scholarly journals Prevalence of Ketosis Detected by an Electronic Cow Side Test and its Impact to Days Open on Dairy Cows

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 14-18
Author(s):  
Duricic Drazen ◽  
Bacan Iva ◽  
Samardzija Marko
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Artificial Insemination ◽  
Blood Concentration ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Subclinical Ketosis ◽  
Caudal Vein ◽  
Days Open

The study aimed to resolve and confirm the previous results of subclinical and clinical ketosis prevalence in northwestern Croatia detected by an electronic cow side test and its impact on days open in dairy herds. Cows (N=559) 2-8 years old from 96 farms located in northwestern Croatia were included in the study. The average milk yield was 7327.80 ± 968.21 kg. The cows were classified into two separate groups: ketotic cows group KET (n=73) with BHBA blood concentration of ≥1.4 mmol/L, and negative NEG (n=486) group with serum BHBA level of <1.4 mmol/L. One droplet of blood from the caudal vein was collect from randomly selected cows in the period 7 to 15 days after parturition. BHBA level determined with Precision Xceed BHBA devices. The period from parturition to first insemination (days open to the first (artificial) insemination, DOFI) was shorter in NEG than in the POS group (110.56±10.65 days vs.114.82±12.23 days, respectively) such as period from parturition to successful conception (days open to successful conception, DOSC), (139.97±15.18 days vs. 127.99±15.87 days, respectively). The prevalence of clinical and subclinical ketosis was 15.02%. Ketosis significantly prolonged days open to first artificial insemination and days open to successful conception in cows from northwestern Croatia.

scholarly journals RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BLOOD METABOLIC PROFILES AND MILK YIELD ASSOCIATED WITH PARITY AND STAGE OF LACTATION IN CROSSBRED DAIRY COWS IN BANGLADESH

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
L Naher ◽  
M. A. Samad ◽  
S. H. M. F. Siddiki ◽  
M. T. Islam
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Metabolic Profile ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Metabolic Profiles ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Stage Of Lactation ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Calcium Phosphorus

Background: Cattle cross-breeding program has been launched throughout Bangladesh but this program has still focused mainly on biological rather than economic evaluation. Currently, 30000 dairy farms with mainly cross-bred cows are in operation throughout the country and this intensive dairy farming system with high milk yielding dairy cows is supposed to be associated with high incidence of sub-clinical nutritional and metabolic diseases. Objectives: The objective of this study was to detect the relationship between major blood metabolic profiles and milk yield associated with parity and stage of lactation in cross-bred dairy cows. Materials and Methods: Blood samples of 220 apparently healthy lactating cross-bred dairy cows (HF x L, n = 190; SH x L, n = 20 and JS x L, n = 10) of 10 dairy herds were collected for metabolic profile test (MPT) in Bangladesh during the period from July to November 2016. The major metabolic profiles which are associated with milk fever (calcium, phosphorus & magnesium) and ketosis (glucose) were considered in this study. These biochemical parameters were estimated to detect the influence of risk factors including herds, breeds, parities and lactation age of cross-bred lactating dairy cows by using the commercial kits in spectrophotometer method. Results: The evaluation of the biochemical constituents of 220 cross-bred lactating dairy cows revealed that 30% (n = 66) had hypocalcaemia and 20.45% (n = 45) had hypoglycemia. Significantly lower levels of average calcium (7.93 ± 0.36 mg/dl; p < 0.024) and glucose (43.44 ± 3.63 mg/dl; p < 0.0001) values were recorded in HF x L cross-bred dairy herd of BAUDF, Mymensingh in comparison to other investigated nine dairy herds. The highest milk yield was recorded at 7th parity (16 +- 0.91 liter / day) and 1st week of lactation (17.33 +- 1.09 liter / day) were associated with low mean calcium (8.09 +- 0.85 mg / dl; 6.68 +- 0.13 mg/dl) and glucose (36.45 +- 7.67 mg/dl; 32.31 +- 3.90 mg / dl) levels in comparison to the respective values of different parity and lactation weeks. Conclusions: A relationship between blood metabolic profiles and milk yield associated with herd, breed, parity and lactation stages was recorded in lactating crossbred dairy cows. The evaluation of blood metabolites at different stages of lactation cycle especially at transition period is required to detect the nutritional and metabolic health for optimum milk production and to achieve maximum reproductive potential of high yielding dairy cattle. The readily available milk samples could be used as a biological fluid to monitor the health and nutritional status of dairy cows by using mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy method to prevent sub-clinical metabolic disorders. Therefore, well developed laboratories with necessary equipment, test kits and reagent should be provided to perform MPT in both the blood and milk samples for practical uses. Keywords: Compton metabolic profile test, Metabolic profile, Lactating cross-bred cows, Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Glucose, Parity, Lactation stages

Effect of first 60-day cumulative milk yield on days open in Holstein dairy cows in Iran

2007 ◽  
Vol 2007 ◽  
pp. 148-148
Author(s):  
A. Heravi Moussavi ◽  
M. Danesh Mesgaran ◽  
T. Vafa
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Dairy Farm ◽  
Reproductive Efficiency ◽  
Root Cause ◽  
Principal Factors ◽  
Days Open ◽  
Holstein Dairy Cows

Reproduction and milk production are the principal factors that are influencing dairy farm profitability. The dairy industry in Iran has changed dramatically in the last decade. The shift toward more productive cows and larger herds in Iran is associated with a decrease reproductive efficiency (Heravi Moussavi et al., 2004). Increased knowledge about the principal causes of reduced fertility is essential. The root cause of the declining fertility is probably a combination of a variety of physiological and management factors that have an additive effect on reproductive efficiency. Dairy cattle are inseminated and pregnancy is established while dairy cows are lactating. Based on the analyses of large datasets, there is clearly an antagonistic relationship between milk production and reproduction in dairy cattle (Lucy, 2001). It was shown that the hazard ratio for cumulative first 60-day milk yield and conception in high producer cows was 8 percent less than the others and also high milk yield was a risk factor for several reproductive disorders (Grohn and Rajala-Schultz, 2000). The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of first 60-day cumulative milk yield on days open in Iranian Holstein dairy cows.

The relationship between milk progesterone and milk traits during estrus in dairy Cows

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Gavelis ◽  
V. Þilaitis ◽  
A Juozaitis ◽  
V. Juozaitienë ◽  
G. Urbonavièius ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Milk Traits ◽  
Subclinical Ketosis ◽  
Yield Level ◽  
Milk Protein Content ◽  
The Relationship

The aim of this study was to evaluate relationship between milk progesterone concentration (P4) and milk traits at the start of estrus time and 12h after start of the estrus in dairy cows. The 96 milk samples of 48 Lithuanian dairy cows without reproduction disorders and 90–100 days after calving were evaluated. Cows were classified into two groups based on milk yield per day: less than 30 kg (n=20) and e”30 kg (n=28). Data were categorized by milk fat and protein content at the start estrus and 12h after start of estrus to evaluate relationship between P4 and milk traits examined. P4 at estrus time in dairy cows was significantly positively correlated with milk yield (P less than 0.001), whereas it was negatively correlated with milk protein (P less than 0.05-P less than 0.01) and fat at 12h after start of estrus. Dairy cows with F/P from 1.0 to 1.5 had the lowest P4 in milk. Results of the pregnancy in dairy cows were related with lower P4 and milk yield level (P less than 0.001), higher milk fat (P less than 0.05) and milk protein content (P less than 0.001). These cows had 1.90 times lower prevalence of the signs of subclinical ketosis (P less than 0.05) at estrus time when compared with non-pregnant cows. As a result, it was clearly demonstrated that P4 in dairy cows can help to evaluate and improve the reproductive properties of cows.

Efisiensi reproduksi pada sapi perah yang teridentifikasi Bakteri non spesifik dalam saluran reproduksi

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
Winda Nurul Lailatil Qodri ◽  
Sri Mulyati ◽  
Sri Pantja Madyawati ◽  
Rimayanti Rimayanti ◽  
Suherni Susilowati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Direct Observation ◽  
Artificial Insemination ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Reproductive Efficiency ◽  
Days Open ◽  
Calving Rate ◽  
Rectal Palpation

The purpose of this study was to determine the reproductive efficiency of dairy cows in the presence of non-specific bacteria in the reproductive tract. This study was a descriptive study of 20 healthy and cycling dairy cows. The identification of non-specific bacteria in the reproductive tract was conducted in the previous study. Data were collected from interview, questionaire, and direct observation at the beginning of the study. Detection of estrus was performed visually, followed by artificial insemination 12-18 hours later. Non-return to estrus was checked after 21 days. Artificial insemination was repeated up to three times on cows returning to estrous. Pregnancy was checked through rectal palpation 60 days after the last insemination. Pregnant cows were followed until calving. The results showed that the estrus rate, non-return rate (NRR), conception rate (CR), calving rate (CvR), services per conception (S/C), and days open (DO), were respectively 100%, 85%, 85%, 85%, 1.3, and 93 days. It could be concluded that the presence of non-specific bacteria in the reproductive tract of dairy cows did not affect the reproductive efficiency so that pregnancy and calving could still occur.

77 REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF DAIRY COWS DIFFERING IN THE INTERVAL FROM CALVING TO THE FIRST OVULATION IN THE POSTPARTUM PERIOD

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 151
Author(s):  
M. Yamaguchi ◽  
S. Takahashi ◽  
H. Koyama ◽  
O. Dochi
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Postpartum Period ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Early Recovery ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Peripartum Period ◽  
Days Open

In recent years, reproductive performance of dairy cows has declined worldwide. The reproductive characteristics of dairy cows should be evaluated to improve their fertility. Dochi et al. (2010) had reported that dairy cows that exhibited early first ovulation gave a low milk yield, had an early recovery of body condition score (BCS) in the postpartum period and a shorter number of days open. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of BCS on the functional recovery of reproduction after the birth of the calves. In this study, lactating Holstein cows were placed in free-stall housing equipped with an automatic milking system. The data presented in this study were collected from 48 cows that had calved between December 2007 and October 2010 with an average parity of 3.4 (range 2–6). The reproductive performance and the BCS during the different intervals between calving and the first ovulation were analysed using ANOVA. The conception rate at the first service was 38.1%. The average milk yield (305 days) was 12 299 kg. The first ovulation and oestrus were determined by ultrasonography. The results of the different intervals to the first ovulation are presented in Table 1. The average interval from the start of days in milk (DIM) to the first ovulation, first oestrus and first service; the number of days open; the number of services per conception and the milk yield (kg day–1, by 90 DIM) were 37.4, 54.7 and 110.3 days; 168.2 days open; 2.5 times; and 42.1 kg day–1, respectively. The cows that exhibited early first ovulation (≤21 DIM) in the postpartum period had significantly shorter intervals between the start of DIM and the first oestrus (P < 0.01). However, the days to first service, the number of days open, the number of services per conception and the milk yield (kg day–1, by 90 DIM) did not differ significantly. The BCS in the peripartum period of different intervals to the first ovulation decreased from 3.1 to 2.4 by 150 DIM. This study showed that average BCS of preparturient 50–10 DIM is 3.0. Moreover, the average BCS of parturition is declining to 2.5 (parturition from 70 to 150 DIM). The cows became pregnant after an increase in the BCS (>150 DIM). In conclusion, these results suggest that the delay to the first ovulation in the postpartum period tended to have delayed the oestrus expression in the cows. Moreover, the low level of BCS in the peripartum period, regardless of the number of days of the first ovulation and the first oestrus, potentially influenced the prolongation in the number of days open. To improve the fertility of the cows, it is important to elucidate the factors affecting the fluctuations in the BCS during the peripartum period. Table 1.Reproductive performance of dairy cows differing in interval to postpartum first ovulation

The use of condition-scoring in dairy cows and its relationship with milk yield and live weight

1978 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 285-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moira J. Frood ◽  
D. Croxton
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Good Condition ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Foetal Development ◽  
Lactation Curve ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Early Peak ◽  
Relationship Of

ABSTRACTFrom July 1975 to January 1977, 225 cows in three autumn-calving dairy herds were condition-scored, weighed and milk-recorded at monthly intervals. The condition score at calving was related to the ability of the animal to achieve potential milk yield. This potential milk yield was denned by the lactation curve prediction. Animals below condition score 2 at calving did not achieve their predicted milk yield, and those above condition score 2½ yielded more than their predicted milk yield. Cows in poor condition at calving gave low, late peak milk yields with a high persistency, and those in good condition at calving gave high, early peak milk yields with a lower persistency. A positive relationship of 25 ± 1·6 kg live weight per unit of condition score was established within cows in months 1 to 7 of lactation. After month 7 of lactation foetal development caused changes in live weight without changes in score.

scholarly journals Metabolic evaluation of dairy cows submitted to three different strategies to decrease the effects of negative energy balance in early postpartum

2011 ◽  
Vol 31 (suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 11-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandra M.B García ◽  
Felipe C Cardoso ◽  
Rómulo Campos ◽  
Diego X Thedy ◽  
Félix H.D González
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Fatty Liver ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Negative Energy Balance ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Subclinical Ketosis

In early lactation dairy cattle suffer metabolic alterations caused by negative energy balance, which predisposes to fatty liver and ketosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the metabolic condition of high yielding dairy cows subjected to three treatments for preventing severe lipomobilization and ketosis in early lactation. Fifty four multiparous Holstein cows yielding >30 L/day were divided into four groups: control (CN= no treatment), glucose precursor (PG= propylene-glycol), hepatic protector (Mp= Mercepton®), and energy supplement with salts of linolenic and linoleic faty acids (Mg-E= Megalac-E®). Treatments were administrated randomly at moment of calving until 8 weeks postpartum. Blood samples were collected on days 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42 and 49 postpartum. Body condition score (BCS) was evaluated at the same periods and milk yield was recorded at 2nd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, and 8th weeks of lactation. Concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), albumin, AST, ß-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), cholesterol, glucose, total protein, urea and triglycerides were analyzed in blood samples. Cut-off points for subclinical ketosis were defined when BHBA >1.4 mmol/L and NEFA >0.7 mmol/L. General occurrence of subclinical ketosis was 24% during the period. An ascendant curve of cholesterol and glucose was observed from the 1st to the 8th week of lactation, while any tendency was observed with BHBA and NEFA, although differences among treatments were detected (p<0.05). BCS decreased from a mean of 3.85 at 1st week to 2.53 at 8th week of lactation (p=0.001). Milk yield was higher in the Mg-E group compared with the other treatment groups (p<0.05) Compared with the CN group, the treatments with Mp and PG did not show significant differences in blood biochemistry and milk yield. Cows receiving PG and Mg-E showed higher values of BHBA and NEFA (P<0.05), indicating accentuated lipomobilization. Supplementation with Mg-E also resulted in significant higher concentrations of cholesterol, BHBA, urea, AST and lower values of glycemia. This performance may be explained by the highest milk yield observed with this treatment. Treatments with PG and Mp did not improve milk yield, compared with control cows, but did not show metabolic evidence of ketosis, fat mobilization or fatty liver. These results suggest that treatment with Mg-E improves milk production but induces a higher negative energy balance leading to moderated lipomobilization and ketone bodies production, increasing the risk of fatty liver.

scholarly journals Do mats matter? – Comparison of fertility traits and milk yield in dairy cows on rubber or concrete flooring

2012 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 438-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. V. Kremer ◽  
A. M. Scholz ◽  
S. Nüske ◽  
M. Förster
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Dairy Herd ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Fertility Trait ◽  
Days Open ◽  
Analyse Data ◽  
The University ◽  
Fertility Traits

Abstract. Rubber flooring in dairy cows has been discussed controversially, because different studies found as well advantages as disadvantages regarding claw health. Until today little is known regarding the effect of rubber flooring on the reproductive performance of dairy cows. Therefore, the study aimed at comparing fertility and the milk yield of dairy cows on concrete or rubber flooring. Days to first breeding (DFB), days open (DO), services per conception (SC), heat detection rate (HDR), conception rate (first service; CR1st service) and the corresponding 100 days in milk (DIM) milk yield were evaluated for 139 lactation periods of 91 cows of the University Munich Livestock Center dairy herd. The cows entered the study as heifers and were housed on the same flooring system during their whole productive life. All cows underwent the same management, feeding, and climatic conditions. A mixed model procedure was used to analyse data. Cows on rubber (RSF) compared with cows on concrete flooring (CSF) showed less DFB (76.8/94.6; P<0.01), less DO (98.8/138.4; P<0.01), and no difference regarding SC (1.5/1.7; P=0.267). Furthermore, no differences regarding the 100 DIM milk yield could be established. The calculation of HDR (54.9%/27.9%) and CR1st service (39.4/29.4) showed also high advantages for the rubber flooring. It was concluded that rubber flooring affects an earlier onset of regular oestrus behaviour and improves the economically sensible fertility trait of calving interval by earlier pregnancy and less days open but does not cause higher milk yield.

22 PREGNANCY RATES IN DAIRY COWS TREATED WITH PROGESTERONE-RELEASING DEVICES AND DIFFERENT GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE OR ESTRADIOL PLUS EQUINE CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN FIXED-TIME ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION PROTOCOLS

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 91 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Veneranda ◽  
L. Filippi ◽  
D. Racca ◽  
L. Cutaia ◽  
G. A. Bo
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Pregnancy Rate ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Artificial Insemination ◽  
Fixed Time ◽  
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone ◽  
Pregnancy Rates ◽  
Device Removal ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows

We have previously shown that the addition of eCG improved pregnancy rates following fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) in lactating dairy cows treated with estradiol benzoate (EB) and progesterone releasing devices (Veneranda et al. 2006 Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 18, 118). An experiment was designed to compare pregnancy rates in lactating dairy cows treated with progesterone-releasing devices and EB plus eCG with different gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-based protocols. Five-hundred lactating dairy cows between 30 and 51 days postpartum (when prostaglandin F (PGF) treatments were given in the Pre-Synch groups), with a milk yield of 29.5 � 7.0 kg per day (range 13.0 to 46.0 kg) and a body condition score (BCS) between 2.5 to 3.5 out of 5 were used. Cows were blocked by days postpartum and randomly assigned to five treatment groups. Cows in the Pre-Synch group received PGF 28 and 14 days prior to the insertion of a DIB device (1 g progesterone, Syntex SA, Buenos Aires, Argentina) and the administration of 50 µg of Lecirelin (GnRH, Ovusin, Syntex SA) IM (Day 0). On Day 7, DIB were removed and cows received PGF (0.5 mg cloprostenol, Ciclase, Syntex SA). On Day 9, cows received a second GnRH treatment and were FTAI 16 h later (60 h after device removal). Cows in the Modified Pre-Synch group were treated similarly except that they received a DIB for 7 days prior to the second PGF injection and no DIB at the time of the first GnRH. Cows in the P4-Synch group were treated as those in the Pre-synch group but did not receive the two doses of PGF 28 and 14 days earlier. Cows in the P4 + EB + eCG groups received a DIB for 8 days, 2 mg of EB at DIB insertion (Day 0), and PGF and 400 IU eCG (Novormon, Syntex SA) IM at DIB removal (Day 8); they were subdivided to receive 1 mg of EB on Day 9 (P4 + EB + eCG + EB group) or GnRH on Day 10 (P4 + EB + eCG + GnRH group). Cows in these latter two groups were also FTAI 60 h after device removal. Pregnancy was determined by rectal palpation 50 days after FTAI and data were analyzed by logistic regression. Pregnancy rates were not affected by BCS, days postpartum, or milk yield (P > 0.5). However, there was a significant group effect due to a higher (P < 0.05) pregnancy rate in the P4 + EB + eCG + EB (49%) and P4 + EB + eCG + GnRH (44%) treatment groups than in those in the Modified Pre-Synch group (30%). Pregnancy rate in the P4-Synch group (39%) was lower (P < 0.05) than those in the P4 + EB + eCG + EB group but not different from the others. Finally, pregnancy rate in Pre-Synch group (41%) was intermediate and not different from the other treatment groups. Results of these experiments suggest that treatments with progesterone-releasing devices, EB, and eCG result in pregnancy rates that are comparable to or better than those obtained in GnRH-based protocols in lactating dairy cows. Further studies are needed to investigate whether eCG could increase pregnancy rates in cows treated with GnRH and progesterone-releasing devices. The authors thank Syntex SA for providing the hormones used in the study.

scholarly journals Occurrence of subclinical metabolic disorders in dairy cows from western Santa Catarina state, Brazil

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 629-634 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eliana L. Fiorentin ◽  
Solange Zanovello ◽  
Andrei Gato ◽  
André L. Piovezan ◽  
Maurício V. Alves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Zinc Deficiency ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Copper Deficiency ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Total Calcium ◽  
Santa Catarina ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Subclinical Ketosis ◽  
Copper And Zinc

ABSTRACT: The management of dairy herds during the transition period has been studied in several studies due to the severe adjustments to which cows are submitted in the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and minerals at early lactation. This is a period when occurs most of the metabolic disorders in dairy cows, especially in their subclinical form. Hitherto a lack of information exists on the occurrence of subclinical metabolic disorders in Brazil. The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of subclinical metabolic disorders, including ketosis, liver lipidosis, hypocalcemia, lactacidemia and hypomagnesemia, as well as phosphorous, copper and zinc deficiency in dairy cattle from the western region of Santa Catarina state, southern Brazil, during the first 30 days of lactation. Blood samples from 15 dairy herds managed in intensive production (free-stall) and semi-confined systems were collected. Milk yield, reproduction and health data of the herd were recorded in a questionnaire, based on the records of the farm and on the observations during samples collection. Blood samples were collected for the measurement of beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) and lactate using portable monitors at the farm and for obtaining serum to perform the following biochemical determinations: total calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, albumin, aspartate transaminase (AST) and creatine kinase (CK) by UV-visible spectrophotometry, and copper and zinc by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. In this study, the cutoff points considered were as follows: serum BHB concentrations >1.2mmol/L for subclinical ketosis, AST >140U/L and CK <94U/L for subclinical liver lipidosis, serum lactate concentrations >2.2mmol/L for lactacidemia, serum total calcium concentrations <7.5mg/dL for subclinical hypocalcemia, serum magnesium concentration <1.7mg/dL for hypomagnesemia, serum phosphorus concentration <2.5mg/dL for phosphorus deficiency, serum copper concentrations <32.8μg/dL for copper deficiency, and serum zinc concentrations <60μg/dL for zinc deficiency. The results showed an occurrence of 9% for subclinical ketosis, 11% for subclinical liver lipidosis, 44.5% for lactacidemia, 11% for subclinical hypocalcemia, 7.4% for subclinical hypomagnesemia, 10.7% for copper deficiency and 8.7% for zinc deficiency. According to the survey results, the occurrence of subclinical ketosis, lipidosis and hypocalcemia in western Santa Catarina differ from data found in the literature

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