scholarly journals Aflatoxin M1 Contamination in Raw Cow Milk of Dairy Farms in Behbahan area, Khuzestan province, Iran

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyedeh Ommolbanin Ghasemian
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Natural Occurrence ◽  
Environmental Chemical ◽  
Khuzestan Province ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Southwest Of Iran

Introduction: Mycotoxins are among the environmental chemical agents with toxic effects on animals and humans. Aflatoxins (AF) are a major group of mycotoxins produced following the growth of some species of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, particularly in agricultural products. Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is secreted to milk and remains there since the process of pasteurization and sterilization has little effect on this metabolite. The aim of this study was to investigate the natural occurrence of AFM1 in raw milk in Behbahan area, which is an area of high-density livestock production in southwest of Iran. The other aim was to compare these obtained levels with the accepted level recommended by the European community (50 ng/L). Methods: In the present study, 90 samples of raw milk were collected from five dairy farms in Behbahan region, Khuzestan province, Iran. The AFM1 was analyzed using the Enzyme Linked Immune Sorbent Assay (ELISA) method by ELISA kits from Euro Clone, Italy.  Data were analyzed by ANOVA and the results were reported as mean ± SE. The significant level was set at p ≤ 0.05.  Results: The concentration of aflatoxin M1 in (15)16.54% of raw milk was higher than maximum tolerance limit accepted by European Union /Codex Alimentarius Commission (50 ng/l). The results of this study showed that all 90 investigated raw milk samples were contaminated with AFM1 (100%). Conclusion: A significant difference was observed between concentration means of AFM1 in various studied farms at P < 0.05. Consequently, high occurrence of AFM1 in raw milk samples was considered as a possible hazard for human health. However, further longitudinal studies are required on milk samples and other dairy products in Behbahan as well as other regions of Iran to estimate the representative intake of AFM1 in Iran.

Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in bovine milk and associated risk factors among dairy farms of Punjab, India

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
H. Thukral ◽  
P. Dhaka ◽  
J. Singh Bedi ◽  
R. Singh Aulakh
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
European Union ◽  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Buffalo Milk ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Associated Risk Factors ◽  
Mean Concentration

Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) contamination in milk and milk products may pose a major public health concern. The present cross-sectional study was aimed to estimate the prevalence of AFM1 in bovine milk across all districts of Punjab, India and to identify the associated animal and farm level risk factors. A total of 402 milk samples (266 cow milk and 136 buffalo milk) were analysed using commercial ELISA and representative samples were confirmed using HPLC-FLD. The results revealed that 56.2 and 13.4% of the milk samples exceeded the maximum levels of the European Union, i.e. 0.05 μg/l and Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI), i.e. 0.5 μg/l for AFM1 in milk, respectively. On analysis of species variation, buffalo milk (prevalence: 56.6%; mean concentration: 0.42±0.9 μg/l) was found to have higher AFM1 levels than cow milk (prevalence: 56.0%; mean concentration: 0.19±0.3 μg/l), with statistically significant difference between mean concentrations (P<0.01) and non-significant difference between AFM1 prevalence (P=0.91). Furthermore, milk from commercial dairy farms (prevalence: 64.7%; mean concentration: 0.34±0.65 μg/l) was found to be more contaminated than from household dairy establishments (prevalence: 47.8%; mean concentration: 0.19±0.65 μg/l). The risk factors ‘above average milk yield/day’ (odds ratio (OR): 2.4) and ‘poor animal hygiene’ (OR: 1.9) were identified at animal level, and ‘intensive dairy farming’ (OR: 3.1) and ‘animal feed without aflatoxin binder’ (OR: 4.7) as farm level risk factors for AFM1 excretion above maximum levels of European Union in milk. Among cow breeds, the milk from ‘non-descript’ breed (OR: 11.5) was found to be most contaminated with AFM1 and the least from Jersey breed (OR: 1.0). The present study highlighted the presence of AFM1 in milk samples; therefore, regular monitoring of AFM1 in milk is required so that high risk regions and associated risk factors can be addressed appropriately.

scholarly journals Iodine content in bulk tank milk samples in relation to dairy farm size

2014 ◽  
Vol 83 (10) ◽  
pp. S9-S13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lenka Vorlová ◽  
Lucia Hodulová ◽  
Ivana Borkovcová ◽  
Hana Přidalová ◽  
Romana Kostrhounová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Farm ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Organic Dairy ◽  
Bulk Tank ◽  
Organic Dairy Farms

The aim of this study was to compare the iodine content in raw milk from organic and conventional dairy farms of different sizes. Milk samples were collected between 2012 and 2013, and the iodine content was determined by a Sandell-Kolthoff reaction after dry alkaline digestion of the milk samples. Comparing the iodine content in raw milk samples from small sized dairy farms (116.76 ± 46.29 μg/l) and large sized dairy farms (173.70 ± 35.42 μg/l), a significant difference in iodine content was observed (P ≤ 0.05). The lowest values were found in small and medium dairy farms, 45.30 μg/l and 40.46 μg/l, respectively. High variability (112.92 ± 94.74 μg/l) in the iodine content was detected in raw milk from medium sized dairy farms. When considering milk samples from organic dairy farms (119.29 μg /l ± 40.37) vs. conventional dairy farms (136.55 μg/l ± 42.91), no significant difference was detected. These results indicate higher iodine content in milk from large dairy farms regardless of conventional or organic farming methods.

scholarly journals Study of aflatoxins incidence in cow feed and milk in Serbia during 2013.

2015 ◽  
Vol 69 (6) ◽  
pp. 651-656 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danka Spiric ◽  
Jasna Djinovic ◽  
Vesna Jankovic ◽  
Branko Velebit ◽  
Tatjana Radicevic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Beet Pulp

Atypical weather and climate conditions during the spring and summer 2012th were assumed to be the main reason for the aflatoxins contamination of corn crops in Serbia. High humidity in spring, and summer temperatures above the average contributed to the increased possibility of mycotoxins occurance in cereals in the fields. As a consequence, at the begining of 2013th contaminated corn used for dairy cows diet had negative impact on the safety of cow milk. The routine laboratory control data revealed an increased content of aflatoxin M1 in milk samples. Large number of raw milk and various feedstuff samples were collected from February to April 2013th and were analysed for the presence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) and aflatoxin B1 respectively. The collected samples were a part of enhanced self-control plans of the large dairy farms. Quantitative competitive and sandwich types of ELISA tests were used for the screening analysis of the feed and milk samples. Confirmation of the positive results obtained by ELISA tests was performed by UPLC-MS/MS method. Out of 281 samples of complete mixtures for dairy cows, 67 samples (24%) contained aflatoxin B1 quantities higher than the MRL of 0,005 mg/kg [4]. Corn samples were also tested for the presence of aflatoxin B1 revealing contamination of 22% above the MRL (0.03mg/kg). Aflatoxin M1 content in the 934 positive milk samples ranged from 0,005- 1,25 ?g/kg. The corresponding feed samples of sunflower meal, hay silage, corn silage and sugar beet pulp were screening negative, with the content of aflatoxin B1 less than 2 ?g/kg. The main source of aflatoxins were corn samples, wholemeal and feed mixtures derived from contaminated corn. The contamination peak was during March 2013, when 65% of milk samples contained amounts of aflatoxin M1 higher than 0,05 ?g/kg, and 13% of milk samples contained amounts higher than 0,5 ?g/kg.

scholarly journals Screening of aflatoxin M1 in cows’ milk in Gadarif town, Sudan

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamal M. A. Abdalmahmoud ◽  
El Tahir S. Shuiep ◽  
Ibtisam E El Zubeir ◽  
Omer H. M. Arabi
Keyword(s):  
Health Risk ◽  
Screening Method ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Important Health ◽  
Different Sources

Abstract Background Milk is a perfect complete perishable food that could be contaminated by any substance throughout the chain of its production. Of these aflatoxins M1 was considered as an important health risk associated with the milk. The objectives of this study are to analyse milk samples for the detection of aflatoxin M1. Method Eighty milk samples were collected from different sources randomly; 33 samples from farms, 31 samples from sale points and 16 samples from groceries in Gedarif town. Unisensor kits were used as screening method for detection of aflatoxin M1 in milk. Results The occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in raw milk samples were found in 22(27.50%) of the samples. The presence of aflatoxin contamination was high in milk samples collected from sales points (15.0%) followed by farms (11.25%) compared to those obtained from groceries (1.25%). Conclusion The presences of aflatoxin M1 in the milk samples might indicate that the cow milk was contaminated with aflatoxins through feed. Hence this study recommended that good hygienic practices should be considered in Gadarif town.

scholarly journals AFLATOXIN EXCRETION THROUGH MILK

2008 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-70
Author(s):  
Milica Živkov Baloš ◽  
Željko Mihaljev ◽  
Mira Kovačević ◽  
Dejan Bugarski
Keyword(s):  
Thin Layer ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Elisa Method ◽  
Obligatory Control ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Layer Chromatography

In the period January to June 2006 the samples of feed were collected from feed factories in Southern Baåka and Srem district. The samples of raw milk and full mix were taken from 5 dairy farms. A total of 50 raw milk samples was examined. The samples were examined on the presence of aflatoxin B1 using the method of thin layer chromatography (TLC) and simultaneously, using ELISA tests. Milk samples were examined using immunoenzyme tests for the presence of aflatoxin M1. Aflatoxin content in all the examined feed and mix samples was below LOD (limit of detection) of TLC method, also this content was below MRL according to ELISA method. In total of 50 samples of raw milk, aflatoxin M1 was detected in two samples originating from different farms. Aflatoxin was detected in 7.5 ng/l, i.e. 10 ng/l respectively, what is considerably lower than MRL. Based on the obtained results it is considered that obligatory control of raw milk for the presence of aflatoxin is necessary.

scholarly journals Aflatoxin M1 levels in raw milk, pasteurized milk and infant formula

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharaf Shareef Omar
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Infant Formula ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Tolerance Limit ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Maximum Tolerance

The incidence of contamination of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in milk samples collected from the Jordanian market was investigated by using the competitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. A total of 175 samples were collected during 2014-2015 year. All tested samples were contaminated with various levels of AFM1 ranging from 9.71 to 288.68 ng/kg. The concentration of AFM1 in 66% of fresh milk samples was higher than the maximum tolerance limit accepted by European Union (50 ng/kg) and 23% higher than the maximum tolerance limit accepted by USA (500 ng/kg). Percentages of contaminated raw cow, sheep, goat and camel milk exceeding the European tolerance limit were 60, 85, 75 and 0%, respectively. Twelve % of AFM1 contaminated pasteurized cow milk samples exceeded the European tolerance limit with a range of contamination between 14.60 and 216.78 ng/kg. For infant formula samples, the average concentration of AFM1 was 120.26 ng/kg (range between 16.55 to 288.68 ng/kg), the concentration of AFM1 in 85% of infant formula samples were higher than the maximum tolerance limit accepted by European Union and USA (25 ng/kg).

Keeping Quality and Flavor, and Microorganisms, Proteases and Lipases in Raw Cow and Goat Milk at Collection and After Storage

1983 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. 873-877 ◽  
Author(s):  
LESTER HANKIN ◽  
DONALD SHIELDS
Keyword(s):  
Protein Degradation ◽  
Goat Milk ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Microbial Count ◽  
Retail Sale ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Keeping Quality

Raw cow and goat milks for retail sale in Connecticut were examined at collection and after storage at 4.4 and 7.2°C for 7 d for keeping quality, flavor, microorganisms, protein degradation on storage, and protease and lipase activity. Some milks were bottled at the farm, others were placed in containers supplied by the customer. Goat milk retained a satisfactory flavor significantly longer than cow milk. There was no correlation of keeping quality with any microbial count made at collection except for number of coliform bacteria. Significant differences were found in enzyme activity and protein degradation between cow and goat milk. No significant difference was found between milk bottled at the farm and that collected in sterile containers. Over 82% of raw milk samples met the 30,000 per ml state standard for total aerobic count (SPC) and 72% met the coliform standard of 50 per ml.

scholarly journals Chemical Composition and Screening of Aflatoxin M1 in Cows’ Milk in Gadarif Town, Sudan

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamal M. A. Abdalmahmoud ◽  
El Tahir S. Shuiep ◽  
Ibtisam E El Zubeir ◽  
Omer H. M. Arabi
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Screening Method ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Important Health ◽  
Added Water

Abstract Background: Milk is a perfect complete perishable food that could be adulterated or contaminated by wide varieties of substance throughout the chain of its production. Of these aflatoxins M1 was considered as an important health risk associated with the milk. The objectives of this study are to analyse milk samples, for chemical composition and detection of aflatoxin M1. Method: One hundred milk samples were collected from different sources randomly; 35 samples from farms, 35 samples from sale points and 30 samples from groceries in Gedarif town. Milk-Kana was used for determination of chemical composition (fat, solids not fat, lactose and protein and analysis of freezing point, density and added water) and Unisensor kits were used as screening method for detection of aflatoxin M1 in milk. Results: The chemical composition of milk samples collected from farms, sales points and groceries showed lower content of the fat (3.4±1.3%, 3.4±1.3% and 3.5±1.25%), solids not fat (7.7±1.1%, 8.1±1.7% and 8±1%), lactose (4.2±0.6%, 4.4±0.8% and 4.3±0.5%) and protein (3±0.4%, 3±0.5% and 3±0.4%). The freezing point of milk samples revealed -.503±.079, -.524±.007 and -.522±.099 °C, while the density showed 0.025±0.003, 0.026±0.005 and 0.026±0.003 gm/cm3, respectively. Moreover the added water was found as 10.6±11.6%, 10.6±10.4% and 8.7±8.2% in the samples collected from farms, sale points and groceries, respectively. The occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in raw milk samples were found in 22(27.50%) of the samples. The presence of aflatoxin contamination was high in milk samples collected from sales points (15.0%) followed by farms (11.25%) compared to those obtained from groceries (1.25%). Conclusion: The lower chemical composition of milk ns the high added water suggested adulteration of milk. Moreover the presences of aflatoxin M1 in the milk samples might indicate that the cow milk was contaminated with aflatoxins through feed. Hence this study recommended that good hygienic practices should be considered in Gadarif town. Similarly regulations and lows for selling the milk should be implemented by the official authorities.

scholarly journals Microbiological quality of bulk tank raw milk from two dairy farms in Hajdú-Bihar County, Hungary

2018 ◽  
pp. 105-112
Author(s):  
Benjamin Kojo Woode ◽  
Flóra Petróczki ◽  
Béla Béri ◽  
Ferenc Peles
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Total Plate Count ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Bulk Tank

Two main channels have been identified to be responsible for microbiological contamination of raw milk and milk products. Firstly, contamination has occurred due to udder infection from the cow or the blood which harbours most bacteria that come in contact with the raw milk. Secondly, via external factors (may include faeces, skin, contaminated water, environment etc.) which are associated with the operation of milking. There is direct contact with the milk and/or surfaces before, during or after the milking, posing public health risk and economic decline. The aim of this study was to examine the bacteriological quality of bulk tank raw milk samples collected from two different size dairy farms (Farm 1 and Farm 2) of different housing forms (cubicle loose and deep litter) in Hajdú-Bihar County, Hungary in July, 2017. Three samples were taken from each farm, and the total plate count, coliform count, Escherichia coli count, Staphylococcus aureus count, and yeast and mould count were determined in them. The results clearly showed low level of all measured bacteria group load in Farm 1 samples in comparison to Farm 2 with the exception of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CNS) which represented high level in general, indicating significant difference (P<0.05). The mean value of total plate count in Farm 2 samples was higher (1.0 × 105 CFU/mL) than Farm 1 samples (2.8 × 104 CFU/mL). There was a significant difference (P<0.05) in mean count of coliforms in raw milk samples between Farm 1 and Farm 2. Similarly, results of E. coli were significantly different (P<0.05) with mean count of 1.44 × 102 CFU/mL and 2.02 × 103 CFU/mL for Farm 1 and Farm 2 respectively. Results of Staphylococcus aureus also showed significant difference (P<0.05) with mean count of 9.7 × 101 CFU/mL for Farm 1 and 6.28 × 102 CFU/mL for Farm 2. The mean of mould count recorded was 1.07 × 102 CFU/mL and 4.93 × 102 CFU/mL for Farm 1 and Farm 2 respectively. The recorded mean of yeast count was 1.68 × 103 CFU/mL and 3.41 × 103 CFU/mL for Farm 1 and Farm 2 respectively; however, both farms showed no significant difference (P>0.05) in terms of mean of mould and yeast count. Although Farm 2 produced six times lower milk quantity than Farm 1, the measured microbial parameters were high. Both farms’ microbiological numbers were higher above the permitted limit values as stated by Regulation (EC) No 853/2004, Hungarian Ministry of Health (MoH) 4/1998 (XI. 11.). This could be an indication of non-conformance to effective GMP, ineffective pre–milking disinfection or udder preparation, poor handling and storage practice, time and temperature abuse and inadequate Food Safety Management System Implementation. Therefore, our recommendation is as follows; establish control measures for pre- and postharvest activities involved in the milking process which would be an effective approach to reduce contamination of the raw milk by pathogenic microorganisms from these farms, strict sanitation regime and hygiene protocol be employed and applied to cows, all equipment, contact surfaces and minimize handling of the milk prior, during and after milking. This will also serve as scientific information to the producers for continual improvement in their operations.

scholarly journals Reduction of Aflatoxin M1 Levels during Ethiopian Traditional Fermented Milk (Ergo) Production

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsige Shigute ◽  
Alemayehu P. Washe
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Time ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Fermented Milk ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Significant Difference

In this study, the reduction of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) levels during lab-scale ergo production was investigated through determination of the residual levels of AFM1 using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay. The results showed gradual and incubation time dependent reduction of AFM1 level in the raw milk samples being fermented to ergo. The maximum reductions of 57.33 and 54.04% were recorded in AFM1 in natural and LAB inoculums initiated fermentations, respectively, in 5 days of incubation. Although a significant difference (P=0.05) in the AFM1 decrease in the two types of fermentations was recorded, such findings could vary with milk samples depending on initial load of the microorganisms as determined by hygienic conditions. However, the level of AFM1 in control (sterilized) samples showed only a 5.5% decrease during the entire period of incubation. Microbiological investigation showed increasing LAB counts with incubation time. A gradual decrease in pH of the milk samples was observed during fermentation. Considering the fact that both viable and dead bacterial cells could remove AFM1 during ergo production, the mechanism is proposed as predominantly involving noncovalent binding of the toxin with the chemical components of the bacterial cell wall.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document