Health Status in the Islamic Republic of Iran, Middle East and North Africa Countries: Implications for Global Health

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hossein MIRZAEI ◽  
Zhaleh ABDI ◽  
Elham AHMADNEZHAD ◽  
Mahshad GOHRIMEHR ◽  
Elham ABDALMALEKI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Status ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Global Health ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Maternal Mortality Ratio ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Life Years

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the health status of Iranians following the sustainable development goals (SDGs) introduction and to compare with those of the Middle East and North Africa region (MENA) and global. Methods: This comparative study used secondary data analysis to investigate socio-demographic and health status indicator. The sources included census, population-based surveys and death registries. The indicators in MENA were obtained from international databases including WHO, the World Bank and the Institute for Health Assessment and Evaluation (IHME). Results: Life expectancy and human development index increased following the HTP implementation. Among causes of death, 74.6% were attributed to non-communicable diseases (NCDs). There was an increasing trend in risk factors for NCDs in Iran, while at the same time Neonatal, infant and under-5 mortality rates reduced. Compared to the MENA, Iran has a lower maternal mortality ratio, neonatal, infant, and under-5 mortality rates, and a higher life expectancy. NCDs and road injuries accounted for a larger portion of disability-adjusted life years in Iran compared to the MENA and worldwide. Conclusion: Actions against communicable diseases and road traffic injuries are required together with continued efforts to address NCDs. Although Iran does not have a low global SDGs Index ranking, there is a need to develop a roadmap to accelerate achieving global health goals and SDGs implementation.

Epidemiological features of HIV/AIDS in the Middle East and North Africa from 1990 to 2017

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ebrahim Shakiba ◽  
Uosef Ramazani ◽  
Ehsan Mardani ◽  
Zohre Rahimi ◽  
Zeinab Moradi Nazar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
United Arab Emirates ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Unsafe Sex ◽  
Quality Of Data ◽  
Mena Region ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Hiv Aids

The growing trend of HIV/AIDS is a major concern in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) regions, as its incidence in the region has increased by 31% in the last decade. The study population in the countries of the MENA region included 21 countries with a population of approximately 400 million. The Global Burden of Disease database was used to calculate the number of HIV/AIDS cases. Modeling for each country is based on the availability and quality of data. The highest incidence rates of HIV/AIDS were in Sudan, United Arab Emirates (UAE), Tunisia, and Iran, respectively, and the highest mortality rates were in Sudan, UAE, Oman, and Morocco, respectively. The incidence, prevalence and mortality rates, as well as the disability adjusted life years (DALYs) rate declined in 2017 compared to 1990. The highest percentage of changes in DALY rates was reported for Turkey, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), and Sudan, respectively, and the lowest for Qatar, Kuwait, and Bahrain. In general, unsafe sex had the highest impact on the DALY index in all countries in the region except Iran and Bahrain. Policymakers should therefore be encouraged to develop harm reduction programs for people living with HIV, and invest globally in reducing HIV prevalence rates in commercial sex workers, people who inject drugs, and men who have sex with men in the region, as well as eliminating mother-to-child HIV transmission.

scholarly journals Sex-Dependent End-of-Life Mental and Vascular Scenarios for Compensatory Mechanisms in Mice with Normal and AD-Neurodegenerative Aging

Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 111
Author(s):  
Aida Muntsant ◽  
Francesc Jiménez-Altayó ◽  
Lidia Puertas-Umbert ◽  
Elena Jiménez-Xarrie ◽  
Elisabet Vila ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
End Of Life ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life Years ◽  
Pharmacological Interventions ◽  
Compensatory Mechanisms ◽  
Healthy Life ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Bidirectional Interactions

Life expectancy decreases with aging, with cardiovascular, mental health, and neurodegenerative disorders strongly contributing to the total disability-adjusted life years. Interestingly, the morbidity/mortality paradox points to females having a worse healthy life expectancy. Since bidirectional interactions between cardiovascular and Alzheimer’s diseases (AD) have been reported, the study of this emerging field is promising. In the present work, we further explored the cardiovascular–brain interactions in mice survivors of two cohorts of non-transgenic and 3xTg-AD mice, including both sexes, to investigate the frailty/survival through their life span. Survival, monitored from birth, showed exceptionally worse mortality rates in females than males, independently of the genotype. This mortality selection provided a “survivors” cohort that could unveil brain–cardiovascular interaction mechanisms relevant for normal and neurodegenerative aging processes restricted to long-lived animals. The results show sex-dependent distinct physical (worse in 3xTg-AD males), neuropsychiatric-like and cognitive phenotypes (worse in 3xTg-AD females), and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis activation (higher in females), with higher cerebral blood flow and improved cardiovascular phenotype in 3xTg-AD female mice survivors. The present study provides an experimental scenario to study the suggested potential compensatory hemodynamic mechanisms in end-of-life dementia, which is sex-dependent and can be a target for pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions.

82 The Significant Burden of Burn Injuries in the Middle East: An Epidemiological Study of Nineteen Countries over 27 Years

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S56-S57
Author(s):  
Zachary J Collier ◽  
Yasmina Samaha ◽  
Priyanka Naidu ◽  
Katherine J Choi ◽  
Christopher H Pham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Burn Injuries ◽  
Burn Care ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Significant Burden ◽  
Mortality Ratio ◽  
Incident Cases ◽  
Age And Sex

Abstract Introduction Despite ongoing improvements in burn care around the world, the burden of burn morbidity and mortality has remined a significant challenge in the Middle East due to ongoing conflicts, economic crises, social disparities, and dangerous living conditions. Here, we examine the epidemiology of burn injuries in the Middle East (ME) relative to socio-demographic index (SDI), age, and sex in order to better define regional hotspots that may benefit most from sustainability and capacity building initiatives. Methods Computational modeling from the 2017 Global Burden of Disease (GBD17) database was used to extrapolate burn data about the nineteen countries that define the ME. Using the GBD17, the yearly incidence, deaths, and Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) from 1990 to 2017 were defined with respect to age and sex as rates of cases, deaths, and years per 100,000 persons, respectively. Mortality ratio represents the percentage of deaths relative to incident cases. Data from 2017 was spatially mapped using heat-mapping for the region. Results Over 27 years in the ME, an estimated 18,289,496 burns and 308,361 deaths occurred causing 24.5 million DALYs. Burn incidence decreased by 5% globally but only 1% in the ME. Although global incidence continued to decline, most ME countries exhibit steady increases since 2004. Compared to global averages, higher mortality rates (2.8% vs 2.0%) and DALYs (205 vs 152 years) were observed in the Middle East during this time although the respective disparities narrowed by 95% and 42% by 2017. Yemen had the worst death and DALY rates all 27 years with 2 and 2.2 times the ME average, respectively. Sudan had the highest morality ratio (3.7%) for most of the study, twice the ME average (1.8%), followed by Yemen at 3.6%. Sex-specific incidence, deaths, and DALYs in the ME were higher compared to the global cohorts. ME women had the worst rates in all categories. With respect to age, all rates were worse in the ME age groups except in those under 5 years. Conclusions For almost three decades, ME burn incidence, deaths, DALYs, and mortality rates were consistently worse than global average. Despite the already significant differences for burn frequency and severity, especially in women and children, underreporting from countries who lack sufficient registry capabilities likely means that the rates are even worse than predicted.

scholarly journals Health Status of Old Age Population in Bulgaria

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 126
Author(s):  
Mariana Mourgova
Keyword(s):  
Health Status ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Healthy Life Expectancy ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Healthy Life ◽  
Healthy Life Years ◽  
Demographic Indicators ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Different Levels

This article examines the health status of the population in Bulgaria at age 65 by gender during the period 2006-2014. The health status is examined by some of the most frequently used demographic indicators, namely life expectancy, based on mortality data and healthy life years and healthy life expectancy, based on mortality, life expectancy and self-perceived health. The main results show that despite of the observed increase in life expectancy at age 65 in Bulgaria during the period it is the lowest compared to other European countries. The share for both men and women reported their health status as without limitations in respect to daily activities decline, while those reported their health status as good increase. These contradictory facts reflect on the measures of health status. Thus, the trend in healthy life years for both sexes decline over the period, whereas the trend in healthy life expectancy increases. Compared with the other European countries, the expected number of years without limitations in Bulgaria is among the largest, while the healthy life expectancy is the lowest. These differences could be explained by the different levels in mortality and the nature of the measures of health status themselves.

scholarly journals Health Status of Old Age Population in Bulgaria

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 126
Author(s):  
Mariana Mourgova
Keyword(s):  
Health Status ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Healthy Life Expectancy ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Healthy Life ◽  
Healthy Life Years ◽  
Demographic Indicators ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Different Levels

This article examines the health status of the population in Bulgaria at age 65 by gender during the period 2006-2014. The health status is examined by some of the most frequently used demographic indicators, namely life expectancy, based on mortality data and healthy life years and healthy life expectancy, based on mortality, life expectancy and self-perceived health. The main results show that despite of the observed increase in life expectancy at age 65 in Bulgaria during the period it is the lowest compared to other European countries. The share for both men and women reported their health status as without limitations in respect to daily activities decline, while those reported their health status as good increase. These contradictory facts reflect on the measures of health status. Thus, the trend in healthy life years for both sexes decline over the period, whereas the trend in healthy life expectancy increases. Compared with the other European countries, the expected number of years without limitations in Bulgaria is among the largest, while the healthy life expectancy is the lowest. These differences could be explained by the different levels in mortality and the nature of the measures of health status themselves.

Life Years at Stake

2019 ◽  
pp. 48-60
Author(s):  
Andreas Mogensen
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Global Health ◽  
Burden Of Disease ◽  
Global Burden ◽  
Years Of Life Lost ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life Years ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Ethical Basis

In quantifying the global burden of disease in terms of Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs), we must determine both Years of Life Lost (YLLs) and Years Lost to Disability (YLDs). In setting priorities for global health, many have felt that YLLs should not always simply equal life expectancy at death. To this end, Dean Jamison and colleagues recommend the use of a DALY metric that incorporates Acquisition of Life Potential (ALP). When an individual dies, the YLLs that we would otherwise count are multiplied by the value of the ALP function, which rises gradually from 0 to 1 during the first stages of an individual’s life. Jamison et al. do not provide a detailed philosophical justification for the use of gradual ALP. In this chapter I explain why I believe the Time-Relative Interest Account represents the most plausible ethical basis for the ALP approach and describe how we might model ALP in light of this account.

Motorcycle Simulator Technology and Traffic-Related Injury Prevention: Global Health Potential

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
James Alan Balcius ◽  
Bryan A Liang
Keyword(s):  
Global Health ◽  
Traffic Safety ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Skills Training ◽  
The United States ◽  
Simulator Training ◽  
Vehicle Simulation ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Simulation Based ◽  
Simulator Technology

Road traffic related fatalities account for over 50% of the global deaths for individuals between ages 15 and 44 and ranks 11th in the cause of death for all age groups. It’s future impact is equally dismal: within the next decade road traffic related morbidity is projected to be the 6th leading contributor global fatalities and 3rd leading contributor to global Disability-Adjusted Life Years, disproportionately impacting the overall global burden of disease. However, national-level traffic safety intervention by global health organizations lacks programmed efforts to include vehicle simulation-based technologies as a key element of comprehensive national traffic safety programs. This is particularly true for two wheel vehicles in low and middle income countries (LMICs). Importantly, US resources in diplomacy settings are also subject to loss because of deployment into these risky settings, lack of adaptability to traffic cultures and systems locally, and limited skills training. The United States Marine Corps has utilized two wheel motorcycle simulation based technologies as part of a comprehensive education and training strategy to reduce fatalities and injuries amongst military personnel operating motorcycles off-duty. Positive experiences with motorcycle vehicle-simulator training program indicate further potential to validate impact on injury rates and efficacy of motorcycle simulator technology both for those assigned abroad and for relevant LMICs personnel. Other international professional and charitable organizations contending with similar risks abroad would also benefit from shared advances in traffic safety training utilizing motorcycle simulators. By improving traffic safety in these environments, health care resources can be shifted from expensive reactive, acute care trauma settings to investments in longer term public health infrastructures, medicines, and outreach.

scholarly journals Impact of Healthcare Expenditures on Healthcare Outcomes in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Region: A Cross-Country Comparison, 1995–2015

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bander Balkhi ◽  
Dhfer Alshayban ◽  
Nawaf M. Alotaibi
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Health Expenditures ◽  
Healthcare Spending ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Mena Region ◽  
Healthcare Expenditures ◽  
The Impact

The association between healthcare expenditures and outcomes, mainly mortality and life expectancy, is complex. The real explanation for this association is not clear, especially in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. This study assesses the impact of health expenditures on improving healthcare systems and health status and finds a relationship between health expenditures and health outcomes across different region. Annual time series data on healthcare spending and outcomes from 1995 to 2015 were used for MENA region in comparison to developed and developing countries. Health expenditure was adjusted by the consumer price index equation to the 2015 US dollar eliminate the impact of inflation on our results. For many countries, spending on healthcare continues to rise, Among MENA countries, we found that the United Arab Emirates and Kuwait spent more per capita on health, $1,711 and $1,420, respectively, than any other countries in the region. Although this study demonstrated a relationship between total healthcare expenditure and outcomes, some countries spend more on healthcare but have shorter life expectancy. In most countries, efficient and effective utilization of healthcare resources is the key strategy for improving health outcomes in any country. The lack of a positive correlation between healthcare spending and life expectancy may indicate that health resources are not allocated effectively. In those cases, increasing health spending does not guarantee that there is any kind of improvement in healthcare.

scholarly journals Measuring the Efficiency of Health Systems: A Case of Mental Health in Middle East and North Africa Countries

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Majid Safaei Lari ◽  
Sara Emamgholipour Sefiddashti
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Health Systems ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Health Care Systems ◽  
Returns To Scale ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
Mental Health Systems ◽  
Mena Countries ◽  
Life Years

Background: Mental disorders and problems put a heavy burden on communities. Since resources allocated to the mental health systems are finite, it seems necessary to assess the efficiency of mental health systems. In this study, we assess the efficiency of mental health care systems across 12 Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries in 2014. Methods: We used data envelopment analysis (DEA). The number of psychiatrists and nurses working in the mental health sector, the number of beds in mental hospitals, and the healthcare expenditures were included as inputs. The disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of mental and substance use disorders was considered as the output. This approach is an input-oriented and a variable returns to scale. Results: Countries such as Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, and Qatar with the efficiency scores of 1.00 are entirely efficient. However, Bahrain and Iran with the efficiency scores of 0.50 and 0.58 are the most inefficient countries, respectively. After measuring the efficiency model, the radial super-efficiency showed that Egypt and Lebanon with the efficiency scores of 4.73 and 4.09 were ranked as the first and second by far. Qatar and Iraq compared with the previous analysis, and with the efficiency scores of 1.72 and 1.58, were ranked as the third and fourth. Bahrain and Iran were as inefficient as the previous model. Conclusion: This study depicted a general portrait of the performance of mental health systems across MENA countries. Countries performed efficiently, have taken advantage of comprehensive programs in mental health sector. Countries are strongly recommended to complement their datasets of mental health to make future studies able to evaluate mental health systems more accurately and perfectly.

Emerging outbreaks associated with conflict and failing healthcare systems in the Middle East

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (10) ◽  
pp. 1230-1236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Issam I. Raad ◽  
Anne-Marie Chaftari ◽  
Rita Wilson Dib ◽  
Edward A. Graviss ◽  
Ray Hachem
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Global Health ◽  
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Healthcare Systems ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
International Medical ◽  
Medical Interventions ◽  
Disease Epidemics

AbstractThe escalating conflicts in the Middle East have been associated with the rapid collapse of the existing healthcare systems in affected countries. As millions of refugees flee their countries, they become vulnerable and exposed to communicable diseases that easily grow into epidemic crises. Here, we describe infectious disease epidemics that have been associated with conflicts in the Middle East, including cholera, poliomyelitis, measles, cutaneous leishmaniasis, and diphtheria, that call for appropriate preventive measures. Local ongoing wars and failing healthcare systems have resulted in regional and global health threats that warrant international medical interventions.

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