scholarly journals Determinants of trade flow of some selected non-traditional agricultural export commodities in Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (105) ◽  
pp. 18869-18885
Author(s):  
EA Etuk ◽  
◽  
IF Idem
Keyword(s):  
Gravity Model ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Trade Flow ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Positive Sign ◽  
Fixed Effects Model ◽  
Estimation Model ◽  
Trade Expansion ◽  
Agricultural Export

This study analysed the determinants of trade flow of some selected non-traditional agricultural export commodities in Nigeria, for the period 2007 to 2017. The objective of the study was to analyse the factors that determine the export of these commodities. The study used trade data of thirty-six importing countries of these commodities around the world. The secondary data used was sourced from various institutions’ databases. A balanced panel data from 36 countries for the years 2007-2017 were used with one dependent variable and ten explanatory variables (a total of n=396, N=36, and T=11); all variables were expressed in natural logarithm. The gravity estimation model was used in data analysis. The Hausman test was used in model selection and the test rejected the null hypothesis (random effects were efficient). Therefore, the fixed effects model was used in the gravity model results’ interpretation. The gravity model results indicate that Nigeria’s export of non-traditional commodities (classified as HS12 in the United Nations International Trade Statistics) follows the basic gravity model apriori expectations, implying that bilateral trade flows will increase in proportion to the trading partner’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and decrease in proportion to the distance involved.The level of openness of Nigeria’s economy and that of the importing countries were major determinants of trade flow of Nigeria’s HS12 commodity exports. This variable carried the expected positive sign for both Nigeria and its trading Partners and was also statistically significant at the 5% level. However, the real exchange rate variable was not a major determinant of HS12 commodity trade. The distance variable was statistically significant indicating the need for regional trade expansion. The dummy variable of the trading partner being an African country was positive and a significant factor in the determinants of the HS12 commodities. However, colonial or official language ties were negatively signed and significant, implying that this was not a major contributor to trade in these commodities. The study recommends that favorable import and export promotion policies and trade openness to boost growth in the quantity of non-traditional exports should form part of government trade policies; and Nigeria should also take advantage of the proposed African Free Trade Area considering the gains she stands to make through proximity in distance.

scholarly journals ANALISIS PENGARUH NON-TARIFF MEASURES EKSPOR KOMODITI CRUDE PALM OIL (CPO) INDONESIA KE NEGARA TUJUAN EKSPOR UTAMA

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayu Renita Sari ◽  
Dedi Budiman Hakim ◽  
Lukytawati Anggraeni
Keyword(s):  
Gravity Model ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Trade Flow ◽  
Trade Barriers ◽  
Fixed Effects Model ◽  
Crude Palm Oil ◽  
Phytosanitary Measures ◽  
The Impact

The study of this paper is aimed to evaluate the effects of non-tariff measures (NTM) upon Indonesian crude palm oil (CPO) export in the main destinations. Identified the competitiveness analysis using the Revealed Comparative Advantage index and the impact of the measures has estimated using a panel data gravity model constructed with disaggregated data about bilateral export trade flow of crude palm oil between Indonesia and its main trade partners for the period from 2003 to 2013. NTM represented binary variable that specified with a dummy variable. The gravity model has estimated with a fixed effects model and the results indicated that the existence of trade barriers to trade (TBT) appears to impede the Indonesian exports of CPO. But the existence of sanitary and phytosanitary measures (SPS) which related to food safety and the existence of trade remedy (antidumping, subsidy, safeguard) presented a positive impact upon the Indonesian exports of CPO. Keywords: Export, Non-Tariff Measures (NTM), Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS), Trade Barriers to Trade (TBT), Trade Remedy, Crude Palm Oil

scholarly journals A Gravity Model Approach towards Pakistan’s Bilateral Trade with SAARC Countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 23-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Waheed Ullah Jan ◽  
Mahmood Shah
Keyword(s):  
Gravity Model ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Fixed Effects Model ◽  
Trade Potential ◽  
The Common

This research paper attempts to estimate the bilateral trade of Pakistan with SAARC countries using a gravity model of trade. This panel study covers the period from 2003 to 2016. The empirical results are obtained through pooled OLS, fixed‑effects, and random‑effects estimators. On the basis of Hausman test results, the paper concentrates only on the findings of the fixed‑effects model. The empirical findings reveal that the GDPs of both Pakistan and the partner country have a positive impact on bilateral trade. Market size has a negative impact on trade and this is justified on the basis of the absorption effect. Similarly, distance and exchange rate also have a negative correlation with bilateral trade. The study finds that Pakistan has very low trade with India and Afghanistan, despite the common border. A common language has a positive but insignificant impact on Pakistan’s bilateral trade. The Paper also attempts to calculate the trade potential of Pakistan. The findings reveal that Pakistan has high trade potential with all SAARC member countries except the Maldives and Afghanistan.

scholarly journals ANALISIS PENGARUH NON-TARIFF MEASURES EKSPOR KOMODITI CRUDE PALM OIL (CPO) INDONESIA KE NEGARA TUJUAN EKSPOR UTAMA

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-135
Author(s):  
Ayu Renita Sari ◽  
Dedi Budiman Hakim ◽  
Lukytawati Anggraeni
Keyword(s):  
Gravity Model ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Trade Flow ◽  
Trade Barriers ◽  
Fixed Effects Model ◽  
Crude Palm Oil ◽  
Phytosanitary Measures ◽  
The Impact

The study of this paper is aimed to evaluate the effects of non-tariff measures (NTM) upon Indonesian crude palm oil (CPO) export in the main destinations. Identified the competitiveness analysis using the Revealed Comparative Advantage index and the impact of the measures has estimated using a panel data gravity model constructed with disaggregated data about bilateral export trade flow of crude palm oil between Indonesia and its main trade partners for the period from 2003 to 2013. NTM represented binary variable that specified with a dummy variable. The gravity model has estimated with a fixed effects model and the results indicated that the existence of trade barriers to trade (TBT) appears to impede the Indonesian exports of CPO. But the existence of sanitary and phytosanitary measures (SPS) which related to food safety and the existence of trade remedy (antidumping, subsidy, safeguard) presented a positive impact upon the Indonesian exports of CPO. Keywords: Export, Non-Tariff Measures (NTM), Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS), Trade Barriers to Trade (TBT), Trade Remedy, Crude Palm Oil

scholarly journals Analysis Of Effect Of Social And Economic Infrastructure Development To The Economy Of Coastal Areas In East Java Province

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-36
Author(s):  
Gigih Pratomo
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Area ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Coastal Areas ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Fixed Effects Model ◽  
Fem Method

Developing countries are always faced with various economic development challenges (Todaro, 2000). Development of social economic Infrastructures has an important factor to influence the level of Gross Domestic Product. In coastal areas, infrastructure development is low and not optimal utilization. This study aims to determine the effects of development of social economic Infrastructures to the economy of coastal area in East Java Province during the perion 2008-2015. This study uses secondary data and samples taken by purposive random sampling technique that is the district/city of Banyuwangi, Jember, Probolinggo, Trenggalek, Sumenep, Sampang, Bangkalan, Lamongan, Gresik, Malang, dan kota Surabaya. This study uses panel data Fixed Effects Model (FEM) method with Generalized Least Square (GLS) cross section weight.The results of this study indicate that the variable of number school building, roads, and electricities significantly and positively effect to the economy of coastal area in East Java Province.

Intellectual capital efficiency and market-based financial performance: Evidence from listed conglomerate companies

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 31-42
Author(s):  
Eniola Ayisat Sulaiman ◽  
Abubakar Sadiq Kasum ◽  
Wasiu Ajani Musa
Keyword(s):  
Financial Performance ◽  
Intellectual Capital ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Lagrangian Multiplier ◽  
Fixed Effects Model ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
Capital Efficiency ◽  
The Impact

Having observed the rate at which dissimilarity occurs between market and book value, and management ignorance concerning the impact intellectual capital disclosure has on companies’ values spurred the interest to probe the association between the efficiency of value-added intellectual coefficient (VAIC) and market-based financial performance of listed Nigerian conglomerate companies. To accomplish the purpose of this study, secondary data were employed and extracted from annual audited reports of listed conglomerate companies in Nigeria from the period of 2010–2018. The data obtained were subjected to static panel data regression analysis technique. The random-effects model was adopted because the empirical result from Breusch and Pagan Lagrangian multiplier (BP-LM) and Hausman tests chose it over the fixed-effects model to produce better results. This study revealed that the value-added efficiency of capital employed (VACA), value-added efficiency of human capital (VAHU), and value-added efficiency of structural capital (STVA) are the drivers of intellectual capital in the conglomerate sector. This study concluded that elements of intellectual capital have a strong power on market-based financial performance. This study recommends that information on intellectual capital components should be reported in ways they deem fit by developing a model of intellectual capital disclosure that complies with the International Accounting Standard Board (IASB)

scholarly journals WTO AND INDIA PAKISTAN TRADE RELATION

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Javid Ahmad Khan ◽  
Dr Sarita Agrawal
Keyword(s):  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Trade Flow ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
Trade Relation ◽  
Trade Effect ◽  
Bilateral Trade Flow ◽  
Econometric Approach ◽  
Economic Ties ◽  
The Impact

In this paper an effort is made to study the impact of WTO on India Pakistan trade relation. The present study is based on secondary data. The annual time series from 1983-84 to 2008-09 is used, which is divided into two sub periods from 1983 to 1995, before WTO and from 1995 to 2008, after WTO. Non -Econometric and Econometric approaches have been used. In non-econometric approach calculation of the chain index, graphs and tabulation, ratios, percentages, growth rates all these techniques were used for analysis. The shares in percentage terms have been calculated. Under econometric approach GDP of three economies are taken as independent variables and bilateral trade flow as dependent variable. The reasons for taken these three variables are to analyze it in context of the size of three economies at large. In this way the model is restricted gravity model of the trade which supported that trade is positively related with the size of the economies and inversely with distance. Simple test of stability of parameters has worked out to know the impact statistically.  It was found that there was not a significant impact of the WTO on the bilateral trade of India and Pakistan.  Following the findings the study recommended that in order to make any policy effective the realization of the mutual benefit from the bilateral trade is important. The study also provides scope that to make any policy effective close economic ties are important for both counties which will not have trade effect but restoration of political stability effect as well.

scholarly journals The Export Determinants of Indonesian Cut Flower in The International Market

Agro Ekonomi ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Niza Arumta ◽  
Jangkung Handoyo Mulyo ◽  
Irham Irham
Keyword(s):  
Gravity Model ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Random Effect Model ◽  
International Market ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Cut Flower ◽  
Fixed Effects Model ◽  
Per Capita

Trade statistics of Indonesian cut flower indicates the potential of Indonesia as an exporting country. The international market becomes more attractive as the increasing trend of demand and the rising cost for producing cut flowers shows the various challenges for emerging countries. This study investigates whether the analytical gravity model fixed effect, common effect or random effect model is proper and what determinants have significant effects to the exports of Indonesian cut flower to partner countries. The data encompasses the period of 2008 to 2017 as the series data and the seven destination export countries from Indonesia as the cross-sectional data, using the panel regression with the basic gravity model. The estimation results show the fixed effects model is the proper model to explain the determinants of bilateral export on cut flower. The estimates imply the corroborate signs with GDP per capita of Indonesia, GDP per capita of partner countries and exchange rate while those variables with the opposite sign are distance and trade openness. Thus, the export promotion, quality improvement and technology development are required in the development of export of cut flower industries.

scholarly journals Pakistan’s Bilateral Trade under MFN and SAFTA: Do Institutional and Non-Institutional Arrangements Matter?

2017 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nasir Iqbal ◽  
Saima Nawaz
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
Institutional Arrangements ◽  
Institutional Framework ◽  
Fixed Effects Model ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Impact

The purpose of this study is two fold. First, to estimate the impact of institutional and non-institutional arrangements on bilateral trade, and second to analyse the impact of SAFTA on bilateral trade in the short as well as in the long run. The empirical analysis which is based on the panel of eight South Asian countries, comprising data over the period i.e. 1975–2013 is conducted using fixed effects model along with Pooled Mean-Group (PMG) estimator for estimating the short and long-run relationships. The analysis has shown that trade agreements including South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA) and the Most Favoured Nation (MFN) are not effective in promoting trade, due to low institutional quality and stringent non-institutional arrangements, including high tariff along with low physical infrastructure. Further empirical analysis has shown that both SAFTA and MFN can only contribute to bilateral trade significantly, if complemented by institutional framework. As a policy lesson, to improve the trade ties between India and Pakistan, improvement in physical as well as soft infrastructure is required. Any trade agreements between the two, including MFN can only be effective, when it is supported by a well-defined and enforced institutional framework that ensure the implementation of policy reforms needed to reduce tariff rate and remove non-tariff barriers.

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