scholarly journals Tobacco Taxation in Old-Time Poland

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (1 ENGLISH ONLINE VERSION) ◽  
pp. 57-77
Author(s):  
Zbigniew Naworski
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Private Company ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
The Times ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Tobacco Taxation ◽  
Tobacco Monopoly ◽  
All Diseases ◽  
Grand Duchy

The article deals with taxation of tobacco and tobacco products in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. After tobacco was imported into Poland, its use spread extremely quickly; initially it was used as snuff, and from the 18th century onwards, smoking in pipes became prevalent. Importantly, tobacco and tobacco products were then regarded as a medicine to prevent and cure almost all diseases. Duties on tobacco/snuff were first imposed in 1643 in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and in the Crown tobacco monopoly was introduced in 1659. From that time, tobacco/snuff duties were imposed regularly in Lithuania; in the Crown duty on these products was imposed once again in 1677, and then in the 1690s tobacco monopoly ended throughout the Polish Republic. The issue was revived only in the times of King Stanisław August Poniatowski, when tobacco monopoly was introduced, initially managed by a private company called Kompania Tabaczna, and then, in the 1690s, by the state-owned Manipulacja Tabaczna. However, over the whole period under consideration, revenues from tobacco/snuff taxation were relatively small.

scholarly journals The Book of Psalms in the Church Slavonic Language from Norov´s Book Collection

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 38-53
Author(s):  
Jelena Celunova
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Slavonic Language ◽  
State Library ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Church ◽  
Grand Duchy

This article is devoted to the research of the Book of Psalms manuscript from A. S. Norovʼs book collection stored in the Department of manuscripts of the Russian State Library. The manuscript is written in the beginning of the 18th century in Church Slavonic language Polish letters. This manuscript has never been studied before, it is nonetheless of interest primarily as a Latin-graphic text, which is a transliteration of the originals in Church Slavonic. Very few such texts have survived, and almost all of them were created in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The article provides a complete description of the manuscript and analyses of its language peculiarities. The analysis has made it possible to identify Church Slavonic protographs of the manuscript, and also to establish that the manuscript was written by women (most likely nuns) for private use. Since the authors of the transliteration themselves had very good command of Church Slavonic, it can be assumed that the text was written to order. Against the background of the cultural and historical context of the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries it can be assumed that the manuscript was written by the nuns of one of the southwestern Russian Uniate monasteries who had moved to one of the monasteries in Russia at that time.

Deveolpment of Constitutional Law on the Territory of Ukranie (IX-XIII Centuries)

2021 ◽  
pp. 1006-1014
Author(s):  
Oksana Pylypchuk
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Constitutional Law ◽  
Political Regime ◽  
Democratic State ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Times ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
History Of Formation ◽  
Grand Duchy ◽  
Submission Date

The article is devoted to the history of formation and development of Ukrainian constitutionalism. It is shown that during the times of Kievan Rus and the Galicia-Volyn principality monarchical states with elements of a democratic state and political regime were formed on Ukrainian lands. It is highlighted that the formation of the Ukrainian nation and its path to its own state was carried out under the conditions of aristocratic democracy of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. It is emphasized that the Ukrainian people in the XV century became part of a large European society, which became the basis for the emergence of constitutional ideas in the Ukrainian ethnic lands, the creation of the Cossacks and the revival of their own Ukrainian state in the former Kievan Rus. It is noted that the results of the development of Ukrainian constitutionalism in the eighteenth century was presented in the Constitution of Hetman P. Orlyk in 1710, which became one of the most democratic constitutions in Europe at that time. Fecha de envío / Submission date: 25/02/2021 Fecha de aceptación / Acceptance date: 19/04/2021

scholarly journals The Place of Past Events in International Information Wars

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-163
Author(s):  
Alvydas Nikžentaitis
Keyword(s):  
Soft Power ◽  
Economic Potential ◽  
The Past ◽  
Policy Tool ◽  
Memory Culture ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Global Identities ◽  
Global Systems ◽  
Grand Duchy

This article presents an analysis of the role memory culture plays in information wars. Based on the examples of Lithuania, Russia, Ukraine, Poland and Belarus, it finds that the phenomenon of using the past in information wars can be explained as a fighting measure to entrench the authority of a given country in the eyes of the global community. This requirement emerged among countries in this region following the collapse of the old global systems and with the creation of new political blocs. Associations have been noticed between information wars that exploit the past and the growth of a country’s economic potential. For this reason, this foreign policy tool has not been used to the same degree in different countries in the region, nor did it start being used at the same time. Almost all the countries in the region started to massively exploit the past as a means of soft power only in the 21st century. This tool is especially significant in Poland and Russia, being used less often in Lithuania and Ukraine, and hardly at all in Belarus. The storylines of the past being used in information wars can be divided into two categories: Global identities, whose symbols have become Holocaust and Gulag figures; and symbols associated with the memory cultures and identities of separate societies, such as the idea of Slavic unity (in Russian-Ukrainian relations) or the past of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (in Lithuanian-Belarusian relations). The author predicts that the use of the past in information wars is set to intensify in the future, and as such, the teaching of expert skills is necessary to address this; at present, these skills are lacking in countries in the region.

scholarly journals Knighthood in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from the Late Fourteenth to the Early Sixteenth Centuries

2006 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-66
Author(s):  
Rimvydas Petrauskas
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Early Development ◽  
High Ranking ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Times ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
Grand Duchy

The main aim of this article is to collect and assess all accessible data about the early development of chivalric culture in the GDL and to identify possible trends. This phenomenon is perceived as part of the history of the European knighthood in the late Middle Ages. The article also seeks to investigate the meaning of the conception of the knight in the GDL documents of the fifteenth century in order to determine the spread of knighthood in the nobility of the Grand Duchy. In the research of these aspects the flourishing of the knighthood culture at the court of Grand Duke Vytautas in the early-fifteenth century is distinguished as a period when high-ranking representatives of the country’s nobility were awarded titles; and a new enhancement is noticeable in the times of Alexander Jogailaitis when an initiative, a unique phenomenon in Poland-Lithuania, was undertaken to establish a brotherhood of knights. In the analysis of the use of the concept of knighthood, emphasis is placed on the difference between the singular use of the knightly title and the pluralistic estate conception.

scholarly journals Slavonic Translations of the “Master of Rhodes Letter”

Scrinium ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
Maria Korogodina ◽  
Aleksey Sergeev ◽  
Aleksey Sirenov
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Old Believers ◽  
The Third ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
Grand Duchy

Abstract The “Master of Rhodes Letter”, which tells of the birth of the Antichrist, was one of the most popular eschatological writings in Europe in the 15th century. This pseudo-epistle was translated from Latin into Russian in the middle of the 15th century in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by Feofil Dederkin, an informant for the Grand Duke of Moscow Vasily Vasilyevich. Previously only one letter from Dederkin to the Grand Duke Vasily Vasilyevich was known: a translation from Latin describing the earthquakes in Italy in 1456. The “Master of Rhodes Letter” was translated a second time into Ukrainian from Latin in the 1630s, during a time when the Orthodox hierarchy in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth resisted the adoption of the Union of Brest. The third translation was made from English into Russian at beginning of the 18th century, and was believed by Metropolitan Job of Novgorod to be the work of Old Believers.

scholarly journals The Modernisation of the Court System in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania: Changes to the Organisation of the Local District Courts and Regulation of Judges’ Duties in 1764–1793

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-30
Author(s):  
Ramunė Šmigelskytė-Stukienė
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Court System ◽  
District Courts ◽  
Local District ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
State Administration ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
Grand Duchy ◽  
Made In

In the mid-18th century, with the spread of the ideas of the Enlightenment, fundamental reforms of the state’s governance were introduced in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Part of the state’s modernisation concerned the reform of the court system, considered by 18th-century political theorists to be one of the composite branches of the state administration (alongside the treasury, the police and the army). During the reign of Stanislas Augustus Poniatowski, the work of the courts of first instance underwent reform on several occasions in Poland and Lithuania: with the passing of laws in 1764, 1792 and 1793 on the structure and organisation of the activities of the castle and land courts, the existing court system was changed, as was the procedure for electing judges, also defining the scope of competency of the courts, regulating court activities and the duties of judges, introducing new requirements for the handling of court procedural documents, and the calculation of judges’ working hours. During the course of the introduction of these reforms, principles reflecting the administrative ideas of the Enlightenment were gradually entrenched in the court system of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, which concerned the election of judges and other court officials, the acceptance of collegial decisions, the elimination of the influence of any blood and marital ties, and the principles for remuneration, seeking to introduce stricter requirements for the qualification of judges. In this article, based on legislation on the organisation of court activities passed at the diets (Sejm) of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and documents from the dietines (sejmiki) of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the author seeks to analyse changes to the activities of the courts and the regulation of judges’ duties, and reforms made in the court chanceries between 1764 and 1793.

scholarly journals The Punishment of Murderers in the Noble Courts of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the Second Half of the 18th Century

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-60
Author(s):  
Adam Stankevič
Keyword(s):  
Capital Punishment ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Death Sentence ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
Ritual Murder ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
Grand Duchy

This article gives an analysis of the punishment the noble courts of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania applied to murderers in the second half of the 18th century, where the noble courts acted as courts of first instance in hearing murder cases. The author aims to determine the catalogue of punishments applied in such cases and the trends in the application of punishments in terms of how they conformed with the valid legal norms of the day, and search for manifestations of the humanisation of the law. After an examination of 184 verdicts, the author found that in cases of wilful murder, the noble courts usually applied the death penalty as per the set laws. Exceptions applied only to individuals from the estate of nobles, who instead of receiving a death sentence were sometimes sentenced to lower or upper tower punishment, which was by law ordinarily applied to other crimes. At the same time, the executors avoided qualified ways of applying the death sentence (capital punishment). Of the qualified forms of punishment, only quartering was applied, usually to those convicted of the aforementioned crime, ritual murder, and, in some instances, in cases of robbery. Alternative forms of punishment were episodic, and were only applied to a small number of convicted persons: imprisonment as a form of punishment recommended by philosophers of the Age of Enlightenment was applied in only 5.3 per cent of murder cases. In most instances, imprisonment was related to the introduction of the 1782 Cardinal Laws of the Permanent Council. In this way, the research reveals the conservative nature of the estate of nobles in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and their efforts to continue to adhere to the strict law outlined in the Third Statute of Lithuania. It is likely that this practice could have been a result of the poor state of the penitentiary system, as there was not a single public prison in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania at the time where long-term imprisonment could have been possible.

scholarly journals Proposals of the Pinsk District Nobleman Teodor Rodziewicz Regarding the Improvement of the Activities of the Nobility Courts in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Late 18th Century)

Teisė ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 117 ◽  
pp. 99-112
Author(s):  
Adam Stankevič
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
General Election ◽  
Judicial Reform ◽  
Arbitral Tribunal ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
Grand Duchy

This article analyzes the project for the improvement of the activities of the nobility (land, castle, border, arbitral tribunal and the Supreme Tribunal of Lithuania) courts of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania prepared by Teodor Rodziewicz, a nobleman of the Pinsk district, having the title of cup-bearer. The aim is to reveal the main reasons for the flawed activities of the nobility courts, as singled out by the author of the manuscript, and to discuss his suggestions, which were aimed at remedying this situation. The most important postulates of the judicial reform proposed by T. Rodziewicz were the following: general election of judges, introduction of the fixed terms of office for judges, extension of the areas of responsibility of judges, and collegial examination of cases. Some of these principles were implemented in the Four-Year Sejm.

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