scholarly journals SYNTAX EXPRESSEMES IN THE POETIC DISCOURSE BY LESIA UKRAINKA: INTENTIONALITY AND AESTHETICS

2021 ◽  
pp. 187-195
Author(s):  
S. T. Shabat-Savka
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Data ◽  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Time History ◽  
Rhetorical Construction ◽  
Poetic Discourse ◽  
Functional Capabilities ◽  
Emotional Perception ◽  
Rhetorical Constructions ◽  
Rich Data ◽  
Rhetorical Questions

The article analyses Lesia Ukrainka’s poetic discourse from the standpoint of syntactic expressemes functioning within it. Expressemes are viewed as figurative-rhetorical constructions that express aesthetic, emotional-evaluative and expressive potential, effectively influence the human cognitive-mental complex, consciousness, spiritual worldview, emotional perception, in contrast to conventional syntactic units. Based on the relevant linguistic methodology, a significant amount of empirical data has been studied, which testifies to the artistic perfection of Lesia Ukrainka’s poetic idiolect. The use of a rich data source enabled systematization of syntactic expressemes and investigation of syntactic means of rhetoric speech, such as rhetorical questions, exclamations, dialogues. It is noted that rhetorical questions, in particular, realize emotionalexpressive statement or objection, creating figurative, semantic-aesthetic effect of communication, accentuate important information, representing a high style speech, and emphasize its sophistication and imagery. Drawing on empirical data the author also outlines functional potential of interrogative and exclamatory statements, focusing on the intentional potential of antiphrasis constructions and repetitions, and study period as a complex figurative-rhetorical construction, characterized by aphorism, dynamic nature and special syntactic structure. In the context of the poetic idiolect, vocative communication and addressing are analysed, which not only verbalize direct appeal but also serve as a source of aesthetic pleasure. Syntactic expressemes as a means of verbalizing the intentions of aesthetics in Lesia Ukrainka’s poetic discourse correspond to the author’s idea, create aesthetics and expressiveness, represent the writer’s linguistic creativity, testifying to the inalienable relevance of her work through the prism of time, history and personalities. The prospect of the research is seen in a more detailed study of the functional capabilities of syntactic expressemes in Lesia Ukrainka’s lyrical-epic discourse. 

scholarly journals Translation Analysis of Ideological Aspects through the Use of Rhetorical Constructions in How to Win Friends and Influence People

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-76
Author(s):  
Nuning Yudhi Prasetyani
Keyword(s):  
Translation Process ◽  
Rhetorical Construction ◽  
Translation Techniques ◽  
Show Evidence ◽  
Original Message ◽  
Rhetorical Constructions ◽  
Rhetorical Questions ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Ideological Construction

Rhetorical construction may have a number of functions in a text. It attempts to prompt a reaction to the message of a statement by expressing it in words that have particular connotations. The study aims at the application of rhetorical constructions reflecting the author’s ideology, Dale Carnegie, in ‘How to Win Friends and Influence People’ and how the translator rendered them through the selection of translation techniques into Indonesian version using Van Dijk’s CDA model to determine the quality of translation. By applying a content analysis, the study finds that in general the author uses rhetorical constructions such as repetitions, metaphors, rhetorical questions, and hyperboles to represent his ideology in this book. The author explores a lot on the persuasive and motivational ideology. The findings also show evidence that the translator implements several different translation techniques, such as established equivalent, variation, transposition, amplification, and modulation in order to attain a high quality of translation and to preserve the author’s ideology. Meanwhile, the use of translation techniques such as literal, reduction, generalization, modulation (optional), and discursive creation result in a lower quality of translation and also create a shift (in form and meaning) in the translated version. Thus, these techniques used show the translator’s ability to comprehend what is behind the text, and the translator must also take into consideration any shift in meaning of the ideological construction in the translation process so as to avoid a low quality of translation. This implies that translator should consider the ideology behind the author’s intention to deliver his or her message and chooses the appropriate techniques of translation to maintain the original message in the translated version

Towards a Compositional Semantics for Locative Modifiers

1995 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 237
Author(s):  
Claudia Maienborn
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Data ◽  
Large Range ◽  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Linguistic Theory ◽  
Exact Nature ◽  
Compositional Semantics ◽  
Semantic Composition ◽  
Verb Phrases ◽  
German Data

Within linguistic theory, very little effort has been devoted so far to a comprehen­sive theory of the syntax and semantics of modifiers. It is predominantly assumed that modifiers make a constant semantic contribution to the meaning of the constituent that is modified, irrespective of any conceivable syntactic differentiations. This account cannot cope with a multitude of empirical data and should therefore be replaced by a theory of modification that pays more attention to the exact nature of a given syntactic configuration and its impact on semantic composition. The approach advocated here is illustrated with locative modifiers of verb phrases. It will be shown that these expressions have a large range of meaning variability. Using German data, it is argued that differences in meaning can be correlated with diffe­rences in syntactic structure. On this basis, a compositional semantics for locative modifiers is proposed.

Authentic Empathy: A Cultural Basis for the Development of Empathy in Children

2020 ◽  
pp. 002216782093422
Author(s):  
Tracey Woolrych ◽  
Michelle J. Eady ◽  
Corinne A. Green
Keyword(s):  
Thematic Analysis ◽  
Perspective Taking ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Research Paradigm ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Cultural Elements ◽  
Rich Data ◽  
Gain Access

Culture is important for the development of social skills in children, including empathy. Although empathy has long been linked with prosocial behaviors and attitudes, there is little research that links culture with development of empathy in children. This project sought to investigate and identify specific culturally related empathy elements in a sample of Dene and Inuit children from Northern Canada. Across seven different grade (primary) schools, 92 children aged 7 to 9 years participated in the study. Children’s drawings, and interviews about those pictures, were uniquely employed as empirical data which allowed researchers to gain access to the children’s perspective about what aspects of culture were important to them. Using empathy as the theoretical framework, a thematic analysis was conducted in a top-down deductive approach. The research paradigm elicited a rich data set revealing three major themes: sharing; knowledge of self and others; and acceptance of differences. The identified themes were found to have strong links with empathy constructs such as sharing, helping, perspective-taking, and self–other knowledges, revealing the important role that culture may play in the development of empathy. Findings from this study can help researchers explore and identify specific cultural elements that may contribute to the development of empathy in children.

scholarly journals The syntactic structure of the initial and final sentences

2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (3) ◽  
pp. 65-72
Author(s):  
M.K. Zhunusova ◽  
◽  
A.Zh. Sayazhanova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Complex Sentences ◽  
Syntactic Features ◽  
Nominal Structure ◽  
Complex Forms ◽  
Rhetorical Questions ◽  
Semantic Properties ◽  
Single Part

The article analyzes the key role of syntactic features in the composition of the text. It was determined that the first and last sentences of the text are syntactically diverse. Sentence words, simple, introductory, and complex sentences perform communicative, expressive, and stylistic functions in the text. The semantic and compressed structures, modality, expressiveness, and stylistic skills that are based on various structures of these sentences were studied to reveal the clarity and comprehensibility of the idea of sentences. It is emphasized that with the help of syntactic laws, by means of one-or two-part sentences that convey the idea of the text, the features of the character are briefly and concisely revealed. The features of the formation of various initial sentences are defined. The syntactic structure of initial and final sentences is different: simple, ambiguous, complete, incomplete, positive, negative. All types of single-part components are nominal, vocative, and non-articulate sentences. However, such sentences are not complex, they are mostly simple short sentences. Semantic and syntactic characteristics of initial and final sentences are described in their idiomatic, narrative, interrogative, and complex forms. It was determined by the semantic properties of rhetorical questions in the initial proposals. It should be noted that the nominal structure of the initial sentences of the text is used not only for ease of description but also for emotionality as if it is related to certain aspects of the plot or the general content of the story and affects the reader's feelings. It is believed that the authors in the initial sentences not only indicate the time or place of the event, but also describe human behavior in relation to the environment and nature, and thus allow the reader to predict the end of the story. It was ascertained that the initial and final sentences, depending on the historical period, can be used in both positive and negative meanings.

scholarly journals How Can You Not Shout, Now That the Whispering Is Done? Accounts of the Enemy in US, Hmong, and Vietnamese Soldiers’ Literary Reflections on the War

Humanities ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 172
Author(s):  
David Beard
Keyword(s):  
Political Discourse ◽  
Rhetorical Construction ◽  
The North ◽  
Rhetorical Constructions

As typified in the Christmas Truce, soldiers commiserate as they see themselves in the enemy and experience empathy. Commiseration is the first step in breaking down the rhetorical construction of enemyship that acts upon soldiers and which prevents reconciliation and healing. This essay proceeds in three steps. We will identify first the diverse forms of enemyship held by the American, by the North Vietnamese, and by the Hmong soldiers, reading political discourse, poetry, and fiction to uncover the rhetorical constructions of the enemy. We will talk about both an American account and a North Vietnamese account of commiseration, when a soldier looks at the enemy with compassion rooted in identification. Commiseration is fleeting; reconciliation and healing must follow, and so finally, we will look at some of the moments of reconciliation, after the war, in which Vietnamese, Hmong and American soldiers (and their children and grandchildren) find healing.

A propos de quelques tournures interrogatives et constructions associées dans les légendes discursives (‘Reden und Rufe’) des tombes privées

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 137-189
Author(s):  
Aurore Motte
Keyword(s):  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Late Period ◽  
Short Introduction ◽  
Rhetorical Strategy ◽  
Rhetorical Question ◽  
Old Kingdom ◽  
Adjunct Questions ◽  
Diachronic Study ◽  
Rhetorical Questions ◽  
Clear Majority

"(Pseudo)-Interrogative Sentences and Associated Phrases in Speech Captions in Private Tombs": In this paper, I discuss the (pseudo)-interrogative phrases, both those that are introduced by an interrogative word as well as those that are not. My aim is to provide a synchronic and diachronic study of such sentences and to illustrate a few of their uses in the Reden und Rufe corpus. After a short introduction (section 1), the predicate questions jn and jn-jw are considered in section 2 and adjunct questions built with the interrogative pronouns jšs.t, zy, m and the interrogative adverb ṯn(y) in section 3. Section 3 will further discuss a couple of affirmative and exclamative sentences, which have to be linked with the rhetorical question jšs.t pw A. The fourth and last section before conclusions is devoted to three cases studies relevant for this investigation, i.e. the proclitic particle js, which allows the speaker to distance himself from his words through an ironic statement (4.1), interrogative phrases without interrogative words (4.2), and the particle ḫy hitherto known from letters only (4.3). As a result 50 examples from Old Kingdom mastabas to Late Period tombs have been considered. Even if real (or ordinary) questions (OQs) arose in a few cases, there is a clear majority of rhetorical questions (RQs), which are uninformative and assertive. Both OQs and RQs can be expressed by means of the same syntactic structure, be it predicate questions, adjuncts questions, or interrogative phrases without interrogative words. Some are however preferred for RQs, and vice versa. The RQs as adjunct questions, which are predominant in this text corpus, invoke a predetermined answer from the addressee, being either jnk pw or jnk + nominalized participle. As such they reveal a first rhetorical strategy in which the answer is the counterpart of the question with exactly the same syntactic structure jšs.t pw A – jnk pw, zy pw A – jnk pw, and (j)n-m + participle – jnk + participle). The jšs.t pw A and (j)n-m + participle patterns expose a further rhetorical strategy in which the speaker and/or the addressee is/are objectified.

Parody and Garden Path

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-89
Author(s):  
Guojin Hou ◽  
Mei Feng
Keyword(s):  
Rhetorical Construction ◽  
Garden Path ◽  
Rhetorical Constructions ◽  
The Right ◽  
Aha Effect ◽  
Intended Effect

AbstractThis is a study of Chinese rhetorical constructions, parody and garden path (GP), from the perspective of lexico-constructional pragmatics (LCP). LCP adopts a holographic view of lexicon and construction so that they can be analyzed alike. We take parody and GP examples from Chinese advertisements for analysis. The LCP analysis highlights the pragmaticity and rhetoricality of each case: for a particular effect. When difficulty arises, pragmatic means may be used to “pragma-coerce” the right, clever, or erroneous use of a rhetorical construction for delivery of a retrievable intended effect, an Aha-effect. We conduct a mini-questionnaire with two cases, the former dealing with parody and the latter with GP. The study indicates the humor competence of ordinary Chinese participants (around the level of BA) as far as parody and GP are concerned and the participants’ potential for cognition of the pragma-rhetorical values of parody and GP or their potential for generation of such utterances. It is suggested that rhetorical constructions outwit the less rhetorical or grammatical constructions iff they are available and accessible, and that LCP can offer us a feasible interpretation of such tropes as parody and GP.

scholarly journals Towards a Compositional Semantics for Locative Modifiers

2015 ◽  
pp. 237
Author(s):  
Claudia Maienborn
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Data ◽  
Large Range ◽  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Linguistic Theory ◽  
Exact Nature ◽  
Compositional Semantics ◽  
Semantic Composition ◽  
Verb Phrases ◽  
German Data

Within linguistic theory, very little effort has been devoted so far to a comprehen­sive theory of the syntax and semantics of modifiers. It is predominantly assumed that modifiers make a constant semantic contribution to the meaning of the constituent that is modified, irrespective of any conceivable syntactic differentiations. This account cannot cope with a multitude of empirical data and should therefore be replaced by a theory of modification that pays more attention to the exact nature of a given syntactic configuration and its impact on semantic composition. The approach advocated here is illustrated with locative modifiers of verb phrases. It will be shown that these expressions have a large range of meaning variability. Using German data, it is argued that differences in meaning can be correlated with diffe­rences in syntactic structure. On this basis, a compositional semantics for locative modifiers is proposed.

scholarly journals From the Editors

1999 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. vi
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Data ◽  
German Politics ◽  
Open Issue ◽  
Rich Data ◽  
Lead Article

This open issue of German Politics and Society features three papersthat address matters of change in contemporary Germany. In ourlead article we are proud to offer yet again the work of Rainer Münzand Ralf Ulrich, arguably among the most original researchers andprolific writers on the crucial topic of immigration in Germany andelsewhere in Europe. In this piece, Münz and Ulrich provide a bevyof detailed empirical data on immigration and citizenship in Germany.They succeed in using these rich data to construct their owntheories on immigration and citizenship in Germany that are criticalof existing policies, including those of the Red-Green government.

Conceptual grounding in simulation studies of language acquisition

2001 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter F. Dominey
Keyword(s):  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Speech Sound ◽  
Auditory Signal ◽  
Evolutionary Pathway ◽  
Functional Capabilities ◽  
Behavioral Studies ◽  
Scene Representation ◽  
Concrete Nouns ◽  
Infant Language

In order to understand the evolutionary pathway to the capability for language, we must first clearly understand the functional capabilities that the child brings to the task of language acquisition. Behavioral studies provide insight into infants’ ability to extract statistical and distributional structure directly from the auditory signal, and their capabilities to construct relations between this structure and the structure extracted from perceptual systems. At the interface of these two processes lies a conceptual scene representation that can be accessed by both, and that importantly provides a means for the two systems to constructively interact. Recent studies have begun to make progress in simulating infants’ capabilities to extract statistical structure (e.g. word segmentation and lexical categorization) directly from the speech sound sequence. The current research examines how this structure interacts with perceptual structure at the level of the conceptualized scene. In particular we demonstrate how the grounding of words and sentences in conceptualized visual scenes permits the system to construct the appropriate relations between words and their referents, and sentences and theirs (structured conceptualizations of scenes representing agents, objects and actions) in the initial phases of acquisition of syntactic structure. These studies simulate behavioral observations of the trajectory of infants’ linguistic acquisition of concrete nouns, followed by concrete verbs and then more abstract nouns and verbs, in parallel with the development of first simple and then more complex syntactic structures. The relevance of these results to infant language acquisition behavior will be discussed. While this research yields interesting new results in characterizing the grounding of language in conceptualized scenes, it also identifies serious limitations of the current methods that will be discussed, along with the associated future extensions.

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