-15% of pneumonia admissions. Despite the absence of risk factors for organisms such as methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) or Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PsA), broad-spectrum (BS) antibiotics active against these pathogens are frequently prescribed. We compared outcomes of patients receiving narrow-spectrum (NS) versus BS antibiotics for aspPNA. Methods This is a retrospective cohort study of hospitalized patients started on antibiotics for aspPNA upon admission from 1/1/2019 to 12/31/2019. The BS cohort included patients prescribed antibiotics with activity against PsA or MRSA and were on BS antibiotics for &gt; 50% duration of therapy regardless of de-escalation. The primary endpoint was clinical response, defined as resolved, improved, no change, or worsened. Secondary endpoints included 30-day all-cause mortality, duration of therapy, 30-day C. difficile infection, and length of stay. Outcomes were assessed using logistic regression with antibiotic group as a fixed effect, and all analyses were conducted using R v. 4.0.3. Results A total of N=95 patients were included in the study, 35 in the NS and 60 in the BS groups. Clinical response was similar in distribution between groups (p &gt; 0.3). 30-day all-cause mortality was lower in the NS (11.4%) as compared to the BS group (33.3%) (OR 0.26; 95% CI 0.09- 0.81; p &lt; 0.04). There were no differences for the secondary endpoints including median duration of therapy (4 [IQR 2.5] days vs. 6 [IQR 6] days, p&gt; 0.2), 30-day C. difficile infection (0% vs 6.7%, p &gt; 0.3), and median length of stay (6 [IQR 5] days vs. 7 [IQR 8.5] days, p &gt; 0.2) in NS vs. BS groups, respectively. A positive blood or respiratory culture was isolated in 37% (35/95) patients. Enteric organisms were the most prevalent bacteria isolated (20%), followed by methicillin susceptible S. aureus (8%), and Streptococcus spp (7%). MRSA and PsA were detected in 2% and 3% of patients, respectively. Conclusion There is no difference in efficacy between NS and BS antibiotics for aspPNA. Microbiologic data confirm the low incidence of PsA or MRSA causing aspPNA despite high empiric prescribing of antibiotics active against these pathogens. These results support the ongoing need for targeted antibiotic stewardship initiatives for aspPNA. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

Role of Antibiotics in Neonates Born through Meconium Stained Amniotic Fluid

The objective of our study was to compare the clinical course and infection related outcome in cases of meconium stained amniotic fluid neonates treated with or without antibiotic therapy. One hundred fifty eligible neonates were randomized to antibiotic group and non antibiotic group. Both groups were compared for development of sepsis screen and final outcome in both groups were compared. The incidence of sepsis screen positive was observed in both groups. In antibiotic group sepsis screen was positive in 5 cases and in non antibiotic group sepsis screen was positive in 4 cases. overall incidence of sepsis screen positive was similar in both antibiotic and non antibiotic group. The difference was not found to be statistically significant (p value = 1.00 and chi square value 0.118). Final outcome in both antibiotic group and non antibiotic group showed that in antibiotic group, out of 75 neonates 71 were discharged successfully and 4 were died. In non antibiotic group, 73 were discharged successfully and 2 died, out of 75 neonates. There was statistically no significant difference on final outcome between these two groups (p value 0.68 and chi square value 0.694). Conclusion: There was no difference in the incidence of infection and in final outcome in neonates born through meconium stained amniotic fluid treated with or without antibiotics. Keywords: Meconium Stained Amniotic Fluid, Neonates, Antibiotic Therapy.

Dual Topical Antibiotic Application Prior to Sternotomy Closure Reduces Sternal Wound Infection Rates: A Simple Solution to a Grave Morbidity

Background: A significant cohort of patients who undergo cardiac surgery suffer from diabetes and atherosclerosis. These patients have impaired tissue perfusion, hence a reduction in antibiotic concentration in the subcutaneous tissues at the side of the mammary artery harvesting. Topical application of gentamicin and vancomycin before wound closure broadens the antibiotic spectrum and reduces the incidence of deep sternal wound infection. In this article, we compare the use of single versus dual application of vancomycin and/or gentamicin in sternotomy wounds in a single tertiary center. Methods: An observational cohort analysis with three sequential patient groups (N = 2550) was performed at Ain Shams University Hospital in Cairo. A control group (N = 850), vancomycin only group (N = 850), and vancomycin plus gentamicin group (N = 850) were included in the study, during the three-year period from January 2017 to December 2019. Patients who had minimal access surgery were excluded from this study. The presence of an infected postoperative sternotomy wound was assessed in all patients. Results: The presence of an infected sternotomy wound (El Oakley class 2B) was present in 38 patients (4.5%) in the control group, in 19 patients (2.2%) in the vancomycin group, and in nine patients (1.1%) in the dual antibiotic group, respectively (P < .001). In contrast to the usual, we had a proliferous growth of gram-negative organisms 29 (3.4%) in the control group, 10 (1.2%) in the vancomycin group, and five (0.6%) in the dual antibiotic group, respectively (P < .001). Conclusion: Deep sternal wound infection is a major cause of post-cardiac surgery morbidity and prolonged hospital stay. Adding the simple step of topical application of vancomycin and gentamicin to the sternotomy wound at the end of the procedure appeared to significantly reduce deep wound infection rates.

The Enhancement of Intestinal Immunity in Offspring Piglets by Maternal Probiotic or Synbiotic Supplementation Is Associated With the Alteration of Gut Microbiota

A total of 64 pregnant Bama mini-pigs were used to investigate the effects of maternal probiotic or synbiotic supplementation during gestation and lactation on immune response, intestinal morphology, and microbiota community of offspring piglets. The sows were assigned randomly to one of four groups, control group (basal diet), antibiotic group (basal diet supplemented with 50 g/t virginiamycin), probiotic group (basal diet supplemented with 200 mL/d probiotic fermentation broth per pig), or synbiotic group (basal diet supplemented with 200 mL/d probiotic fermentation broth per pig + 500 g/t xylo-oligosaccharides) during pregnancy and lactation periods. After weaning, two piglets close to the average body weight (BW) per litter were selected and fed a basal diet. Eight piglets with similar BW were selected from each group for sample collection at 65 d-old. The results showed that plasma interleukin (IL)-2 and lipopolysaccharide concentrations were decreased (P &lt; 0.05) in the probiotic group, while the immunoglobulin A (IgA) concentration in the probiotic and synbiotic groups was increased (P &lt; 0.05), when compared with the control group. The jejunal IL-10, interferon-α, and secretory IgA (sIgA) concentrations were increased (P &lt; 0.05) in the probiotic and synbiotic groups, as well as the ileal sIgA concentration in the probiotic group. The jejunal villus height (VH) and the ratio of VH to crypt depth were increased (P &lt; 0.05) in the probiotic group, as well as the ileal VH in the synbiotic group. Furthermore, the piglets from the antibiotic group exhibited a lower microbiota diversity in the jejunum and ileum. The piglets from the synbiotic group had higher relative abundances of Actinobacteria, Bifidobacterium, Turicibacter, and Clostridium in the jejunum compared with the antibiotic group. Dietary probiotic treatment increased (P &lt; 0.05) the relative abundance of Psychrobacter in the ileum compared with the antibiotic and control groups. Spearman's correlation analysis revealed that the relative abundances of Bifidobacterium, Clostridium, and Blautia in the jejunum and Psychrobacter in the ileum, were positively correlated with the alterations of immunoglobulin and cytokines. Collectively, these findings suggest that maternal interventions with probiotic or synbiotic are promising strategies for improving the immune response of offspring piglets by altering the gut microbiota.

Effects of colistin sulfate on hematological parameters in broiler

Hematological indication is an important finding for pathophysiological analysis of biological science. This study was designed with the aim to investigate the effects of residual antibiotics on hematological parameters of broiler following discriminate and indiscriminate use. The day old broiler chicks were collected and reared up to 31 days. The treatment was started from the day 16th until sacrifice. The chicks were randomly divided into three groups namely control group (Group A), discriminate antibiotic group (Group B) and indiscriminate antibiotic group (Group C) on the 14th day. The discriminate group was treated with antibiotic, colistin sulfate maintaining the withdrawal period of one week. In case of indiscriminate group the withdrawal period was not maintained and antibiotic treatment was continued till the day of sacrifice. The Hb (%) of control, discriminate and indiscriminate groups were 8.34±0.15, 6.89±0.27, and 7.14±0.23 respectively. The differences among means were statistically significant (P<0.05). The Packed Cell Volume (PCV) of control, discriminate, and indiscriminate groups were 23.51±0.76, 21.17±0.94, and 22.83±1.19 respectively. The differences among means were statistically significant. The multiple pair wise comparison of means of blood parameters revealed that there was no significant difference among discriminate and indiscriminate groups. From the above findings, this research could be considered a need based research in Bangladesh to ascertain the influential effect of antibiotic on hematological parameters in broiler. Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. 2021, 7 (2), 113-117

The Efficacy of Topical Bacteriophage Semisolid Preparation on Burn Wounds Infected by Pseudomonas Aeruginosa

Objective: Recently, antibiotic resistance of post-burn infections caused by opportunistic pathogens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, became complicated due to its innate and acquired resistance. Bacteriophage therapy containing virulent factors that infect their specific host bacteria can be evaluated as an alternative treatment.In this study,the topical formulation contains lytic phages compared to the antibioticinthe murine model of burn/infected wound healing.Methods & Materials: Lytic bacteriophages were extracted from hospital sewage and propagated in broth culture of P.aeruginosa(24 hours, 37°C) and subsequently filtered.The collected phages were recultured alongside P. aeruginosa. The plaques were observed as clear zones and added to the polyethylene glycol (PEG) base ointment. Twenty-four adult female mice were selected and divided into four groups. Asecond-degree burn wound wascreated on the back of the mice and infected with 100 microliters of 1×102 - 3×102 CFU/ml P. aeruginosa subcutaneously. After 24 hours, each group received one of these interventions: silver sulfadiazine, ointment contains bacteriophage, ointment without bacteriophage (PEG group),or no treatment. Burn wound size, physical activity, and body temperature (rectal) were recorded every other day. On the 10th day, mice were sacrificed through cervical dislocation. Thewound’s skin was cut and evaluated histopathologically.Results: Significant differences inthe burn wound sizeamongthe bacteriophage groupversus the PEG group, the bacteriophage group versus the no-treatment group, and the antibiotic group versus the PEG group (P= 0.001, P= 0.001, P= 0.002 respectively)were observed. Mice’s physical activity was gradually improved in all groups and showed significant differences (P<0.001). Body temperature analyses showed significantdifferences only when day 8th compared with day 2nd, 4th, and 6th (P=0.001, P=0.02, P=0.02 respectively). Histopathological results indicated optimal wound healing in both the antibiotic group and bacteriophage group. However, no significant differences were observed in microscopic histopathological criteria in any groups based on Fisher’s exact statistical tests.Conclusion:Formulated phage ointmenteffectivelyprevents and treats burn wound infection in mice with no allergic reactions.

Use of Lactobacillus plantarum (strains 22F and 25F) and Pediococcus acidilactici (strain 72N) as replacements for antibiotic-growth promotants in pigs

The lactic acid bacteria (LAB) Lactobacillus plantarum (strains 22F and 25F) and Pediococcus acidilactici (strain 72N) have appeared promising as replacements for antibiotics in in vitro studies. Microencapsulation, especially by the spray-drying method, has been used to preserve their numbers and characteristics during storage and digestion. This study compared the efficacy of these strains and their microencapsulated form with antibiotic usage on growth performance, faecal microbial counts, and intestinal morphology in nursing-finishing pigs. A total of 240 healthy neonatal pigs were treated on days 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 after cross-fostering. Sterile peptone water was delivered orally to the control and antibiotic groups. Spray-dried Lactobacillus plantarum strain 22F stored for 6-months was administered to piglets in the spraydry group. Three ml of each the three fresh strains (109 CFU/mL) were orally administered to piglets in each group. All pigs received the basal diets, but these were supplemented with routine antibiotic for the antibiotic group. Pigs in all the probiotic supplemented groups exhibited a better average daily gain and feed conversion ratio than those of the controls in the nursery and grower phases. Probiotic supplementation increased viable lactobacilli and decreased enterobacterial counts. Antibiotic additives reduced both enterobacterial and lactobacilli counts. Villous height and villous height:crypt depth ratio were greater in probiotic and antibiotic supplemented pigs comparing to the controls, especially in the jejunum. The results demonstrated the feasibility of using these strains as a substitute for antibiotics and the practicality of the microencapsulation protocol for use in swine farms.

TO COMPARE THE DURATION OF SURGERY IN SINGLE DOSE INTRAVENOUS ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS OVER NO ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS IN THE PREVENTION OF WOUND INFECTION FOLLOWING LICHTENSTEIN TENSION FREE INGUINAL HERNIOPLASTY

Background: We conducted a study to compare the duration of surgery in single dose intravenous antibiotic prophylaxis over no antibiotic prophylaxis in the prevention of wound infection following Lichtenstein tension free inguinal hernioplasty Methods: This prospective study was conducted in the Department of Surgery, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Government Medical College Kangra at Tanda from May 2018 to December 2019after being approved by institutional protocol review committe and ethics committee.50 patients were included in the study.These patients were randomised into two groups i.e. Group A (Antibiotic Group) and Group B (Non-antibiotic Group). Results: The mean duration of surgery in Antibiotic group (Group-A) was 56.6±15.66 minutes whereas it was 50.2±9.62 minutes in Non-antibiotic group (Group-B). The mean duration of surgery was more in Antibiotic group (Group-A) as compared to Non-antibiotic group (Group-B), however the difference was not statistically significant (p= 0.088). Conclusion: In our study, we concluded that statistically insignificant difference was found in the duration of surgery in Antibiotic and Non-antibiotic Group Keywords: Duration of surgery, Antibiotic, Pre-operative