Post Natal Gross Anatomical Studies on the Harderian Gland of Pati Duck (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) of Assam

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiten Rajkhowa ◽  
Kabita Sarma ◽  
Manmath Talukdar ◽  
Munmun Sarma ◽  
Snehangsu Sinha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Postnatal Development ◽  
Anas Platyrhynchos ◽  
Harderian Gland ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Head Region ◽  
Orbital Cavity ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Irregular Border ◽  
Left And Right

Background: The agro-climatic condition of Assam is suitable for duck rearing. Duck rearing contributes a major part to uplift the socio-economic condition of the rural poor people of Assam as well as others states located in the coastal regions of India. The Pati duck (Anasplatyrhynchos domesticus) population constitutes a major indigenous non-descript economically important duck variety in the state of Assam. The Harderian gland acts as a part of the Head Associated Lymphoid Tissue (HALT) Olah et al. (1992) and provides local innate immunity to the upper respiratory system, to the eye and oral cavity. Since literature on the postnatal development of Harderian gland of Pati duck is scant, hence the present study was designed to establish the basic anatomical details on Harderian gland at different stages of postnatal development of Pati duck of Assam. Methods: The present study was conducted on total forty five (45) numbers Pati duck of Assam at different stages of postnatal development. The experimental birds were brought to the Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati-22 and was sacrificed according to the method of Gracy (1986). After slaughter, the birds were placed on a clean dissecting table and skin and fascia were reflected carefully without disturbing the other organs of the head region. The Harderian gland was collected by opening the orbital cavity. Thereafter, length, breadth and thickness of the Harderian gland of all age group were recorded with the help of the Vernier Callipers (McCance, 1974) and topographical location of the gland was observed. The weight of the Harderian gland of all age group was also recorded with the help of electronic balance. Result: The Harderian gland of Pati duck (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) was located within the orbit. The gland was flat, oval and coma shaped with irregular border. The gland had two surfaces i.e. the parietal and visceral surfaces, two borders and two blunt poles. The parietal surface was found convex and attached to fascia covered by the nasal bones and interorbital septa. The visceral surface was concave and it was attached loosely to the eye ball with fascia. The lobes of the Harderian gland became more prominent with the advancement of the age. The gland was light pink in colour. The arterial blood and the venus drainage was by provided by the ophthalmic artery and vein, respectively. The slender branch of oculomotor nerve innervated the Harderian gland. The result reflected an ascending trend from 0 week age group to 42 week age group in regard to all the gross parameters. There were slight difference between left and right glands for all the gross parameters but such variations were not statistically significant (P greater than 0.05). Each lobe of the Harderian Gland of Pati duck (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) had a single short duct which opened into the conjunctival sac at the base of the 3rd eyelid. 

scholarly journals Glycemic Status, Lipid Profile and Proteinuria in Diabetic nephropathy

2010 ◽  
Vol 49 (178) ◽  
Author(s):  
P Jha ◽  
BKL Das ◽  
S Shrestha ◽  
S Majhi ◽  
L Chandra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Diabetic Nephropathy ◽  
Lipid Profile ◽  
Glycated Hemoglobin ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Cardiovascular Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Glycated Hemoglobin Level

INTRODUCTION: Diabetic nephropathy is one of the major complications of Diabetes Mellitus characterized by persistent albuminuria, elevated arterial blood pressure, a relentless decline in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and a high risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. METHODS: In this study, urinary micro-albumin estimation was done in 177 diabetic patients. This study aims to ascertain association of glycemicstatus, lipid profile and proteinuria in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus with nephropathy. RESULTS: Among 177 patients, 26 had frank proteinuria, 79 had micro-albuminuria and 72 were without proteinuria. Increased frequency ofproteinuria was seen in male than female. Micro-albuminuria and frank proteinuria was seen more in older age group. The multiple comparisons showed the significantly increased levels of urea, creatinine, fasting blood glucose in micro-albuminuria and overt proteinuria patients in comparison to without proteinuria. Glycated hemoglobin level was increased with the increasing age group particularly in overt proteinuric patients. CONCLUSIONS: The glycemic control, monitoring of lipid profile and early urinary protein estimation with better management may delay diabetic nephropathy or its further complications in diabetes mellitus.  KEYWORDS: diabetes mellitus, diabetic nephropathy, frank proteinuria, glycated hemoglobin, micro-albuminuria.

Postnatal Development of a Left-Right Atrial Pressure Gradient

1956 ◽  
Vol 186 (3) ◽  
pp. 521-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. van Harreveld ◽  
F. E. Russell
Keyword(s):  
Left Ventricle ◽  
Pressure Gradient ◽  
Left Atrium ◽  
Postnatal Development ◽  
Right Atrial ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Equal Thickness

The mean left and right atrial pressures were measured in six groups of 10 kittens each. One group was examined between the 12th and 24th hour after birth, one group after 3 days, after 1 week, 2 weeks, 1 month and 2 months. The left and right atrial pressures were almost equal in the first group. With age an increasing left to right pressure gradient developed. In the oldest group the pressure in the left atrium was almost twice as great as in the right. Parallel with the pressure gradient a difference developed in the wall thicknesses of the left and right ventricles. At birth the ventricular walls were of about equal thickness; at age 2 months the left ventricle wall was more than twice as thick as the right. The relationship between ventricle wall thicknesses and atrial pressures is discussed.

scholarly journals Comparative study of intravenous hydralazine and labetalol in severe hypertensive disorders of pregnancy

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 675
Author(s):  
Anupma Kumari ◽  
Renu Rohatgi ◽  
Amrita Singh ◽  
Raj Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Mean Arterial Pressure ◽  
Arterial Pressure ◽  
Neonatal Morbidity ◽  
Medical Complications ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Hypertensive Disorders Of Pregnancy ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Hypertensive Disorders

Background: Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy are among the most common medical complications of pregnancy and major cause of maternal, fetal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of intravenous hydralazine and labetalol for management of severe hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.Methods: This prospective study was conducted among 100 women admitted with SBP ≥ 160 or DBP ≥ 110 mmHg or both. Patients were divided into 2 groups randomly: labetalol and hydralazine group.Results: Majority of patients (38%) were in the age group of 21-25 years and primigravida (52%). There was more significant decrease in the systolic, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressure at the end of 15 and 30 minutes in labetalol group. Labetalol required fewer doses as compared to hydralazine to achieve the target blood pressure (average 1.95 versus 3.1). Total numbers of term deliveries were 19 (38%) in hydralazine group and 16 (32%) in labetalol group. Pre-term deliveries in hydralazine and labetalol group were 14 (28%) and 15 (30%) respectively. Headache was significantly more common in hydralazine treated patients than labetalol group.Conclusions: Both hydralazine and labetalol were effective and well-tolerated in the treatment of severe hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Labetalol may be preferred because it was more effective in lowering the systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and mean arterial pressure to achieve target levels with less number of doses.

Malignant Hyperthermia Phenotype

2000 ◽  
Vol 92 (6) ◽  
pp. 1777-1788 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel C. Sigg ◽  
Paul A. Iaizzo
Keyword(s):  
Malignant Hyperthermia ◽  
Right Ventricular ◽  
Left Ventricular Pressure ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Ventricular Pressure ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Central Venous ◽  
Induced Hypotension ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Left And Right

Background Succinylcholine causes immediate and severe arterial hypotension in swine with the malignant hyperthermia phenotype. The underlying mechanisms are unknown. Methods Malignant hyperthermia-susceptible (MHS; n = 10) and normal swine (n = 5) were anesthetized with thiopental. The following were monitored: electrocardiogram; arterial blood pressure; pulmonary artery, central venous, and left and right ventricular pressure; cardiac output; end-tidal carbon dioxide; core temperature; peripheral-blood flows; and arterial blood gases. After a control period, 2 mg/kg succinylcholine was given intravenously. Three MHS animals received 1 mg/kg vecuronium and two MHS animals received 2.5 mg/kg dantrolene intravenously. The effects of succinylcholine on left and right ventricular pressure and contractility were analyzed in isolated hearts. The effects of 0.06 mm succinylcholine on isometric tension development were recorded in isolated femoral artery rings. Results Succinylcholine caused an early, severe decrease in blood pressure, cardiac output, left ventricular pressure, and left ventricular contractility in MHS swine but not in normal swine; no significant differences were found in heart rate, right ventricular parameters, systemic vascular resistance, and preload (pulmonary diastolic pressure, central venous pressure). The succinylcholine-induced hypotension and associated effects were not prevented by dantrolene. However, pretreatment with high-dose vecuronium prevented not only the cardiovascular depression, but also MH. In addition, no phenotypic differences of succinylcholine on contractility or left ventricular pressure were observed in the isolated working hearts. Similary, succinylcholine did not cause a significantly different relaxation in rings in either phenotype. Conclusion Succinylcholine-induced hypotension occurred before muscle hypermetabolism in MHS swine. Succinylcholine had no differential physiologic effects on either the isolated heart or on isolated arteries. This hypotension could not be prevented by dantrolene but was prevented by pretreatment with high-dose vecuronium. Thus, an indirect mechanism such as the release of a cardiac depressant from skeletal muscle may have caused this hypotensive response.

Asymmetry of pressure autoregulation after traumatic brain injury

2003 ◽  
Vol 99 (6) ◽  
pp. 991-998 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric A. Schmidt ◽  
Marek Czosnyka ◽  
Luzius A. Steiner ◽  
Marcella Balestreri ◽  
Piotr Smielewski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Head Injuries ◽  
Cerebral Arteries ◽  
Brain Lesion ◽  
Fatal Outcome ◽  
Midline Shift ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Fine Print

Object. The aim of this study was to assess the asymmetry of autoregulation between the left and right sides of the brain by using bilateral transcranial Doppler ultrasonography in a cohort of patients with head injuries. Methods. Ninety-six patients with head injuries comprised the study population. All significant intracranial mass lesions were promptly removed. The patients were given medications to induce sedation and paralysis, and artificial ventilation. Arterial blood pressure (ABP) and intracranial pressure (ICP) were monitored in an invasive manner. A strategy based on the patient's cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP = ABP − ICP) was applied: CPP was maintained at a level higher than 70 mm Hg and ICP at a level lower than 25 mm Hg. The left and right middle cerebral arteries were insonated daily, and bilateral flow velocities (FVs) were recorded. The correlation coefficient between the CPP and FV, termed Mx, was calculated and time-averaged over each recording period on both sides. An Mx close to 1 signified that slow fluctuations in CPP produced synchronized slow changes in FV, indicating a defective autoregulation. An Mx close to 0 indicated preserved autoregulation. Computerized tomography scans in all patients were reviewed; the side on which the major brain lesion was located was noted and the extent of the midline shift was determined. Outcome was measured 6 months after discharge. The left—right difference in the Mx between the hemispheres was significantly higher in patients who died than in those who survived (0.16 ± 0.04 compared with 0.08 ± 0.01; p = 0.04). The left—right difference in the Mx was correlated with a midline shift (r = −0.42; p = 0.03). Autoregulation was worse on the side of the brain where the lesion was located (p < 0.035). Conclusions. The left—right difference in autoregulation is significantly associated with a fatal outcome. Autoregulation in the brain is worse on the side ipsilateral to the lesion and on the side of expansion in cases in which there is a midline shift.

scholarly journals The green autofluorescence intensity and asymmetry of older men is significantly higher than those of older women in their fingernails and certain regions of skin

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yue Tao ◽  
Mingchao Zhang ◽  
Danhong Wu ◽  
Yujia Li ◽  
Weihai Ying
Keyword(s):  
Older Women ◽  
Diagnostic Method ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Older Men ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
Health State ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Novel Biomarkers ◽  
Left And Right

AbstractOur recent studies have suggested that the patients of multiple diseases have characteristic Pattern of Autofluorescence (AF) in their skin and fingernails, which may become novel biomarkers for both disease diagnosis and evaluation of health state. Since male populations may have higher levels of oxidative stress and inflammation than female population, in our current study we tested our hypothesis that the green AF intensity of older men is higher than that of older women in their fingernails and skin. We found that in both left and right Index Fingernails, the green AF intensity of the men of both the age group of 61 - 70 years of old and the age group of 71 - 80 years of old is significantly higher than that of the women of the same age groups. At both left Dorsal Centremetacarpus and left Centremetacarpus, the green AF intensity of the men at the age between 71 - 80 years of old is also significantly higher than that of the women of the same age group. Moreover, in Index Fingernails, Dorsal Centremetacarpus and Centremetacarpus, the green AF asymmetry of the older men of certain age groups is significantly higher than that of the women of the same age groups. Collectively, our study has provided the first evidence indicating the gender difference between the green AF intensity and asymmetry of older men and those of older women in their fingernails and certain regions of skin, which is valuable for establishing the AF-based diagnostic method.

scholarly journals Prospects of beekeeping in Bangladesh

1970 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Moniruzzaman ◽  
MS Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Rural Poor ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Employment Creation ◽  
Net Return ◽  
Benefit Cost Ratio ◽  
Economic Context ◽  
Benefit Cost

The main focus of the study was to examine the scope of beekeeping in Bangladesh. The data were collected from beekeepers of Tangail and Gopalgonj districts, because this enterprise is working more in these areas than others in Bangladesh. Fifty-four beekeepers were selected randomly and they were interviewed for getting the necessary data to determine the costs and return of beekeeping and to assess the scope of beekeeping. Forty six percent of the total beekeepers had own land of 0.51 to 1.50 acres and 37 per cent of them were young beekeepers in the age group of 15-30 years. Most of the beekeepers took it as a main occupation. The benefit cost ratio of beekeeping was 1.59 which showed that this business was profitable. It will be a great source of employment creation for the rural poor people to reduce the poverty. There is a great prospect of beekeeping in Bangladesh on the basis of the socio-economic context of the country and some special features of the enterprise. There are some problems identified by the beekeepers and they have suggested some solutions also. Finally the authors have drawn some recommendations to expand beekeeping enterprise in Bangladesh. Keywords: Beekeeping; Net return; Employment; Prospects DOI: 10.3329/jbau.v7i1.4972 J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 7(1): 109-116, 2009

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