scholarly journals Cities and Public Health in Latin America

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Pablo Chauvin
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Population Connectivity ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Access To Health Services ◽  
Urban Transit ◽  
Local Characteristics ◽  
The Impact

This paper presents an overview of how health outcomes vary across cities in Latin America and discusses some of the known drivers of this variation. There are large disparities in outcomes across cities and across neighborhoods of the same city. Because health is closely related to the socioeconomic conditions of individuals, part of the spatial variation reflects residential segregation by income. Local characteristics also have a direct effect on health outcomes, shaping individuals' access to health services and the prevalence of unhealthy lifestyles. In addition, urban environments affect health through natural atmospheric conditions, through local infrastructure in particular water, sanitation, and urban transit and through the presence of urban externalities such as traffic congestion, pollution, crime, and the spread of transmissible diseases. The COVID-19 pandemic illustrates many of these patterns, since the impact of the disease has differed sharply across cities, and much of this variation can be explained by observable local characteristics particularly population, connectivity with other cities and countries, income levels, and residential overcrowding.

scholarly journals Exploring the Impact of Driver Adherence to Speed Limits and the Interdependence of Roadside Collisions in an Urban Environment: An Agent-Based Modelling Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 5336
Author(s):  
Sedar Olmez ◽  
Liam Douglas-Mann ◽  
Ed Manley ◽  
Keiran Suchak ◽  
Alison Heppenstall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Traffic Density ◽  
Management Support ◽  
Speed Limits ◽  
Vehicle Collisions ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Local Council ◽  
Agent Based Modelling ◽  
The Impact

Roadside collisions are a significant problem faced by all countries. Urbanisation has led to an increase in traffic congestion and roadside vehicle collisions. According to the UK Government’s Department for Transport, most vehicle collisions occur on urban roads, with empirical evidence showing drivers are more likely to break local and fixed speed limits in urban environments. Analysis conducted by the Department for Transport found that the UK’s accident prevention measure’s cost is estimated to be £33bn per year. Therefore, there is a strong motivation to investigate the causes of roadside collisions in urban environments to better prepare traffic management, support local council policies, and ultimately reduce collision rates. This study utilises agent-based modelling as a tool to plan, experiment and investigate the relationship between speeding and vehicle density with collisions. The study found that higher traffic density results in more vehicles travelling at a slower speed, regardless of the degree to which drivers comply with speed restrictions. Secondly, collisions increase linearly as speed compliance is reduced for all densities. Collisions are lowest when all vehicles comply with speed limits for all densities. Lastly, higher global traffic densities result in higher local traffic densities near-collision sites across all adherence levels, increasing the likelihood of congestion around these sites. This work, when extended to real-world applications using empirical data, can support effective road safety policies.

Projections of the Impact of Pension Funds on Investment in Infrastructure and Growth in Latin America

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Alonso ◽  
Jasmina Bjelic ◽  
Carlos Herrera ◽  
soledad hormazabal ◽  
Ivonne Ordooez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Pension Funds ◽  
The Impact

The Impact Investing Landscape in Latin America, Trends 2014-2015

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katia Dumont ◽  
Genevieve Edens ◽  
Frederic de Mariz ◽  
Rebeca Rocha ◽  
Eduardo Roman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Impact Investing ◽  
The Impact

The Impact of Social Mobilization on Health Service Delivery and Health Outcomes

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xavier Giné ◽  
Salma Khalid ◽  
Mansuri Ghazala
Keyword(s):  
Health Services ◽  
Service Delivery ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Health Service Delivery ◽  
Health Providers ◽  
Child Health Outcomes ◽  
Rural Pakistan ◽  
Post Natal Care ◽  
The Impact

This chapter uses a randomized community development programme in rural Pakistan to assess the impact of citizen engagement on public service delivery and maternal and child health outcomes. The programme had a strong emphasis on organizing women, who also identified health services as a development priority at baseline. At midline, we find that the mobilization effort alone had a significant impact on the performance of village-based health providers. We detect economically large improvements in pregnancy and well-baby visits by female health workers, as well as increased utilization of pre- and post-natal care by pregnant women. In contrast, the quality of supra-village health services did not improve, underscoring the importance of community enforcement and monitoring capacity for improving service delivery.

The impact of Active Labour Market Policies on health outcomes: a Scoping review

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa Puig-Barrachina ◽  
Pol Giró ◽  
Lucía Artazcoz ◽  
Xavier Bartoll ◽  
Imma Cortés-Franch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Labour Market Policies ◽  
Active Labour Market Policies ◽  
Active Labour ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals The impact of health literacy on health outcomes in individuals with chronic pain: a cross-sectional study

Physiotherapy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 105 (3) ◽  
pp. 346-353
Author(s):  
Laura M. Mackey ◽  
Catherine Blake ◽  
Maire-Brid Casey ◽  
Camillus K. Power ◽  
Ray Victory ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Health Literacy ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Urban Heat Islands and Thermal Comfort: A Case Study of Zorrotzaurre Island in Bilbao

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 6106
Author(s):  
Irantzu Alvarez ◽  
Laura Quesada-Ganuza ◽  
Estibaliz Briz ◽  
Leire Garmendia
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Urban Heat Islands ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
Climate Index ◽  
Physiological Equivalent Temperature ◽  
Heat Islands ◽  
The North ◽  
The Impact

This study assesses the impact of a heat wave on the thermal comfort of an unconstructed area: the North Zone of the Island of Zorrotzaurre (Bilbao, Spain). In this study, the impact of urban planning as proposed in the master plan on thermal comfort is modeled using the ENVI-met program. Likewise, the question of whether the urbanistic proposals are designed to create more resilient urban environments is analyzed in the face of increasingly frequent extreme weather events, especially heat waves. The study is centered on the analysis of temperature variables (air temperature and average radiant temperature) as well as wind speed and relative humidity. This was completed with the parameters of thermal comfort, the physiological equivalent temperature (PET) and the Universal Temperature Climate Index (UTCI) for the hours of the maximum and minimum daily temperatures. The results demonstrated the viability of analyzing thermal comfort through simulations with the ENVI-met program in order to analyze the behavior of urban spaces in various climate scenarios.

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