scholarly journals CONTRIBUTION OF INDUCED MUTATION IN CROPS TO GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Fatma Sarsu
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Mutation Breeding ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Mutation Induction ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Genetic Changes ◽  
Global Food Security ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Global Food

Mutation breeding for crop improvement is a technique used for over 70 years. It is a fast way to increase the rate of spontaneous genetic variation in plants contributing to global food security.  The genetic variability, created through mutagenesis i.e. physical or chemical, is an important breeding material for developing improved varieties and many studies in the field of functional genomics. The randomly generated heritable genetic changes are expressed in the mutant plants, which are selected for new and useful traits, such as high yielding, disease resistance, tolerance to abiotic stresses and improved nutritional quality. The technique helps to improve the tolerance of crop species to adverse climatic conditions, such as extremes of temperatures, drought, occurrence of pests and diseases. Through support provided by the Joint FAO/IAEA Division, significant agronomic and economic impact has been generated in many countries. The FAO/IAEA Mutant Variety Database (MVD) (http://mvd.iaea.org) demonstrates the significance of mutation induction as an efficient tool in crop improvement. The extensive use of induced mutant germplasms in crop improvement programmes resulted in releasing of more than 3,332 mutant varieties from around 228 crop species (20 July 2020).

scholarly journals Assessment of changes of agro-climatic conditions for cultivation of millet in the southern regions of Ukraine resulted from climate change

2017 ◽  
pp. 93-101
Author(s):  
N.V. Danilova
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Food Security ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Adaptation To Climate Change ◽  
Global Food Security ◽  
Climatic Scenarios ◽  
Weather Changes ◽  
Global Food

The signals of global warming are now being observed throughout the world. Data of hydrometeorological centres show a significant increase of temperature in many regions accompanied by intense frequency of dry periods. Some substantial and direct effects of climate change may be already noticed at present time. Over the next several decades they will be observed in agriculture. Increase of temperature and reduction of precipitation volumes will probably lead to decrease the level of yield. These changes can significantly affect the global food security. Ukraine is known for its fertile soil and agricultural products, so it has a huge agricultural potential, contributing, in fact, to the global food security. However, the observed weather changes, increase of average temperature and uneven distribution of rainfalls can result in sharp transformation of most of agricultural and climatic zones of Ukraine. According to international processes there is an urgent need for improvement of adaptation to climate change of some branches of national economy of Ukraine, including of agriculture. Expanding the range of types of millet used in agricultural production is an economically feasible process that should be implemented in view of significant climate changes resulting in global warming which is widely discussed in scientific literature. Rapid introduction in crop shifts of the millet that is able to withstand recurring periodic droughts, especially in the southern regions, is one of the ways allowing to overcome the consequences of such extreme conditions. Conditions of the southern regions are favourable for millet crop. Millet is one of the most drought-resistant and heat-resistant crops that can sustain heat injuries and seizures and this is very important for arid areas during dry years, when other crops significantly reduce the level of yield. We studied changes of agro-climatic resources and agro-climatic conditions for formation of millet productivity for various periods of time. The analysis of climate change trend was performed through comparing of data as per climatic scenarios A2 and A1B and of average long-term characteristics of climatic and agro-climatic indicators. The comparative description of millet productivity under the conditions of climate change as per average long-term data (1986-2005) and as per scenarios A2 and A1B of climate change (2011-2030 and 2031-2050) was also performed.

scholarly journals The barley pan-genome reveals the hidden legacy of mutation breeding

Nature ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 588 (7837) ◽  
pp. 284-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Murukarthick Jayakodi ◽  
Sudharsan Padmarasu ◽  
Georg Haberer ◽  
Venkata Suresh Bonthala ◽  
Heidrun Gundlach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Mutation Breeding ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Genomic Structural Variation ◽  
Pan Genome ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Full Complement ◽  
High Quality Sequence ◽  
Barley Germplasm

AbstractGenetic diversity is key to crop improvement. Owing to pervasive genomic structural variation, a single reference genome assembly cannot capture the full complement of sequence diversity of a crop species (known as the ‘pan-genome’1). Multiple high-quality sequence assemblies are an indispensable component of a pan-genome infrastructure. Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is an important cereal crop with a long history of cultivation that is adapted to a wide range of agro-climatic conditions2. Here we report the construction of chromosome-scale sequence assemblies for the genotypes of 20 varieties of barley—comprising landraces, cultivars and a wild barley—that were selected as representatives of global barley diversity. We catalogued genomic presence/absence variants and explored the use of structural variants for quantitative genetic analysis through whole-genome shotgun sequencing of 300 gene bank accessions. We discovered abundant large inversion polymorphisms and analysed in detail two inversions that are frequently found in current elite barley germplasm; one is probably the product of mutation breeding and the other is tightly linked to a locus that is involved in the expansion of geographical range. This first-generation barley pan-genome makes previously hidden genetic variation accessible to genetic studies and breeding.

scholarly journals Next-Generation Breeding Strategies for Climate-Ready Crops

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Razzaq ◽  
Parwinder Kaur ◽  
Naheed Akhter ◽  
Shabir Hussain Wani ◽  
Fozia Saleem
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Gene Repertoire ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Base Editing ◽  
Global Food Security ◽  
Improvement Programs ◽  
Global Food

Climate change is a threat to global food security due to the reduction of crop productivity around the globe. Food security is a matter of concern for stakeholders and policymakers as the global population is predicted to bypass 10 billion in the coming years. Crop improvement via modern breeding techniques along with efficient agronomic practices innovations in microbiome applications, and exploiting the natural variations in underutilized crops is an excellent way forward to fulfill future food requirements. In this review, we describe the next-generation breeding tools that can be used to increase crop production by developing climate-resilient superior genotypes to cope with the future challenges of global food security. Recent innovations in genomic-assisted breeding (GAB) strategies allow the construction of highly annotated crop pan-genomes to give a snapshot of the full landscape of genetic diversity (GD) and recapture the lost gene repertoire of a species. Pan-genomes provide new platforms to exploit these unique genes or genetic variation for optimizing breeding programs. The advent of next-generation clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat/CRISPR-associated (CRISPR/Cas) systems, such as prime editing, base editing, and de nova domestication, has institutionalized the idea that genome editing is revamped for crop improvement. Also, the availability of versatile Cas orthologs, including Cas9, Cas12, Cas13, and Cas14, improved the editing efficiency. Now, the CRISPR/Cas systems have numerous applications in crop research and successfully edit the major crop to develop resistance against abiotic and biotic stress. By adopting high-throughput phenotyping approaches and big data analytics tools like artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML), agriculture is heading toward automation or digitalization. The integration of speed breeding with genomic and phenomic tools can allow rapid gene identifications and ultimately accelerate crop improvement programs. In addition, the integration of next-generation multidisciplinary breeding platforms can open exciting avenues to develop climate-ready crops toward global food security.

scholarly journals A Critical Review: Recent Advancements in the Use of CRISPR/Cas9 Technology to Enhance Crops and Alleviate Global Food Crises

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 1950-1976
Author(s):  
Adnan Rasheed ◽  
Rafaqat Ali Gill ◽  
Muhammad Umair Hassan ◽  
Athar Mahmood ◽  
Sameer Qari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Critical Review ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Environmental Stresses ◽  
Zinc Finger Nucleases ◽  
Agricultural Crop ◽  
Global Food Security ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Global Food

Genome editing (GE) has revolutionized the biological sciences by creating a novel approach for manipulating the genomes of living organisms. Many tools have been developed in recent years to enable the editing of complex genomes. Therefore, a reliable and rapid approach for increasing yield and tolerance to various environmental stresses is necessary to sustain agricultural crop production for global food security. This critical review elaborates the GE tools used for crop improvement. These tools include mega-nucleases (MNs), such as zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs), and transcriptional activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR). Specifically, this review addresses the latest advancements in the role of CRISPR/Cas9 for genome manipulation for major crop improvement, including yield and quality development of biotic stress- and abiotic stress-tolerant crops. Implementation of this technique will lead to the production of non-transgene crops with preferred characteristics that can result in enhanced yield capacity under various environmental stresses. The CRISPR/Cas9 technique can be combined with current and potential breeding methods (e.g., speed breeding and omics-assisted breeding) to enhance agricultural productivity to ensure food security. We have also discussed the challenges and limitations of CRISPR/Cas9. This information will be useful to plant breeders and researchers in the thorough investigation of the use of CRISPR/Cas9 to boost crops by targeting the gene of interest.

scholarly journals Exploration of Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.), an Underutilized Crop, to Aid Global Food Security: Varietal Improvement, Genetic Diversity and Processing

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 766 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ismaila Muhammad ◽  
Mohd Y. Rafii ◽  
Shairul Izan Ramlee ◽  
Muhamad Hazim Nazli ◽  
Abdul Rahim Harun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Food Security ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Bambara Groundnut ◽  
Agricultural System ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Global Food Security ◽  
Underutilized Crop ◽  
Global Food

Currently, the global agricultural system is focused on a limited number of crop species, thereby presenting a threat to food security and supply, especially with predicted global climate change conditions. The importance of ‘underutilized’ crop species in meeting the world’s demand for food has been duly recognized by research communities, governments and policy makers worldwide. The development of underutilized crops, with their vast genetic resources and beneficial traits, may be a useful step towards solving food security challenges by offering a multifaceted agricultural system that includes additional important food resources. Bambara groundnut is among the beneficial underutilized crop species that may have a positive impact on global food security through organized and well-coordinated multidimensional breeding programs. The excessive degrees of allelic difference in Bambara groundnut germplasm could be exploited in breeding activities to develop new varieties. It is important to match recognized breeding objectives with documented diversity in order to significantly improve breeding. This review assesses the genetic diversity of Bambara groundnut, as well as important factors involved in realizing and harnessing the potential of this crop.

Substantial genetic yield gap estimated for wheat in Europe

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikhail Semenov ◽  
Nimai Senapati
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Canopy Structure ◽  
Root Water Uptake ◽  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Yield Gap ◽  
Global Food Security ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Global Food

<p>Improving yield potential and closing the yield gap are important to achieve global food security. Europe is the largest wheat producer, delivering about 35% of wheat globally, but European wheat's yield potential from genetic improvements is as yet unknown. We estimated wheat ‘genetic yield potential’, i.e. the yield of optimal or ideal genotypes in a target environment, across major wheat growing regions in Europe by designing in silico ideotypes. These ideotypes were optimised for current climatic conditions and based on optimal physiology, constrained by available genetic variation in target traits. A ‘genetic yield gap’ in a location was estimated as the difference between the yield potential of the optimal ideotype compared with a current, well-adapted cultivar. A large mean genetic yield potential (11–13 t ha−1) and genetic yield gap (3.5–5.2 t ha−1) were estimated under rainfed conditions in Europe. In other words, despite intensive wheat breeding efforts, current local cultivars were found to be far from their optimum, meaning that a large genetic yield gap still exists in European wheat. Heat and drought tolerance around flowering, optimal canopy structure and phenology, improved root water uptake and reduced leaf senescence under drought were identified as key traits for improvement. Closing this unexploited genetic yield gap in Europe through crop improvements and genetic adaptations could contribute towards global food security.</p>

scholarly journals Genome Sequence of the Mycotoxigenic Crop Pathogen Fusarium proliferatum Strain ITEM 2341 from Date Palm

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bandar F. Almiman ◽  
Taiwo A. Shittu ◽  
Sreenivasaprasad Muthumeenakshi ◽  
Riccardo Baroncelli ◽  
Surapareddy Sreenivasaprasad
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Genome Sequence ◽  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Date Palm ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Fusarium Proliferatum ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Global Food Security ◽  
Global Food

Fusarium proliferatum is a widely distributed fungal pathogen associated with more than 26 crop species important in global food security. Its strong mycotoxigenic capability with potential impacts on human and animal health is well recognized.

Collection of Wild Helianthus anomalus and deserticola Sunflower from the Desert Southwest USA

Helia ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 39 (65) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald J. Seiler ◽  
Laura Fredrick Marek
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Germplasm Conservation ◽  
Initial Step ◽  
Wild Relatives ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Global Food Security ◽  
Desert Southwest ◽  
Southwest Usa ◽  
Global Food

AbstractGenetic resources are the biological basis of global food security. Collection and preservation of wild relatives of important crop species such as sunflower provide the basic foundation to improve and sustain the crop. Acquisition through exploration is the initial step in the germplasm conservation process. There are 53 species of wild

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