scholarly journals AFLATOXIN EXCRETION THROUGH MILK

2008 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-70
Author(s):  
Milica Živkov Baloš ◽  
Željko Mihaljev ◽  
Mira Kovačević ◽  
Dejan Bugarski
Keyword(s):  
Thin Layer ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Elisa Method ◽  
Obligatory Control ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Layer Chromatography

In the period January to June 2006 the samples of feed were collected from feed factories in Southern Baåka and Srem district. The samples of raw milk and full mix were taken from 5 dairy farms. A total of 50 raw milk samples was examined. The samples were examined on the presence of aflatoxin B1 using the method of thin layer chromatography (TLC) and simultaneously, using ELISA tests. Milk samples were examined using immunoenzyme tests for the presence of aflatoxin M1. Aflatoxin content in all the examined feed and mix samples was below LOD (limit of detection) of TLC method, also this content was below MRL according to ELISA method. In total of 50 samples of raw milk, aflatoxin M1 was detected in two samples originating from different farms. Aflatoxin was detected in 7.5 ng/l, i.e. 10 ng/l respectively, what is considerably lower than MRL. Based on the obtained results it is considered that obligatory control of raw milk for the presence of aflatoxin is necessary.

scholarly journals Study on the Level of Aflatoxin M1 Contamination in Raw and Processed Milk Marketed in Kathmandu Valley

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 52-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pratap Kafle ◽  
Damodar Sedai ◽  
Krishna Prasad Rai ◽  
Bishow Bandhu Pokharel
Keyword(s):  
Thin Layer ◽  
Thin Layer Chromatography ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Kathmandu Valley ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Residual Level ◽  
Maximum Tolerance ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Layer Chromatography

Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is the principal hydroxylated AFB1 metabolite mainly present in milk. In this study the levels of Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in Raw and Pasteurized milk marketed in Kathmandu valley was estimated. Altogether 32 milk samples (Raw 16, Pasteurized 16) obtained from different areas of Kathmandu valley were analysed for AFM1 by Thin Layer Chromatography. The milk samples were analyzed according to the official AOAC methods, which included extraction of toxin using chloroform, clearing by silica gel column chromatography, qualitative analysis by Thin Layer Chromatography and quantification by Visual comparison of the spots. AFM1 was found in 14 (43.75%) of milk samples examined. The levels of AFM1 in 7 (21.87%) samples were higher than the maximum tolerance limit (0.05 µg/l) accepted by some European countries while none of the samples exceeded the prescribed limit of US regulations. The mean concentration of AFM1 was higher in Raw milk (0.030 ± 0.042 µg/l) compared to pasteurized (0.022 ± 0.039) but the difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05). This finding reflects that milk marketed in Kathmandu valley contains residual level of Aflatoxin M1 and pose public health risk. Therefore, milk and milk products have to be screened for AFM1 contamination periodically. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jfstn.v7i0.10598   J. Food Sci. Technol. Nepal, Vol. 7 (52-56), 2012  

Rapid Thin Layer Chromatographic Determination of Aflatoxin M1 in Powdered Milk

1985 ◽  
Vol 68 (5) ◽  
pp. 952-954
Author(s):  
Maria Luisa Serralheiro ◽  
Maria Lurdes Quinta
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Carbon Tetrachloride ◽  
Thin Layer ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Chromatographic Determination ◽  
Methanol Solution ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Powdered Milk ◽  
Layer Chromatography

Abstract A method has been developed for the detection of aflatoxin Mi in milk. The toxin is extracted with chloroform, the extract is evaporated, and the residue is partitioned between carbon tetrachloride and an aqueous saline-methanol solution. The toxin is once again extracted with chloroform from the methanol solution and analyzed by thin layer chromatography. The limit of detection of Mi in powdered milk is 0.5 μg/ kg; recoveries of added Mj are about 83%. The limit of detection can be improved to 0.3 μg/kg if the plate is sprayed with an aqueous solution of H2S04 after development.

A survey on the occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in raw milk samples in Bafq and Bahabad, Iran

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vahid Safavizadeh ◽  
Mozhgan Mojkar
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Parasiticus ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
National Standard ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Elisa Method ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
The City

Aflatoxins are a group of mycotoxins mostly produced by the fungi called Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus, and Aspergillus nomium. Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is the major metabolite of aflatoxin B1 and is a hepatotoxic and carcinogenic toxin. The aim of this study was to determine the level of contamination of cow's milk with aflatoxin M1 in Bafq and Bahabad. For this study, samples of raw cow's milk were collected randomly from milk collection centers around the city of Bafq and Bahabad from March to April. The determination of aflatoxin M1 levels was based on the ELISA method. Contamination was observed in 100% of milk samples. According to the results of the study, the rate of contamination with aflatoxin M1 in 43.3% of milk samples was above the acceptable level (50 ng/L) in Iranian national standard. It is concluded that further monitoring of milk production should be carried out in the spring and winter seasons.

Incidence of Aflatoxin M1 in Thai Milk Products

1997 ◽  
Vol 60 (8) ◽  
pp. 1010-1012 ◽  
Author(s):  
KRIENGSAG SAITANU
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Powdered Milk ◽  
Milk Products ◽  
Pasteurized Milk ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Sterilized Milk

Two hundred seventy samples of raw milk and off-the-shelf milk products were examined for aflatoxin M1 content using a radioimmunoassay. Aflatoxin M1 was found in the majority of milk samples except 1 sample of raw milk and 11 samples of imported powdered milk. All cases of aflatoxin M1 content greater than 0.5 ppb were found in 18% (48) of the samples including raw milk (17/67), pasteurized milk (20/63), ultra high temperature milk (7/60), sterilized milk (3/60), and pelleted milk (1/7). All powdered milk samples were negative for aflatoxin M1 except two samples with less than 0.1 ppb. The positive aflatoxin M1 test results for five of the raw milk samples were confirmed by HPLC.

scholarly journals Aflatoxin M1 Contamination in Raw Cow Milk of Dairy Farms in Behbahan area, Khuzestan province, Iran

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyedeh Ommolbanin Ghasemian
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Natural Occurrence ◽  
Environmental Chemical ◽  
Khuzestan Province ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Southwest Of Iran

Introduction: Mycotoxins are among the environmental chemical agents with toxic effects on animals and humans. Aflatoxins (AF) are a major group of mycotoxins produced following the growth of some species of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, particularly in agricultural products. Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is secreted to milk and remains there since the process of pasteurization and sterilization has little effect on this metabolite. The aim of this study was to investigate the natural occurrence of AFM1 in raw milk in Behbahan area, which is an area of high-density livestock production in southwest of Iran. The other aim was to compare these obtained levels with the accepted level recommended by the European community (50 ng/L). Methods: In the present study, 90 samples of raw milk were collected from five dairy farms in Behbahan region, Khuzestan province, Iran. The AFM1 was analyzed using the Enzyme Linked Immune Sorbent Assay (ELISA) method by ELISA kits from Euro Clone, Italy.  Data were analyzed by ANOVA and the results were reported as mean ± SE. The significant level was set at p ≤ 0.05.  Results: The concentration of aflatoxin M1 in (15)16.54% of raw milk was higher than maximum tolerance limit accepted by European Union /Codex Alimentarius Commission (50 ng/l). The results of this study showed that all 90 investigated raw milk samples were contaminated with AFM1 (100%). Conclusion: A significant difference was observed between concentration means of AFM1 in various studied farms at P < 0.05. Consequently, high occurrence of AFM1 in raw milk samples was considered as a possible hazard for human health. However, further longitudinal studies are required on milk samples and other dairy products in Behbahan as well as other regions of Iran to estimate the representative intake of AFM1 in Iran.

scholarly journals Determination of Aflatoxin M1 in Raw Milk Using an HPLC-FL Method in Comparison with Commercial ELISA Kits—Application in Raw Milk Samples from Various Regions of Greece

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
Martha Maggira ◽  
Maria Ioannidou ◽  
Ioannis Sakaridis ◽  
Georgios Samouris
Keyword(s):  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Reference Method ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Fluorescence Detector ◽  
Elisa Kit ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Of Greece

The highly toxic Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is most often detected in milk using an Enzyme-Linked-Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) for screening purposes, while High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detector (HPLC-FL) is the reference method used for confirmation. The aim of the present study was the comparison between three commercially available ELISA kits and a newly developed HPLC-FL method for the determination of the AFM1 in milk samples. The developed HPLC-FL method was validated for the AFM1 and Aflatoxin M2 (AFM2), determining the accuracy, precision, linearity, decision limit, and detection capability with fairly good results. All three ELISA kits were also validated and showed equally good performance with high recovery rates. Moreover, the Limit Of Detection (LOD) and Limit Of Quantification (LOQ) values were found to be significantly lower than the Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) (50 ng kg−1). After the evaluation of all three commercial kits, the ELISA kit with the optimum performance along with the HPLC method was used for the determination of AFM1 in raw cow’s, goat’s, and sheep’s milk samples (396) obtained from producers in different regions of Greece. The evaluation of both methods showed that this ELISA kit could be considered as a faster and equally reliable alternative method to HPLC in routine analysis for the determination of AFM1 in milk.

scholarly journals Aflatoxin M1 Transfer Rate from Milk into Cheese and Whey During the Production of Hard Cheese

2018 ◽  
Vol 67 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 215-220
Author(s):  
Saša Krstović ◽  
Anka Popović Vranješ ◽  
Anka Kasalica ◽  
Marija Jevtić ◽  
Igor Jajić
Keyword(s):  
Transfer Rate ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
The Other ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Transfer Rates ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Hard Cheese ◽  
The Eu

Summary The aim of this study was to investigate aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) transfer from naturally contaminated raw milk into cheese and whey, during the production of Livanjski cheese (hard cheese type). Raw milk samples were collected from 4 farms in Serbia. The samples were then tested for AFM1 content and were later used for hard cheese production. Four cheese samples were produced, and the matching whey samples were also collected. The milk samples included two samples containing AFM1 above the EU maximum level (0.077±0.009 and 0.118±0.008 µg/kg) and the other two samples below the maximum level of 0.05 µg/kg (0.021±0.002 and 0.034±0.004 µg/kg). Regarding AFM1 transfer into cheese from the milk samples containing AFM1 above the EU maximum level, the rate was approximately 4-fold (383% and 410%). On the other hand, in the cheese samples made from milk containing AFM1 below the EU maximum level, almost 10-fold levels of AFM1 content in milk were found (transfer rates of 934% and 961%). As for the whey samples, AFM1 levels were below the levels found in the milk samples (transfer rates of 78%, 74%, 68% and 57%). The difference in the transfer rates for the cheese made from the milk samples contaminated at different levels may indicate the possibility that the AFM1 transfer rate from milk into cheese depends on the content of this toxin in milk.

scholarly journals The Incidence of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk Produced in a Regional Surveillance System Between 2013 and 2017

2018 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 111
Author(s):  
Alina FĂT ◽  
Sorin Daniel DAN ◽  
Alexandra TĂBĂRAN ◽  
Oana REGET ◽  
Daiana MIKLE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surveillance System ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Elisa Method ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Toxic Metabolites ◽  
Carcinogenic Effects ◽  
Regional Surveillance ◽  
Surveillance Area ◽  
The Eu

Aflatoxins are toxic metabolites, generally produced by Aspergillus flavus, A. parasiticus and A. Nomius. They can have immunosuppressive, mutagenic, teratogenic and carcinogenic effects, especially on the liver. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the frequency of AFM1 contamination in milk in an established surveillance area of Romania, during 2013-2017 period. The material was represented by 150 raw milk samples obtained from milk collecting units and breeding units in Cluj county. The samples were analyzed by ELISA method. Measurable levels of AFM1 were present in 28% of the milk samples examined. The level of AFM1 in the positive samples ranged between 0,010 and 0,089 μg/kg. Of the total samples, only two were found non-compliant with the EU regulatory limit (0.05 μg/kg). All the positive samples were detected in 2013. In the 2014-2017 period, the level of aflatoxin M1 in milk was undetectable. The contamination risk of AFM1 in milk may increase with feeds being stored in improper conditions of humidity and temperature. This risk can be significantly reduced by using aflatoxin uncontaminated feeds.

scholarly journals DETERMINATION OF 10-GINGEROL IN INDIAN GINGER BY VALIDATED HPTLC METHOD OF SAMPLES COLLECTED ACROSS SUBCONTINENT OF INDIA

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 190
Author(s):  
Kamran Ashraf ◽  
Syed Adnan Ali Shah ◽  
Mohd Mujeeb
Keyword(s):  
Thin Layer ◽  
Thin Layer Chromatography ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Limit Of Quantification ◽  
Chromatography Method ◽  
Aluminum Plates ◽  
Layer Chromatography ◽  
Hptlc Method

<p><strong>Objective: </strong>A simple, sensitive, precise, and accurate stability indicating HPTLC (high-performance thin-layer chromatography) method for analysis of 10-gingerol in ginger has been developed and validated as perICH guidelines.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The separation was achieved on TLC (thin layer chromatography) aluminum plates pre-coated with silica gel 60F<sub>254</sub> using n-hexane: ethyl acetate 55:45 (%, v/v) as a mobile phase. Densitometric analysis was performed at 569 nm.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>This system was found to have a compact spot of 10-gingerol at <em>R</em><sub>F</sub> value of 0.57±0.03. For the proposed procedure, linearity (<em>r</em><sup>2</sup> = 0.998±0.02), limit of detection (18ng/spot), limit of quantification (42 ng/spot), recovery (ranging from 98.35%–100.68%), were found to be satisfactory.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Statistical analysis reveals that the content of 10-gingerol in different geographical region varied significantly. The highest and lowest concentration of 10-gingerol in ginger was found to be present in a sample of Patna, Lucknow and Surat respectively which inferred that the variety of ginger found in Patna, Lucknow are much superior to other regions of India.</p>

Determination of Aflatoxin M1 in Raw Milk by the ELISA Method in the Una-Sana Canton

2020 ◽  
pp. 260-267
Author(s):  
Huska Jukić ◽  
Samira Dedić ◽  
Miloš Rodić ◽  
Zlatko Jusufhodžić ◽  
Dinko Demirović
Keyword(s):  
Raw Milk ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Elisa Method
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