Проблема календаря и коперниканская революция

The desire to compromise between the natural course of natural processes and the desire of man to find order in them and organize his life led to the creation of the calendar. The authors of the article are faced with the task of showing that a person faced the problem of the calendar in ancient times, over time, the calendar changed, reflecting the cultural history of mankind. The calendar reform has always been accompanied by scientific discoveries, contributing to the increment of scientific knowledge. An example for the authors is the Gregorian calendar, the appearance of which was promoted by the Copernican revolution, which changed the idea of man about the universe.

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The influence of scientific knowledge on mollusk and arthropod illustration

The Evolution of Paleontological Art ◽

10.1130/2021.1218(10) ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Consuelo Sendino

Keyword(s):

Nineteenth Century ◽

Scientific Knowledge ◽

Original Form ◽

General Shape ◽

New Techniques ◽

History Of ◽

Over Time ◽

The Way

ABSTRACT Our attraction to fossils is almost as old as humans themselves, and the way fossils are represented has changed and evolved with technology and with our knowledge of these organisms. Invertebrates were the first fossils to be represented in books and illustrated according to their original form. The first worldwide illustrations of paleoinvertebrates by recognized authors, such as Christophorus Encelius and Conrad Gessner, considered only their general shape. Over time, paleoillustrations became more accurate and showed the position of organisms when they were alive and as they had appeared when found. Encyclopedic works such as those of the Sowerbys or Joachim Barrande have left an important legacy on fossil invertebrates, summarizing the knowledge of their time. Currently, new discoveries, techniques, and comparison with extant specimens are changing the way in which the same organisms are shown in life position, with previously overlooked taxonomically important elements being displayed using modern techniques. This chapter will cover the history of illustrations, unpublished nineteenth-century author illustrations, examples showing fossil reconstructions, new techniques and their influence on taxonomical work with regard to illustration, and the evolution of paleoinvertebrate illustration.

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Bonnet, Charles (1720–93)

Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy ◽

10.4324/9780415249126-db007-1 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

F.C.T. Moore

Keyword(s):

Natural History ◽

Empirical Work ◽

Later Life ◽

Mental States ◽

History Of ◽

History Of Theology ◽

Formed Part ◽

The Moment ◽

The Universe ◽

Over Time

In his youth, Bonnet made a meticulous and creative study of insects, which won him international fame for his discoveries, as well as his methods. He turned to psychology and offered a detailed, but speculative, account of the physiology of mental states. His empirical work was overtaken by speculative ambition. In later life, he developed (from elements already present in his early studies) a comprehensive view of the universe, of its history and its natural history, of theology and of moral philosophy. Christianity was proved, the great chain of being was mapped over time towards an ultimate perfection, and human morality, based on self-love, formed part of the Creator’s scheme. The Creator, at the moment of creation, brought into being all the elements from which this vast unfolding would occur, without further intervention.

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Museum cultural collections: pathways to the preservation of traditional and scientific knowledge

Arctic Science ◽

10.1139/as-2017-0001 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 3 (3) ◽

pp. 618-634

Author(s):

Angela J. Linn ◽

Joshua D. Reuther ◽

Chris B. Wooley ◽

Scott J. Shirar ◽

Jason S. Rogers

Keyword(s):

Material Culture ◽

Cultural History ◽

21St Century ◽

Scientific Knowledge ◽

Alaska Native ◽

The People ◽

History Of ◽

History Of The University ◽

The University

Museums of natural and cultural history in the 21st century hold responsibilities that are vastly different from those of the 19th and early 20th centuries, the time of many of their inceptions. No longer conceived of as cabinets of curiosities, institutional priorities are in the process of undergoing dramatic changes. This article reviews the history of the University of Alaska Museum in Fairbanks, Alaska, from its development in the early 1920s, describing the changing ways staff have worked with Indigenous individuals and communities. Projects like the Modern Alaska Native Material Culture and the Barter Island Project are highlighted as examples of how artifacts and the people who constructed them are no longer viewed as simply examples of material culture and Native informants but are considered partners in the acquisition, preservation, and perpetuation of traditional and scientific knowledge in Alaska.

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Concepts And History Of Strategy In Organizations

Strategic Alignment Process and Decision Support Systems ◽

10.4018/978-1-59140-976-2.ch001 ◽

2011 ◽

pp. 1-31

Author(s):

Tamio Shimizu ◽

Marley Monteiro de Carvalho ◽

Fernando Jose Barbin Laurindo

Keyword(s):

Time Frame ◽

Napoleonic Wars ◽

Military Commanders ◽

History Of ◽

Military Campaigns ◽

Ancient Times ◽

Over Time

The concept of strategy was born in military campaigns whose results, whether good or bad, were largely the product of the minds of strategists. From ancient times, much has been said about great military commanders and their strategies. The word strategic comes from the Greek stratego, which literally means general. In the classic division of war into operational, tactical, and strategic aspects, strategy is linked to planning, to the broader environment and the longest time frame. Even though its meaning has changed over time, since the Napoleonic wars it has encompassed military, political and economic dimensions.

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Writing Cultural History in Early Modern Europe: Christophe Milieu and his Project

Renaissance Quarterly ◽

10.2307/2902056 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 52 (2) ◽

pp. 342-365

Author(s):

Donald R. Kelley

Keyword(s):

Early Modern ◽

Cultural History ◽

Early Modern Europe ◽

Philosophy And Literature ◽

The Arts ◽

The World ◽

Human Understanding ◽

History Of ◽

The Universe ◽

Comprehensive History

AbstractChristophe Milieu's De Scribenda Vniversitatis rervm historia libri qvinqve (Basel, 1551) interprets the "universe of things" (universitas return) within an evolutionary and historical framework consisting of five connected and progressive "grades" (gradus) of existence accessible to human understanding: nature (natura), the world of God's creation and man's animal aspect; prudence (prudentia), including the arts of survival; government (principatus), the stage of civil society and political history; wisdom (sapientia), equivalent to civilization and including the higher sciences and philosophy; and literature (litetatura), in which knowledge of the preceding phases of "progress" (progressio) is expressed in writing. Milieu's "narrative" constitutes a pioneering and comprehensive history of western culture.

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Das Projektionsplanetarium als hyperreales Environment

Zeitschrift für Medien- und Kulturforschung ◽

10.28937/1000107620 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 27-40

Author(s):

Hans-Christian von Herrmann

Keyword(s):

First World War ◽

World War ◽

Fand Sich ◽

The First World War ◽

The World ◽

History Of ◽

Ancient Times ◽

First Time ◽

First World ◽

The Universe

"In den Jahren nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg wurde im Jenaer Zeiss-Werk im Auftrag des Deutschen Museums in München das Projektionsplanetarium als immersives Modell des Universums entwickelt. In ihm hallte eine lange Geschichte von Himmelsgloben, Armillarsphären, Astrolabien und mechanischen Planetarien nach, die seit der Antike als astronomische Demonstrationsobjekte gedient hatten. Erstmals aber fand sich diese Aufgabe nun mit einer Simulation des raum-zeitlichen In-der-Welt-Seins des Menschen verbunden. In the years following the First World War, commissioned by the German Museum in Munich, the projection planetarium was developed as an immersive model of the universe at the Zeiss plant in Jena. In it, a long history of celestial globes, armillary spheres, astrolabes, and mechanical planetaria resonated, which had served as astronomical demonstration objects since ancient times. For the first time, however, this task was associated with a simulation of man’s spaciotemporal being-in-the-world. "

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Psychologo-Economic and Environmental Assessment Baikal Resources in the Geopolitics of China and Russia

Irkutsk Historical and Economic Yearbook 2020 ◽

10.17150/978-5-7253-3017-5.37 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Alexander Karnyshev ◽

Keyword(s):

Baikal Region ◽

Clean Water ◽

Baikal Water ◽

The Past ◽

Modern Development ◽

History Of ◽

Ancient Times ◽

Main Factors ◽

Ownership Of Land ◽

Over Time

In geopolitics, the concepts of geography and territory are reduced to the fundamental aspects of relations between States, they serve as a basic method of interpreting the past, they act as the main factors of human existence, organizing all other aspects of existence around them. It is in this perspective that the article examines the attitude to Baikal in the history of the mutually linked foreign policy of Russia and China. It is noted that the Mongols and Manchus, who once conquered China, not only found themselves largely assimilated by the defeated society, but over time, a large part of their ancestral territories began to be perceived as native Chinese. Far from being justified, this also applied to Baikal, although the Yakut etymology of its name, associated with the ethnic ancestors of the Yakuts — the Huns, has been clearly traced since ancient times. Since ancient times, Buryats and Evenks who voluntarily became part of Russia have lived around Baikal. Modern development is characterized by the “penetration” of the Chinese into the business of Asian Russia. In the Baikal region, this focus has basically three goals: forest, clean water, and ownership of land and other natural resources. In a special row, it is necessary to put projects for supplying the population of some Chinese territories with Baikal water, which is planned to be transported both in bottled form and in the future through pipes.

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Function of Ethnonyms in the Work Baburnama

Bulletin of Science and Practice ◽

10.33619/2414-2948/67/72 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (6) ◽

pp. 550-556

Author(s):

S. Abdykadyrova

Keyword(s):

Cultural History ◽

Archaeological Heritage ◽

Language And Culture ◽

Turkic Languages ◽

History Of ◽

Ancient Times ◽

Oriental Studies ◽

Spiritual Phenomena ◽

The Relationship ◽

Unique Individual

This article deals with ethnonyms and their role in the famous work Baburnamа, written by the Turkic writer, poet and ruler Zakhiriddin Muhammad Babur. The text of a work of art reflects a unique, individual author’s picture of the world of the writer, his conceptual sphere, filled with a special artistic worldview. The relevance of referring to the study of ethnonyms in the text Baburnama is due to their insufficient research. Since ancient times, they have reflected various important social and spiritual phenomena in the life of the peoples of Central Asia. The study of ethnonyms will help the reader to imagine the history of that time, the genetic makeup of Babur’s empire; will tell about the relationship between peoples, about their language and culture. In addition to all this, ethnonymy can tell a lot about the author himself, about his socio-cultural and ethnicity. This work shows that the ethnonymic layer of the vocabulary of any language is especially valuable for research in the field of cultural history. The study of ethnonyms opens up ample opportunities for the study of individual linguistic characteristics that characterize a particular ethnos. Scientific works of V. V. Radlov and V. V. Bartold laid the foundation for various oriental studies, including the study of the Turkic languages, ethnography, folklore and archaeological heritage. Based on their works, we tried to reflect the interweaving of various cultural, ethnic and linguistic traditions in the studied material.

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The Cultural History of Medical Classifications

Handbook of Research on Distributed Medical Informatics and E-Health ◽

10.4018/978-1-60566-002-8.ch004 ◽

2009 ◽

pp. 48-83

Author(s):

György Surján

Keyword(s):

Information Systems ◽

Cultural History ◽

19Th Century ◽

Cultural Context ◽

17Th Century ◽

Biomedical Sciences ◽

History Of ◽

Computational Aspects ◽

Ancient Times ◽

New Generation

This chapter outlines the history of medical classifications in a general cultural context. Classification is a general phenomenon in science and has an outstanding role in the biomedical sciences. Its general principles started to be developed in ancient times, while domain classifications, particularly medical classifications have been constructed from about the 16th-17th century. We demonstrate with several examples that all classifications reflect an underlying theory. The development of the notion of disease during the 17th-19th century essentially influenced disease classifications. Development of classifications currently used in computerised information systems started before the computer era, but computational aspects reshape essentially the whole picture. A new generation of classifications is expected in biomedicine that depends less on human classification effort but uses the power of automated classifiers and reasoners.

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Scientific Realism and Chemistry

Essays in the Philosophy of Chemistry ◽

10.1093/oso/9780190494599.003.0018 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Hasok Chang

Keyword(s):

Scientific Realism ◽

Particle Physics ◽

Relevant Literature ◽

Elementary Particle Physics ◽

Copernican Revolution ◽

Chemical Concepts ◽

Comprehensive Survey ◽

History Of ◽

Ancient Times ◽

Realism Debate

SCIENTIFIC REALISM Is a philosophical issue with relevance to all sciences, but there are some particularly interesting and distinctive ways in which it has manifested itself in chemistry. Paying proper attention to such aspects will deliver two types of benefits: First, it will aid the philosophical understanding of the nature of chemical knowledge; second, it will throw some fresh light on the realism debate in places where it has developed without much attention to chemical practices and chemical concepts. In the following discussion I will attempt to make a reasonably comprehensive survey of relevant literature, while also advancing some original points and viewpoints. Recall Bas van Fraassen’s now-classic formulation of the realism debate as an argument about whether we can know about unobservable entities featuring in scientific theories, and whether we should try to know about them (van Fraassen 1980). If this is how we understand realism, and if we take the long view of the history of science, chemistry is the most important science to consider in the realism debate. Until the development of atomic, nuclear, and elementary-particle physics starting in the early twentieth century, chemistry was the science in which debates about the epistemic and ontological status of unobservable theoretical entities took place with most ferocity and most relevance to practice. An interesting contrast is astronomy, in which the Copernican Revolution brought in a long and secure phase of realism about astronomical objects far out of reach of any human senses (including those that do not even register as tiny specks of light to our eyes). In contrast, the achievements of chemistry up to the early nineteenth century only deepened the sense of inaccessibility and unobservability concerning the putative fundamental entities postulated in chemical theories. Unobservability in relation to chemical theories is not only an issue about atomism, though surely the problem was clearly present with the atomistic particles imagined by a wide range of thinkers from Democritus and Leucippus of ancient times to Descartes and other early-modern mechanical philosophers.

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