CHEMICAL1 CONTROL OF THREE WHITE GRUB SPECIES (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE) ATTACKING FRASER FIR CHRISTMAS TREES IN THE SOUTHERN APPALACHIANS

1987 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-89
Author(s):  
Bradford M. R. Kard ◽  
Fred P. Hain
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Southern Appalachians ◽  
White Grub ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
White Grubs ◽  
Abies Fraseri ◽  
Fraser Fir ◽  
Christmas Trees ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Levels Of Control

Field experiments were conducted in 1982, 1983, and 1984 to evaluate the efficacy of several insecticides for controlling white grubs infesting Fraser fir, Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir., Christmas trees and pastureland scheduled for fir plantings, and to evaluate insecticide phytotoxicity. The white grub complex consisted primarily of three species: Pyllophaga anxia (LeConte) Glasgow, P. fusca (Froelich) Glasgow, and Polyphylla comes Casey. Mean pretreatment white grub population densities ranged from 20.8 to 77.8 grubs per m2. Isazophos, diazinon, carbofuran, carbaryl, trichlorfon, chlorpyrifos, and isofenphos demonstrated a wide range of effectiveness in reducing populations while showing no phytotoxicity to grass sod or fir. Isazophos and diazinon applications provided the highest levels of control.

scholarly journals White Grub (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) Population Density in Relation to Root Damage to Fraser Fir Seedlings in Transplant Beds

2004 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-87
Author(s):  
R. Chris Williamson
Keyword(s):  
Larval Density ◽  
Larval Survival ◽  
Root Damage ◽  
White Grub ◽  
Plant Weight ◽  
Abies Fraseri ◽  
Fraser Fir ◽  
Christmas Trees ◽  
Plant Injury ◽  
Phyllophaga Anxia

Abstract A field experiment was conducted in 2002 to evaluate the effect of five grub densities of second instar Phyllophaga anxia (LeCont) Glasgow larvae on feeding damage to roots of young seedlings of Fraser fir, Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir., Christmas trees in a transplant bed. Larval densities were equivalent to approximately 0, 31, 62, 93, and 124 larvae per m2 (≈ 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 larvae per ft2). Larval survival and variations in larval and seedling weight were also evaluated. Regardless of the larval density, when P. anxia grubs were present, all Fraser fir seedlings experienced significant root damage as well as subsequent plant injury (i.e., decline or mortality). Larval density as low as one grub per 0.11 m2 (≈ 3 larvae per ft2) caused heavy to severe root damage to young, two-year-old, P2-0 Fraser fir seedlings. An inverse relationship was observed between plant weight and root damage.

Bionomics of the pine needle scale (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), an emerging pest in Christmas tree (Pinaceae) plantations in southern Québec, Canada

2018 ◽  
Vol 150 (5) ◽  
pp. 632-636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Frdéric Guay ◽  
Amy Bernier-Desmarais ◽  
Jean-François Doherty ◽  
Conrad Cloutier
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Scale Insects ◽  
Tree Plantations ◽  
Christmas Tree ◽  
Pine Needle ◽  
Abies Fraseri ◽  
Fraser Fir ◽  
Christmas Trees ◽  
Significant Damage ◽  
The Status

AbstractThe pine needle scale, Chionaspis pinifoliae (Fitch) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), has the status of an emerging pest in Christmas tree (Pinaceae) plantations in Québec, Canada. The scale is not known to cause any significant damage yet and is not generally monitored by growers. However, it can be an obstacle for exportation to Christmas tree markets where scale insects are strictly regulated. In this study, we describe its life cycle in Christmas tree plantations in southern Québec. We confirm the presence of both parthenogenetic and sexual forms of the scale on Fraser fir Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poiret (Pinaceae) grown as Christmas trees, and of parasitoid and Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) specialists that could contribute to its control.

scholarly journals Shearing Date Affects Growth and Quality of Fraser Fir Christmas Trees

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 1020-1024 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Eric Hinesley ◽  
Scott A. Derby
Keyword(s):  
Tree Growth ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Proximal Portion ◽  
Abies Fraseri ◽  
Fraser Fir ◽  
Christmas Trees ◽  
Future Leaders ◽  
Total Tree

Fraser fir [Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.] Christmas trees were sheared once annually over 4 years on dates ranging from July to March. Shearing reduced total tree growth. Trees sheared in July and August had the highest quality and retail value. Early shearing (July and August) yielded fewer leaders, longer leaders, and 35% to 66% more internodal branches on the leader, compared to later shearing (September through March). Early shearing also yielded more second-order laterals, followed by greater elongation of those laterals. Shearing late into the fall yielded progressively fewer branches, with the minimum in October. Shearing in March gave a little better results than October, but neither date was as good as July or August. In one experiment, two types of residual tip buds (bubble and whisker) were compared as future leaders. Differences in length and straightness of leaders derived from whisker and bubble buds were considered negligible in commercial shearing practice. The ratio of adaxial and abaxial buds on the proximal portion of the leader was about 1:1, and showed little change with shearing date. Distance from the base of the leader to the first abaxial branch also showed little variation among shearing dates.

scholarly journals Naphthaleneacetic Acid Reduces Leader Growth of Fraser Fir Christmas Trees

HortScience ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 345-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Elizabeth Rutledge ◽  
John Frampton ◽  
Gary Blank ◽  
L. Eric Hinesley
Keyword(s):  
Commercial Product ◽  
Naphthaleneacetic Acid ◽  
Abies Fraseri ◽  
Fraser Fir ◽  
Christmas Trees ◽  
Methods Of Application

Two methods of application, the Danish Easy Roller and the German Sprühsystem, were tested to evaluate the effectiveness of naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) at reducing leader growth (tips of primary axes) of fraser fir [Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.] Christmas trees. A commercial product, Sucker-Stopper RTU (1.15% ethyl 1-NAA), was applied to leaders at concentrations of 0 to 500 mL·L−1 when leaders were 8 to 15 cm long. As the concentration increased, leader elongation decreased. The Easy Roller reduced leader growth the most, but leader mortality was unacceptable at concentrations 20 mL·L−1 or greater. Although less effective than the Easy Roller, the Sprühsystem caused negligible mortality of leaders. Applying 40 mL·L−1 with the Easy Roller yielded ≈50% of leaders with target lengths of 20 to 36 cm with little mortality. The Sprühsystem gave similar results at 250 mL·L−1. NAA might be useful for producing dense trees with minimal shearing or for producing more natural, open trees during shorter rotations.

scholarly journals Nitrogen Increases Fresh Weight and Retail Value of Fraser Fir Christmas Trees

2001 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 151b
Author(s):  
L. Eric Hinesley ◽  
Layne K. Snelling ◽  
C. Ray Campbell ◽  
D.K. Roten ◽  
Jeff Hartzog
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Distal Portion ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Abies Fraseri ◽  
Fraser Fir ◽  
Foliar N ◽  
Christmas Trees ◽  
Apical Buds ◽  
Lateral Buds ◽  
Four Levels

Abstract. Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir. Christmas trees were fertilized for 5 years with four levels of N (0, 56, 113, or 170 kg·ha-1 per year) in spring, fall, or equally split between spring and fall. Nitrogen did not affect leader length, number of leaders, or bud frequency on the upper (distal) portion of the leader. Nitrogen increased bud frequency on the lower (proximal) 20 cm of the leader in only 1 of 3 years of measurement. All application schedules increased the number of apical buds on branches, whereas the number of lateral buds was increased only by spring applications. Nitrogen increased tree fresh weight and retail value as well as weight, length, and surface area of needles. Foliar N concentrations in the fall varied with fertilization schedule, and were higher in November than in October.

scholarly journals Effect of Uniconazole on Shoot Growth and Budset of Containerized Fraser Fir

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Eric Hinesley ◽  
Stuart L. Warren ◽  
Layne K. Snelling
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Bud Formation ◽  
Abies Fraseri ◽  
Fraser Fir ◽  
Christmas Trees ◽  
Lateral Buds ◽  
Lateral Bud

In two experiments, uniconazole (0.25 to 16 mg·L-1 a.i.) was applied as a root drench to containerized Fraser fir [Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.] at various times of the year. Leader length, stem diameter, length of laterals, and number of subterminal buds were reduced the following growing season. Treatment during the 1994 growing season reduced lateral bud formation on the leader in 1995, whereas treatment with 8 or 16 mg·L-1 in Mar. 1995 (prior to budbreak) increased it. Uniconazole caused needle discoloration and abscission at concentrations ≥4 mg·L-1. Leader growth was reduced more than branch elongation, which tended to make plants more decurrent. The utility of uniconazole in production of tabletop Fraser fir Christmas trees was unclear; reduced shoot elongation was often accompanied by fewer lateral buds and needle discoloration and/or abscission. Chemical name used: E-1-(p-Chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1,2,4-triazole-1-penten-3-ol) (uniconazole).

Efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes for the control of white grub, Anomala corpulenta Motschulsky, in laboratory and field

Nematology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (10) ◽  
pp. 1111-1120
Author(s):  
Wenxiu Guo ◽  
Guoyu Zhao ◽  
Congli Wang ◽  
Xianhong Zhou ◽  
Yifan Zhai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
High Rate ◽  
White Grub ◽  
White Grubs ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Peanut Production ◽  
Environmentally Friendly Method

Summary Anomala corpulenta is one of the major white grubs that cause serious damages in peanut production. To develop an environmentally friendly method to control A. corpulenta larvae, the efficacy of species of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN), application rate and larval stage against A. corpulenta were determined. Results showed that Steinernema longicaudum X-7 and S. glaseri B-4-1 were the most virulent species, which caused 77.8 and 84.4% corrected mortalities of the 2nd instar larvae at 25°C 14 days after treatments. Corrected mortalities of A. corpulenta caused by EPN were significantly affected by EPN application rate. A decrease but no significant difference in susceptibility from the 2nd to the 3rd instar was observed for the test EPN species S. longicaudum, S. glaseri and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora. The field experiments indicated that S. longicaudum and S. glaseri applied at a relatively high rate (⩾5.0 × 103 infective juveniles (IJ) plant−1, i.e., 7.5 × 108 IJ ha−1) were able to provide not only control efficacy against A. corpulenta with ⩾92.7% reduction of larvae and ⩽5.06% of damaged pods, and the peanut yield increase was as good as phoxim, but also gave better control persistency compared to phoxim. Our findings indicated that EPN could be an effective strategy for the management of A. corpulenta in peanut fields.

scholarly journals Phytophthora abietivora, A New Species Isolated from Diseased Christmas Trees in Connecticut, U.S.A.

Plant Disease ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 103 (12) ◽  
pp. 3057-3064 ◽  
Author(s):  
De-Wei Li ◽  
Neil P. Schultes ◽  
James A. LaMondia ◽  
Richard S. Cowles
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Christmas Tree ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Abies Fraseri ◽  
Fraser Fir ◽  
Christmas Trees ◽  
The World ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic ◽  
A New Species

A number of fir species (Abies) are produced as Christmas trees around the world. In particular, Fraser fir (Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.) is popular as it yields high-quality Christmas trees in temperate North America and Europe. A Phytophthora sp. causing root rot on Fraser fir was isolated from a Christmas tree farm in Connecticut, U.S.A., and found to be new to science according to morphological and molecular phylogenetic analysis using multilocus DNA sequences from ITS, Cox1, β-Tub, Nadh1, and Hsp90 loci. Thus, it was described and illustrated as Phytophthora abietivora. An informative Koch’s postulates test revealed that P. abietivora was the pathogen causing root rot of Fraser fir.

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