scholarly journals Wood as a chemical raw material. History and modernity. III. Wood pyrolysis as processing method

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 126-141
Author(s):  
G.N. Kononov ◽  
◽  
A.N. Zarubina ◽  
A.N. Verevkin ◽  
V.D. Zaytsev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Processing Method ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Chemical Processing ◽  
Wood Chemistry ◽  
Wood Processing ◽  
The Third ◽  
Wood Pyrolysis ◽  
History Of ◽  
Material History ◽  
Ancient Times

The article is devoted to the history of pyrogenetic wood processing. The stages of development of this branch of wood chemistry from ancient times to our time are considered. The features of the technologies of pit, heap and fire coal burning are described in detail. Considered are the schematic diagrams of batch and continuous charcoal kilns, as well as modern retort technologies for pyrolysis of wood and waste of its mechanical and chemical processing. This article is the third in the series «Wood as a chemical raw material — history and modernity», the first and second were published in the journal «Forestry Bulletin», volumes 24, № 1 and № 5.

scholarly journals Wood as a chemical raw material. History and modernity. II. Wood anatomy as a factor of its chemical activity

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 103-112
Author(s):  
G.N. Kononov ◽  
◽  
V.D. Zaytsev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Woody Plants ◽  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Chemical Activity ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Wood Structure ◽  
History Of ◽  
Material History ◽  
Coniferous Wood

The article is devoted to the history of studying the anatomy and morphology of woody plants, structural features of the basic anatomical elements inherent in deciduous and coniferous wood. Information is provided on the influence of the structural features of anatomical elements on the properties of fibrous semi-finished products and various types of paper and cardboard obtained from them. The influence of the wood structure of various species on the property of coals obtained as a result of their pyrolysis is shown. The features of the processes of penetration of liquid reagents into wood as a natural heterocapillary system are considered.

Evading History

2020 ◽  
pp. 55-96
Author(s):  
Ross Kane
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Intellectual History ◽  
Christian Theology ◽  
Theological Method ◽  
The Third ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
History Of ◽  
Material History

This chapter provides an intellectual history of syncretism in Christian theology during the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. It engages three prominent instances of writing on syncretism that represent wider theological trends during this time. The first two perspectives are those of theologians Adolf von Harnack and Hendrik Kraemer, writing in the early to mid-twentieth century. The third perspective on syncretism is more contemporary. Rather than a single writer, it is a grouping of synonymous terms that have become stand-ins for positive syncretism—“inculturation,” “indigenization,” and “contextualization.” Each of these perspectives, in differing ways, exhibits a theological method that sidesteps difficult questions of syncretism and material history, which inadvertently defers to existing Western white forms of Christianity.

Disability in Deuteronomy and its Reception

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah J. Melcher
Keyword(s):  
The Third ◽  
History Of Interpretation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ancient Times

The chapter begins with a section offering highlights from a history of interpretation about Deuteronomy and disability. Especially prevalent among earlier interpretations is the association of disability with exclusion: exclusion from the community, from the tent of meeting, or from the priesthood. The second section maps out an overview of major works that include the study of disability and Deuteronomy. Scholars point out that infertility was considered a disability in ancient times. They also discuss how idols are represented as humans with disabilities while YHWH is portrayed as someone without disabilities. People who violate the covenant can be punished with disabilities. In the third section, the chapter explores how the conversation about disability and Deuteronomy is trending.

Instalațiile tehnice populare și meșteșugurile din zona Valea Gurghiului (județul Mureș

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 97-113
Author(s):  
Adriana Țuțuianu
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Official Document ◽  
Preliminary Stage ◽  
Wood Processing ◽  
Commodity Production ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Set Up

"Peasant technical installations and crafts from the area of the Gurghiu Valley (Mures County) On the Gurghiu Valley are spread settlements, some of which are first mentioned in an official document from newer or ancient times. Those at the lower valley are clustered settlements, and those upper rivers are scattered, generally found in upland regions: Bicașu, Toaca, Dubiștes, Isticelul, Arșicea, Uricea, Tireul, Ibănești - Pădure, Blidireasa, Zimți, Piriul - Mare, Dulcea, Bradețel. Eleven settlements developed on this valley: Solovăstru (1853), Jabenița (1453), Adrian (1393), Gurghiu (1248), Orșova (1453), Cașva (1453), Glăjarie (1760), Hodac (1453), Toaca, Ibănești - Sat (1453), Ibănești - Pădure. History of villages from the Gurghiu Valley was related to the fortress and Gurghiu domain for many centuries. In August 1329, a document mentioned Petru Georgyu. However, the fortress was only firstly documented in 1364, on the appointment of Dionisie as voivode of Transylvania. Now, besides the castellans of fortresses from Deva, Hunedoara and Ciceu, also appears Iohannis Lepesde Gurghen as castellan of Gurghiu fortress. Development of the economic life and ever increasing requirements of the population led to improvement and development of peasant technical installations (mills, oil mills, traditional rural whirlpools, sawmills) but also crafts and trades (carpentry, flute making, wheel righting, blacksmithing, pottery). Manufactory plants were set up, beginning with the 17th century; these were the first form of industrialisation, based on work division and manual techniques, a preliminary stage of transition from small-scale commodity production to large-scale machine production. Keywords: Gurghiu Valley, peasant technical installations, mill, crafts, wood processing "

scholarly journals History of weaving in Azerbaijan

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (9) ◽  
pp. 74-82
Author(s):  
Shahla Mammadova
Keyword(s):  
Raw Material ◽  
Neolithic Period ◽  
Bone Tools ◽  
Cattle Breeding ◽  
Interesting Part ◽  
Archaeological Materials ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Mesolithic Period ◽  
Clay Pots

One of the interesting part of craftsmanship is weaving and its’ history is very ancient. The article was dedicated to history of weaving in Azerbaijan. Archaeological materials which concern to weaving were unearthed during the excavations last decade are very significant for the history of craftsmanship. From Neolothic to Medieval period weaving had been developed and catched its’ industrial high. Archaeological materials give us an opportunity to describe a life of weavers in ancient times in Azerbaijan. According to weaving, abundance of raw material reserves in Azerbaijan territories have rich development since ancient times.First of all, there are included wild technical plants as well as lagh, linen, hemp mallow, nettle and etc. Along with this, development of cattle-breeding especially weaving and existence of main raw material reserves,wool should be emphasized. According to researches, early step of weaving was connected with simple technical habits in weaving field. Archaeologists suppose that bone tools with sharp edge which were found at “Firuz” camp in Qobustan of the Mesolithic period are related to elementary weaving. So that, actually we can’t deny the fact of appearance of initial habits in weaving field before the Neolithic period.Afterwards, habits obtained in weaving stimulated formation of weaving in the Neolithic period.In the Neolithic period and in the Eneolithic period that had replaced it, weaving became one of the significant fields for home craftsmen. As is known, at that time fields as home craftsmen’s stoneprocessing, boneprocessing, ceramics production, leather and peltprocessing, metalprocessing were spread widely. Actually, development of weaving was closely connected with most of above said fields of craftsmanship.There was defined existance of traces of mattings made from clay and reed at Kultepe I near to Nakhchivan city and Alikomektepesi monument in Mugan. There are remains of textile and matting on sceletons and on surface of clay pots in opened ground graves. In addition, there are found remains of mattings on clay floors of buildings of Alikomektepesi settlement.

A Universe of Societies

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Didier Debaise
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Relations ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
Temporal And Spatial

Which kind of relation exists between a stone, a cloud, a dog, and a human? Is nature made of distinct domains and layers or does it form a vast unity from which all beings emerge? Refusing at once a reductionist, physicalist approach as well as a vitalistic one, Whitehead affirms that « everything is a society » This chapter consequently questions the status of different domains which together compose nature by employing the concept of society. The first part traces the history of this notion notably with reference to the two thinkers fundamental to Whitehead: Leibniz and Locke; the second part defines the temporal and spatial relations of societies; and the third explores the differences between physical, biological, and psychical forms of existence as well as their respective ways of relating to environments. The chapter thus tackles the status of nature and its domains.

The Origins of Gritty Realism on British Television: Euston Films and Special Branch

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Max Sexton
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Discourse ◽  
Technological Changes ◽  
Television Drama ◽  
The Third ◽  
Fourth Series ◽  
History Of

Euston Films was the first film subsidiary of a British television company that sought to film entirely on location. To understand how the ‘televisual imagination’ changed and developed in relationship to the parent institution's (Thames Television) economic and strategic needs after the transatlantic success of its predecessor, ABC Television, it is necessary to consider how the use of film in television drama was regarded by those working at Euston Films. The sources of realism and development of generic verisimilitude found in the British adventure series of the early 1970s were not confined to television, and these very diverse sources both outside and inside television are well worth exploring. Thames Television, which was formed in 1968, did not adopt the slickly produced adventure series style of ABC's The Avengers, for example. Instead, Thames emphasised its other ABC inheritance – naturalistic drama in the form of the studio-based Armchair Theatre – and was to give the adventure series a strong London lowlife flavour. Its film subsidiary, Euston Films, would produce ‘gritty’ programmes such as the third and fourth series of Special Branch. Amid the continuities and tensions between ABC and Thames, it is possible to discern how economic and technological changes were used as a cultural discourse of value that marks the production of Special Branch as a key transformative moment in the history of British television.

Life as a Raw Material: Illusions of Control

Somatechnics ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 250-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oron Catts ◽  
Ionat Zurr
Keyword(s):  
Synthetic Biology ◽  
Cognitive Engineering ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Future Scenarios ◽  
Short History ◽  
Know How ◽  
Political Forces ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Way

The paper discusses and critiques the concept of the single engineering paradigm. This concepts allude to a future in which the control of matter and life, and life as matter, will be achieved by applying engineering principles; through nanotechnology, synthetic biology and, as some suggest, geo-engineering, cognitive engineering and neuro-engineering. We outline some issues in the short history of the field labelled as Synthetic Biology. Furthermore; we examine the way engineers, scientists, designers and artists are positioned and articulating the use of the tools of Synthetic Biology to expose some of the philosophical, ethical and political forces and considerations of today as well as some future scenarios. We suggest that one way to enable the possibilities of alternative frames of thought is to open up the know-how and the access to these technologies to other disciplines, including artistic.

History of thyroid surgery

2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (11) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Technique ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Thyroid Surgery ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ancient Times

The authors present an outline of the development of thyroid surgery from the ancient times to the beginning of the 20th century, when the definitive surgical technique have been developed and the physiologic and pathopfysiologic consequences of thyroid resections have been described. The key representatives, as well as the contribution of the most influential czech surgeons are mentioned.

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