Polymorphisms in FAD3A and FAD3B genes that determine the fatty acid composition of flax oil

The creation of new types of dairy products for functional purposes with the addition of unconventional oils as sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) is a promising and relevant research sphere. The study aimed to investigate the fatty acid composition of experimental samples of curd spread with different content of flax oil. The fatty acid composition was determined on a Hewlett Packard HP-6890 chromatograph with a flame ionization detector equipped with a 100 m long SP-2560 capillary column. It is established, that the total content of saturated fatty acids in curd spread containing 8 %, 10 %, and 12 % of flax oil was reduced, and the general total content of unsaturated fatty acids increased accordingly by 5.73 %, 6.94 % and 7.31 %, compared to the control sample without flax oil. The gas-chromatographic analysis showed that flax oil is rich in omega-3 PUFA due to its high content of α-linoleic acid, so adding flax oil to the spread led to an increase in its content of α-linolenic acid and, accordingly, increased the content of PUFA of the omega-3 family. Thus, adding 8 %, 10 % and 12 % of flax oil to the curd spread, the content of α-linolenic acid in it increased accordingly by 3.91 %, 4.52 %, and 4.69 %, compared to the control sample. Curd spread with 10 % content of flaxseed oil is characterized by the most optimal fatty acid composition. The ratio of saturated fatty acids to unsaturated in this curd spread is 1.9 : 1, and the ratio between PUFAs of the omega-3,-6, and -9 families are 1.3 : 1: 5.3.

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Genetic diversity of SAD and FAD genes responsible for the fatty acid composition in flax cultivars and lines

BMC Plant Biology ◽

10.1186/s12870-020-02499-w ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (S1) ◽

Author(s):

Alexey A. Dmitriev ◽

Parfait Kezimana ◽

Tatiana A. Rozhmina ◽

Alexander A. Zhuchenko ◽

Liubov V. Povkhova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid Composition ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Genetic Polymorphism ◽

Acid Composition ◽

Stop Codon ◽

Oil Composition ◽

Illumina Platform ◽

Flax Oil

Abstract Background Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) is grown for fiber and seed in many countries. Flax cultivars differ in the oil composition and, depending on the ratio of fatty acids, are used in pharmaceutical, food, or paint industries. It is known that genes of SAD (stearoyl-ACP desaturase) and FAD (fatty acid desaturase) families play a key role in the synthesis of fatty acids, and some alleles of these genes are associated with a certain composition of flax oil. However, data on genetic polymorphism of these genes are still insufficient. Results On the basis of the collection of the Institute for Flax (Torzhok, Russia), we formed a representative set of 84 cultivars and lines reflecting the diversity of fatty acid composition of flax oil. An approach for the determination of full-length sequences of SAD1, SAD2, FAD2A, FAD2B, FAD3A, and FAD3B genes using the Illumina platform was developed and deep sequencing of the 6 genes in 84 flax samples was performed on MiSeq. The obtained high coverage (about 400x on average) enabled accurate assessment of polymorphisms in SAD1, SAD2, FAD2A, FAD2B, FAD3A, and FAD3B genes and evaluation of cultivar/line heterogeneity. The highest level of genetic diversity was observed for FAD3A and FAD3B genes – 91 and 62 polymorphisms respectively. Correlation analysis revealed associations between particular variants in SAD and FAD genes and predominantly those fatty acids whose conversion they catalyze: SAD – stearic and oleic acids, FAD2 – oleic and linoleic acids, FAD3 – linoleic and linolenic acids. All except one low-linolenic flax cultivars/lines contained both the substitution of tryptophan to stop codon in the FAD3A gene and histidine to tyrosine substitution in the FAD3B gene, while samples with only one of these polymorphisms had medium content of linolenic acid and cultivars/lines without them were high-linolenic. Conclusions Genetic polymorphism of SAD and FAD genes was evaluated in the collection of flax cultivars and lines with diverse oil composition, and associations between particular polymorphisms and the ratio of fatty acids were revealed. The achieved results are the basis for the development of marker-assisted selection and DNA-based certification of flax cultivars.

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Effect of dietary flaxseed on broiler growth, erythrocyte deformability, and fatty acid composition of erythrocyte membranes

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/a96-068 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 77 (2) ◽

pp. 279-286 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

J. M. Bond ◽

R. J. Julian ◽

E. J. Squires

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid Composition ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Acid Composition ◽

Atmospheric Pressure ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Antinutritional Factors ◽

Erythrocyte Deformability ◽

Erythrocyte Membranes ◽

Flax Oil

The effectiveness of flaxseed as a source of flax oil in broiler diets was determined in two separate experiments. Broiler growth, fatty acid composition of erythrocyte membranes and hematological variables were measured. We first examined the effect of 10, 20 or 30% flaxseed on growth in broilers and fatty acid composition of erythrocytes. The second experiment utilized hypobaric chambers to study the effect of a diet containing 20% flaxseed on growth, fatty acid composition of erythrocyte membranes, and hematological variables. In exp. 1, growth of the birds was reduced with increased inclusion of flaxseed. There was a reduction in the percentage of total saturated fatty acids in the erythrocyte membranes which was maximized with 20% flaxseed in the diet. In exp. 2, the growth of the birds was reduced with the inclusion of flaxseed in the diet. The deformability of the erythrocytes was not altered with the inclusion of flaxseed in the diet. There was a significant increase in the percentage of total saturated fatty acids in the erythrocyte membranes at ambient atmospheric pressure but not under hypobaric conditions with the inclusion of flaxseed in the diet. We conclude that the incorporation of flaxseed into broiler diets is not a practical source of flax oil for poultry due to decreased growth, possibly due to the presence of antinutritional factors. The effect of flaxseed on the fatty acid composition of the erythrocyte membranes may be dependent on the fat content of the diet. Key Words: Broiler, growth, flaxseed, erythrocyte deformability

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Influence of dietary full-fat seeds and oils on total lipid, cholesterol and fatty acid composition of broiler meats

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/cjas91-122 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 71 (4) ◽

pp. 1011-1019 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

A. O. Ajuyah ◽

K. H. Lee ◽

R. T. Hardin ◽

J. S. Sim

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid Composition ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Acid Composition ◽

Total Lipid ◽

Whole Body ◽

Canola Meal ◽

Flax Oil ◽

Flax Seeds ◽

Total Tissue

Total lipid and cholesterol contents of whole body carcass and the fatty acid composition of white and dark meat were determined in 64 female broilers (Hubbard) at 6 weeks of age. The broilers were raised on diets containing 10% raw or heated full-fat canola and flax seeds, and reconstituted mixtures of their corresponding meals supplemented with oil or animal tallow (6:4 wt wt−1). There were no significant differences between the raw and heated full-fat seeds for all the traits determined. Also, responses to the reconstituted mixtures of canola meal with canola oil or animal tallow and to the full-fat seeds were similar in terms of total tissue ω-3 fatty acids. However, reconstituted flax meal with flax oil significantly increased white-meat (P < 0.05) and dark-meat (P < 0.001) ω-3 fatty acid concentration compared with the full-fat seeds. Generally, the fatty acid composition of white and dark meat reflected the fatty acid profile of the full-fat seeds, meal or oil that were fed. Our results provide evidence that the incorporation of full-fat flax seeds or flax oil plus flax meal into broiler diets results in elevated deposition levels of ω-3 fatty acids (α-linolenic acid (LNA), 18:3ω3 and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), 20:5ω3) into white and dark meat. Increased intake of ω-3 fatty acids in human diets could therefore be achieved by consuming the enriched broiler chicken meats. Key words: Broiler, canola, flax, lipid, cholesterol, fatty acids

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Effect of chilling and subsequent storage at 20oC on electrolyte leakage and phospholipid fatty acid composition of tomato pericarp

Physiologia Plantarum ◽

10.1034/j.1399-3054.1993.870412.x ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 87 (4) ◽

pp. 522-527 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

M. Bergevin ◽

G. P. L'Heureux ◽

J. E. Thompson ◽

C. Willemot

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid Composition ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Acid Composition ◽

Electrolyte Leakage ◽

Phospholipid Fatty Acid ◽

Phospholipid Fatty Acid Composition ◽

Subsequent Storage

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Platelet Aggregation in Finnish Men and Its Relation to Fatty Acids in Platelets, Plasma and Adipose Tissue

Thrombosis and Haemostasis ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1660071 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 54 (03) ◽

pp. 563-569 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

M K Salo ◽

E Vartiainen ◽

P Puska ◽

T Nikkari

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Fatty Acid Composition ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Platelet Aggregation ◽

Acid Composition ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Free Living ◽

Ω3 Fatty Acids ◽

Induced Aggregation

SummaryPlatelet aggregation and its relation to fatty acid composition of platelets, plasma and adipose tissue was determined in 196 randomly selected, free-living, 40-49-year-old men in two regions of Finland (east and southwest) with a nearly twofold difference in the IHD rate.There were no significant east-southwest differences in platelet aggregation induced with ADP, thrombin or epinephrine. ADP-induced platelet secondary aggregation showed significant negative associations with all C20-C22 ω3-fatty acids in platelets (r = -0.26 - -0.40) and with the platelet 20: 5ω3/20: 4ω 6 and ω3/ ω6 ratios, but significant positive correlations with the contents of 18:2 in adipose tissue (r = 0.20) and plasma triglycerides (TG) (r = 0.29). Epinephrine-induced aggregation correlated negatively with 20: 5ω 3 in plasma cholesteryl esters (CE) (r = -0.23) and TG (r = -0.29), and positively with the total percentage of saturated fatty acids in platelets (r = 0.33), but had no significant correlations with any of the ω6-fatty acids. Thrombin-induced aggregation correlated negatively with the ω3/6ω ratio in adipose tissue (r = -0.25) and the 20: 3ω6/20: 4ω 6 ratio in plasma CE (r = -0.27) and free fatty acids (FFA) (r = -0.23), and positively with adipose tissue 18:2 (r = 0.23) and 20:4ω6 (r = 0.22) in plasma phospholipids (PL).The percentages of prostanoid precursors in platelet lipids, i. e. 20: 3ω 6, 20: 4ω 6 and 20 :5ω 3, correlated best with the same fatty acids in plasma CE (r = 0.32 - 0.77) and PL (r = 0.28 - 0.74). Platelet 20: 5ω 3 had highly significant negative correlations with the percentage of 18:2 in adipose tissue and all plasma lipid fractions (r = -0.35 - -0.44).These results suggest that, among a free-living population, relatively small changes in the fatty acid composition of plasma and platelets may be reflected in significant differences in platelet aggregation, and that an increase in linoleate-rich vegetable fat in the diet may not affect platelet function favourably unless it is accompanied by an adequate supply of ω3 fatty acids.

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Health Benefits of Pumpkin Seed and Nutrition Profile of 35 Pumpkin Accessions

EDIS ◽

10.32473/edis-hs1312-2017 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2017 (6) ◽

Author(s):

Geoffrey M. Meru ◽

Yuqing Fu ◽

Dayana Leyva ◽

Paul Sarnoski ◽

Yavuz Yagiz

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid Composition ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Acid Composition ◽

Health Benefits ◽

Pumpkin Seed ◽

Production Practices

This article aims to summise production and nutrition aspects of pumpkin seed. Specifically, it focuses on health benefits of the seeds, production practices and provides data on the oil, protein and fatty acid composition of 35 pumpkin accessions.

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