scholarly journals 120 lat polskiej obecności w Argentynie (1897-2017). Historia i teraźniejszość

2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 175
Author(s):  
Piotr Wasilewski
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Historical Aspects ◽  
Special Regard ◽  
The Past ◽  
Overseas Country ◽  
Post War ◽  
The 19Th Century

The origins of Polish emigration to Argentina date back to the 19th century. Poles emigrated to this distant, overseas country, first as individuals and then in larger groups. We can distinguish several waves of Polish collective emigration to Argentina: pre-war, that is, the period of partitions, with special regard to 1897, interwar and post-war, especially from 1945-1950. The article summarizes the information we have about the historical aspects of the phenomenon described, explains the reasons for the trips, highlights the role of the clergy, lists the most important places for Poles to settle, and the ways and forms of maintaining Polish national identity, both in the past and in the present.

scholarly journals National identity of the Serbs in the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century

2006 ◽  
pp. 235-252
Author(s):  
Sasa Markovic
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Interdisciplinary Research ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Specific Form ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
The Past ◽  
The 19Th Century

An attempt to establish a specific form of global uniformity by the dominant world powers, even if it is to a certain degree flexible and economically acceptable, proved to be imprudent and controversial. Autochthonous development of specific nations in all its traditional, religious and historical entirety is inaccessible and very sensitive to the form of the dominant ideological concept. Even if multiculturalism, multinationalism and multiconfessionalism belong to civilization heritage, it turned out that their declarative respect and haughty globalization was a risky experiment. European Union, supporting the project "Structuring of Europe", intends to prove its multinational (as well as any other multi determination) in the authentic interdisciplinary research work in the study of the past of each European nation. The idea of this project is based on the creative integrative link of the national identity of European nations and European super-national identity which stems from the mosaic of their existence. Attitude to the formation of national identity among the Serbs should be based on the research about the determination of national identity from the beginning of the formation of the Serbian state till today. During the 19th century and till the 1920s, I believe that one should - when determining the national identity among the Serbs - focus on the research about the role of education and culture in the national identification and on the attitude to the Yugoslav idea. The complexity of the problem also includes the specific interrelations between the idea of national identity and the standpoint of The Serbian Orthodox Church, as well as the enthusiasm of romanticism liberal ideas, party programmes, dominant elite and intelligentsia contemporary ideological influences and so on.

scholarly journals ZAINTERESOWANIA JĘZYKOZNAWCZE ZYGMUNTA KRASIŃSKIEGO

2020 ◽  
pp. 93-101
Author(s):  
TADEUSZ LEWASZKIEWICZ
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Mother Tongue ◽  
Polish Language ◽  
Strong Attachment ◽  
The 19Th Century

Zygmunt Krasiński devoted much if his attention to the “philosophical” essence of the language and the origins of various tongues. His conjectures, based on speculative and mystic philosophy, are of no scientific importance; rather, they reflect the author’s strong attachment to religion. While not original, his views on the role of a mother tongue in preserving national identity are correct. The writer was interested in spelling and correct grammatical usage of the Polish language. He also focused on assessing the style of texts written in Polish and French. His views were hardly innovative, offering some value in comparison with the 19th century theory of style. Other language-related mentions: the sophistication of Juliusz Słowacki’s language and proposals of baby names based on “inspired” etymological ideas, are inconsequential.

Regional Trade and 19th-Century Mosul: Revising the Role of Europe in the Middle East Economy

1991 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-37
Author(s):  
Sarah D. Shields
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Middle East ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Coastal Areas ◽  
Regional Trade ◽  
The Past ◽  
Art Historians ◽  
Economic Interaction ◽  
The 19Th Century

During the past two decades, historians of the last Ottoman centuries have produced ground-breaking research documenting the increasing economic interaction between Europe and the Middle East. Relying on information about the empire's trade with Europe, scholars have concluded that the 19th century was a time of transformation–in culture, in politics, and in economics. By thus calling our attention to changing circumstances, these historians, economists, art historians, and sociologists have outlined a general landscape of upheaval and change.1 Monographs on Ottoman cities, focusing on the effects of international trade on coastal areas, have begun to sketch in the epicenters of massive economic dislocation.2

The role of the Qachaq movement in the development of national consciousness in Azerbaijan

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (9) ◽  
pp. 4-11
Author(s):  
Rafail Ayvaz Ahmadli ◽  
◽  
Lala Yashar Ahmadova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Key Words ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
National Character ◽  
National Consciousness ◽  
Ordinary People ◽  
The North ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article discusses the role of the "gachag movement (a form of rebel movement of fugitives)" in the formation of national self-consciousness in the north of Azerbaijan, the reasons for its occurrence, an appreciation of their struggle against the russian imperial regime and against the dishonesty of local oppressors by this regime, explores the causes of popular love, praise, protection and the creation of heroic epics about them. The article reveals the special activities of such famous fugitives who gained respect among ordinary people for their courage in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries, us Gachag Nyabi from Gubadli (in the former Zangezur district), Dely Alu and Gambar from Ganja, Suleiman, Murtuza and Mamed-Bek Cavalier from Karabakh, Yusif from Zagatala, Karim Efendi oglu Gutgashenli from Nukha, Gachag Karim from Gazakh and the woman Gachag Gulsum from Shamkir popularly known as “Gachag Suleiman”. The article emphasizes not only the national character of the "gachag movement" in Azerbaijan, but also their contribution to the formation of national self-consciousness to a greater extent than the role of thinkers of that time. Key words: North Azerbaijan, national identity, the Russian imperial regime, the "gachag movement", the occupation of Russian imperia, the 19th century, the struggle, local beks (nobles), gentlemen (little nobles)

scholarly journals Polsko-litewskie dziedzictwo kulturowe – różnice w świadomości społecznej. Perspektywy zbliżenia dzięki wspólnym bohaterom narodowym na przykładzie Michała Kleofasa Ogińskiego

2021 ◽  
pp. 231-261
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Gumper
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future ◽  
Political Activist ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Education ◽  
National Hero ◽  
The 19Th Century

The uncomfortable situation of Poles in Lithuania is, among other things, the effect of Lithuanian historical education. Excerpts from the textbook on the history of Lithuania show diametrical differences in contemporary ideas about the past of both nations. Shared heroes are useful to overcome prejudices of the previous century (which affect the image of 1385-1795). One of them is Michał Kleofas Ogiński, Lithuanian nobleman, a political activist during the last years of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and two decades after its collapse. He has the rank of a great national hero in Lithuania and Belarus but is valued in Poland above all because of his piano compositions. The analysis of fragments of his work Memoirs about Poland and Poles helps us to regard a representative of the noble nation from a different perspective. It makes us aware of the cohesion of Polish and Lithuanian national identity at the turn of the 19th century, helps us to appreciate the heritage of the past and offers a chance to build positive relations between us. Rectifying a distorted vision of history is a prospect for a mature partnership now and in the future.

Moas and Man (PART I)

Antiquity ◽  
1949 ◽  
Vol 23 (92) ◽  
pp. 172-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Duff
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Sweet Potato ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
14Th Century ◽  
Society Islands ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Family ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Family Trees

When we remember that the Maoris volunteered no traditional information about the extinct moa (Dinornis) until Europeans had unearthed its bones, said nothing about the Chatham Islands until after their discovery by Europeans, only recalled dim memories of inhabitants before the Fleet of A.D. 1350 in response to persistent questioning by Europeans, and could not tell us whether Hawaiki was Tahiti or Samoa, we realize the always supine rôle of Maori tradition in aiding the researches of the culture historian.However the sheer mass and variety of these orally transmitted traditions prevented the student from realizing how irrelevant they were to his theme, and caused him to believe that the Maori purpose in transmitting traditions was like his—to satisfy an essentially academic curiosity about the past. The gradual cessation of the output of published traditions has given students the leisure to realize the limitations of those already recorded, and sobered us against the expectation that a Maori tradition current in the 19th century might include a description of a bird which lived perhaps in the 13th, or go into detail over the appearance and habits of the tribes whom his Fleet ancestors dispossessed in the 14th.Fortunately the need for the family to maintain its status within the clan, the clan within the tribe, and the tribe as against other tribes, did involve the careful transmission of family trees (Whakapapa). By comparing the number of generations in many lines back to a Fleet ancestor, the arrival of the Fleet was placed in the mid-14th century. By a brilliant application of the method beyond New Zealand, Percy Smith found a three generation name sequence immediately prior to the Fleet arrival common to Hawaii, the Society Islands, the Cook Islands and New Zealand. This established with reasonable certainty that the movement which brought the canoes of the Fleet to New Zealand originated in the Society Islands and simultaneously sent migrants to the Hawaiian and Cook groups. Traditions in New Zealand recorded with a significant unanimity the names of the canoes of the Fleet migration, their landing places, and the tribes which sprang from each. They noted the introduction by the immigrants of the sweet potato (kumara), the taro (Colocasia antiquorum), the gourd (Lagenaria), and the yam (uwhi), both by means of references to incidents of the voyage or by accounts of subsequent return trips to Hawaiki to fetch these plants.

scholarly journals Artist and Authorities. Nikolay Gogol and the Censorship Policy of the 19th–20th Centuries

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-111
Author(s):  
Igor' A. Vinogradov
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Social Significance ◽  
Positive Interaction ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Social ◽  
Negative Role ◽  
Methodological Principles ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Comprehensive Study

The article is devoted to historical and theoretical problems of relations between an artist and the authorities. The work summarizes old methodological principles for studying Russian censorship in the 19th century and formulates the new ones. A comprehensive study of the censorship histories of N. V. Gogol's works introduces significant adjustments to the idea of the exclusively negative role of censorship in his literary fate, and proves the overall positive interaction with the censorship department. The author analyzes the limitations of the "class approach" inherited from the past era in the understanding and assessment of censorship, which in fact represents a system of regulatory norms and restrictions. The social significance of the institution of censorship as the most important component of culture is emphasized. Despite the well-known shortcomings of the censorship department in the 19th century, which was exclusively covered by the radical criticism, Russian censorship was at the forefront of the struggle against negative processes that developed in the subsequent 20th century. The character of Gogol's satire as a form of public service is studied. The correlation of spiritual and pastoral denunciation with state interests is considered among other censorship issues.

scholarly journals Is Religion Coming Back as a Source for Antisemitic Views?

Religions ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 255
Author(s):  
Gunther Jikeli
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Political Order ◽  
Jewish State ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Social ◽  
Religious Reasons ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Role Of Religion

The most violent American and European antisemites in the 21st century, including not only Jihadists but also white (and black) supremacist terrorist, made some reference to religion in their hatred of Jews. This is surprising. Religious antisemitism is often seen as a relic of the past. It is more associated with pre-modern societies where the role of religion was central to the social and political order. However, at the end of the 19th century, animosity against Judaism gave way to nationalistic and racist motives. People such as Wilhelm Marr called themselves antisemites to distinguish themselves from those who despised Jews for religious reasons. Since then, antisemitism has gone through many mutations. However, today, it is not only the actions of extremely violent antisemites who might be an indication that religious antisemitism has come back in new forms. Some churches have been accused of disseminating antisemitic arguments related to ideas of replacement theology in modernized forms and applied to the Jewish State. Others, from the populist nationalist right, seem to use Christianity as an identity marker and thus exclude Jews (and Muslims) from the nation. Do religious motifs play a significant role in the resurgence of antisemitism in the 21st century?

scholarly journals Nostalgia and National Identity: Idea of Revisiting the Past in Latvian Fiction

2020 ◽  
pp. 127-136
Author(s):  
Alina Romanovska
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Peculiar Feature ◽  
Collective Consciousness ◽  
Security Mechanism ◽  
Free Living ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
The 19Th Century

One of the most popular themes in Latvian literature which has regularly arisen at different stages of its development since the 19th century is the idea of returning to the roots, the depiction of a mythological world scene when people lived according to the rhythms of nature, in full harmony with themselves and the world. Ancient times are depicted as a time when Latvians felt free living at their farms and followed the rules of the mythical time. This peculiar feature which we analyse on the basis of literary works, describes vividly the nation’s collective consciousness, desires, and needs. The need for emphasizing the idealised ancient times in the nation’s consciousness is related to the most significant transitional stages in the development of the country, which are characterised by the increased attention to the issues of national identity. During difficult stages in history, nosta lgia is a security mechanism which looks for stability in the past which we do not have in the present. The aim of the paper is to see how the nostalgic reflection on the idealized ancient times in the Latvian literature is related to the pivotal stages in the country’s history when special attention was paid to the national awareness and identity issues.

scholarly journals Entre rêverie et authenticité – une immersion dans l’Égypte Ancienne avec le peintre Stefan Bakałowicz

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 277-292
Author(s):  
Valentin Boyer
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Ancient Egypt ◽  
The Past ◽  
The 19Th Century

Entre rêverie et authenticité – une immersion dans l’Égypte Ancienne avec le peintre Stefan Bakałowicz This article consists of a study of two Egyptian paintings of the Russian-Polish painter Stefan Bakalowicz (1857-1947). The study seeks to establish the degree of authenticity and credibility of the represented patterns by finding the sources of archaeological inspiration — both in European Egyptian collections and in the Egyptological works used by artists in the 19th century — which inspired (or could potentially inspire) Bakalowicz to carry out the staging and reconstruction of ancient Egypt. Furthermore, the study focuses on Bakalowicz’s artistic approach and bias as a representative of the late Academicism at the turn of the 20th century. This research is based on the study of the arrangement, choice, and evocative scope of particular patterns as well as the role of fantasy in the service of a theatrical staging of the past Egypt. It also aims to discern elements relating to Egyptomania, Orientalism or even pure academism.

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