scholarly journals HYGIENIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ATMOSPHERIC AIR IN THE AREA OF INTENSIVE USE OF THE ROAD-CAR COMPLEX

2019 ◽  
Vol 98 (6) ◽  
pp. 613-618 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga I. Kopytenkova ◽  
A. V. Levanchuk ◽  
G. B. Yeremin
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Emission Inventory ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk ◽  
Fuel Combustion ◽  
Liquid Fuels ◽  
Risk Levels ◽  
The Road ◽  
Combustion Processes

Introduction. The level of air pollution in the areas of traffic flows is influenced by fuel combustion processes. Among air pollutants, special attention should be paid to methane. Methane is formed during the combustion of liquid fuels and is a precursor of formaldehyde. Formaldehyde is synthesized in the presence of catalysts. Its concentration exceeded the maximum permissible limits. The aim of the study is the hygienic assessment of additional aerogenic risk to public health due to formaldehyde, formed during the operation of the road-car complex (RCC). Material and methods. The calculation of the amount of methane entering the air during the operation of vehicles from fuel combustion is determined in accordance with the EMEP/EEA emission inventory Manual (2016).) The concentration of the studied pollutants is determined in accordance with the Order No. 273 of 06.062017 «Methods of calculation of dispersion of emissions of harmful (polluting) substances in the air». RCC is classified according to the intensity of traffic from 500 to 7,000 vehicles per hour. Risk calculation was carried out on the basis of guidance 2.1.10.1920-04 «Guidelines for assessing the risk to public health when exposed to chemicals that pollute the environment». The concentration of formaldehyde in ambient determined in accordance with the methodical instruction 4.1.1272-03. Statistical analysis was carried out using the Excel 2016 application package. Results. Methane (CH4) emission factors (mg/km), presented in the EMEP/EEA Manual, allowed determining the amount of methane emission (mg/s) per 1 km at different traffic intensities (auth./hour.) The obtained data were used to calculate the model concentrations of formaldehyde synthesized from methane. The calculated model concentrations were used to calculate additional carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk due to formaldehyde. Сonclusions. The gain in motorization of the population is accompanied by an increase in air pollution in the zone of influence of road transport. However, the emission inventory does not take into account the possible transformation of the pollutants making up the exhaust gases. Incomplete information does not allow using them to predict health risk levels based on model concentrations. The results obtained allowed obtaining information about the amount of additional carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks created in the process of transformation of methane into formaldehyde. The most unfavorable temperature regime (0-15oC) contributing to the synthesis and slowing down the decay of formaldehyde in the atmosphere along the roads was revealed.

scholarly journals Modeling the integral risk assessment for air pollution in the areas of highways by probabilistic methods

2021 ◽  
Vol 2134 (1) ◽  
pp. 012001
Author(s):  
A.R. Shagidullin ◽  
Yu.A. Tunakova ◽  
S.V. Novikova ◽  
V.S. Valiev
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Multiple Regression Model ◽  
Probabilistic Methods ◽  
Risk Levels ◽  
The Road ◽  
Transport Component ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Impact

Abstract A methodology for calculating the integral risk of atmospheric pollution using Bayes’s theorem is proposed to take into account the action of mobile and stationary emission sources in the influence zones of highways, the response to the impact in the form of accumulation of emission components in depositing media and biological media of the population. At the first stage, the clustering of experimental data arrays was carried out, homogeneous road sections (clusters) were identified. The integral risk was calculated for the selected clusters. The risks of contamination of the investigated media have been calculated. A multiple regression model has been built to assess the level of integral risk with a high degree of reliability when compared with experimental data. The significance of the aerogenic factor in the formation of the level of integral risk is shown. A reduced model for assessing the integral risk by the level of risk of atmospheric air pollution is proposed. Grades of risk levels are given according to the degree of acceptability. It is possible to determine the contribution of the road transport component to the level of integral risk based on the obtained values of the final risk.

scholarly journals Assessment of the impact of air pollution by heat power plant emissions on the health of the population of Novokuznetsk

2019 ◽  
pp. 348-352
Author(s):  
R. A. Golikov ◽  
V. V. Kislitsyna ◽  
D. V. Surzhikov ◽  
A. M. Oleshchenko ◽  
M. A. Mukasheva
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Power Plant ◽  
Sulfur Dioxide ◽  
Nitrogen Dioxide ◽  
Hexavalent Chromium ◽  
Coal Ash ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

Introduction. Th e study of the infl uence of air pollution on the health of the population of industrial cities is an urgent task of preventive medicine.The purpose of the study— assessment of risk for population health of the city of Novokuznetsk, associated with the receipt in atmospheric air of polluting substances from SC «Kuznetsk TPP».Materials and methods.The paper presents the results of risk assessment for the health of the population of Novokuznetsk from the impact of atmospheric emissions of coal thermal power plant. Risks were calculated in accordance with the «Guidelines for the assessment of public health risks from exposure to chemicals that pollute the environment».Results.It was found that sulfur dioxide, coal ash, nitrogen dioxide had the largest share in the index of non-carcinogenic hazard of emissions. Th e maximum hazard index of carcinogenic substances was detected in hexavalent chromium. Th e greatest risk of immediate action, manifested in the development of refl ex reactions, was detected at two points of exposure to concentrations; it was determined by the infl uence of coal ash. In the formation of the risk of chronic intoxication, coal ash, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, nitrogen oxide had the greatest impact; the greatest risk was detected at three points. Th e hazard coeffi  cients of the concentrations ranged from 2.04×10–4 to 6.723. The maximum index of danger equal to 29.31, corresponded to the residential district of Lenin square. Th e highest levels of carcinogenic risk identifi ed at three points were determined by exposure to hexavalent chromium.Conclusion.Th e work identifi ed environmentally disadvantaged neighborhoods of the city. It is shown that the main contribution to the formation of non-carcinogenic risk of health disorders of the city’s population is made by nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide, coal ash, sulfur dioxide. Th e main carcinogen is hexavalent chromium. Th e total values of risks expressed in the multiplicities of excess of acceptable risk, for most points exceed 1, indicating a signifi cant impact of emissions on the health of the population. A set of atmospheric protection measures aimed at reducing risks to public health is recommended. 

scholarly journals Public health air pollution impacts of pathway options to meet the 2050 UK Climate Change Act target: a modelling study

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (7) ◽  
pp. 1-124
Author(s):  
Martin L Williams ◽  
Sean Beevers ◽  
Nutthida Kitwiroon ◽  
David Dajnak ◽  
Heather Walton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Climate Change ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Life Years ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

BackgroundThe UK’sClimate Change Act 2008(CCA; Great Britain.Climate Change Act 2008. Chapter 27. London: The Stationery Office; 2008) requires a reduction of 80% in carbon dioxide-equivalent emissions by 2050 on a 1990 base. This project quantified the impact of air pollution on health from four scenarios involving particulate matter of ≤ 2.5 µm (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and ozone (O3). Two scenarios met the CCA target: one with limited nuclear power build (nuclear replacement option; NRPO) and one with no policy constraint on nuclear (low greenhouse gas). Another scenario envisaged no further climate actions beyond those already agreed (‘baseline’) and the fourth kept 2011 concentrations constant to 2050 (‘2011’).MethodsThe UK Integrated MARKAL–EFOM System (UKTM) energy system model was used to develop the scenarios and produce projections of fuel use; these were used to produce air pollutant emission inventories for Great Britain (GB) for each scenario. The inventories were then used to run the Community Multiscale Air Quality model ‘air pollution model’ to generate air pollutant concentration maps across GB, which then, combined with relationships between concentrations and health outcomes, were used to calculate the impact on health from the air pollution emitted in each scenario. This is a significant improvement on previous health impact studies of climate policies, which have relied on emissions changes. Inequalities in exposure in different socioeconomic groups were also calculated, as was the economic impact of the pollution emissions.ResultsConcentrations of NO2declined significantly because of a high degree of electrification of the GB road transport fleet, although the NRPO scenario shows large increases in oxides of nitrogen emissions from combined heat and power (CHP) sources. Concentrations of PM2.5show a modest decrease by 2050, which would have been larger if it had not been for a significant increase in biomass (wood burning) use in the two CCA scenarios peaking in 2035. The metric quantifying long-term exposure to O3is projected to decrease, while the important short-term O3exposure metric increases. Large projected increases in future GB vehicle kilometres lead to increased non-exhaust PM2.5and particulate matter of ≤ 10 µm emissions. The two scenarios which achieve the CCA target resulted in more life-years lost from long-term exposures to PM2.5than in the baseline scenario. This is an opportunity lost and arises largely from the increase in biomass use, which is projected to peak in 2035. Reduced long-term exposures to NO2lead to many more life-years saved in the ‘CCA-compliant’ scenarios, but the association used may overestimate the effects of NO2itself. The more deprived populations are estimated currently to be exposed to higher concentrations than those less deprived, the contrast being largest for NO2. Despite reductions in concentrations in 2050, the most socioeconomically deprived are still exposed to higher concentrations than the less deprived.LimitationsModelling of the atmosphere is always uncertain; we have shown the model to be acceptable through comparison with observations. The necessary complexity of the modelling system has meant that only a small number of scenarios were run.ConclusionsWe have established a system which can be used to explore a wider range of climate policy scenarios, including more European and global scenarios as well as local measures. Future work could explore wood burning in more detail, in terms of the sectors in which it might be burned and the spatial distribution of this across the UK. Further analyses of options for CHP could also be explored. Non-exhaust emissions from road transport are an important source of particles and emission factors are uncertain. Further research on this area coupled with our modelling would be a valuable area of research.FundingThe National Institute for Health Research Public Health Research programme.

scholarly journals Quantification of the noise charges for the selected road network sections

2018 ◽  
Vol 196 ◽  
pp. 04047
Author(s):  
Martina Margorínová ◽  
Marjan Lep ◽  
Mária Trojanová
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Member State ◽  
Road Network ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
European Parliament ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
External Costs ◽  
The Road ◽  
Negative Impacts

Road traffic is the most used kind of transportation which has a lot of benefits. Except of these benefits, the road traffic causes a lot of negative impacts like a congestions, air pollution and noise. The proposal of European Parliament is reduction of these impacts by their inclusion to the road charges. In the annex of amending directive 1999/62ES are stated prices for congestion and external costs. If the member state wants higher amount like are stated, they have to be calculated. One element of external costs is noise costs. Noise from road transport causes health problems and has annoying effect to people. In this article, it was processed proposal of noise charges quantification, which consist of a few steps. This process was applied for quantifying noise charges with real values for Slovakia and Slovenia.

scholarly journals Monetary Health Co-benefits and GHG Emissions Reduction Benefits: Contribution from Private on-the-road Transport

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Je-Liang Liou ◽  
Pei-Ing Wu
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Hybrid Electric Vehicles ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Pollution Reduction ◽  
Emissions Reduction ◽  
The Road ◽  
Hybrid Electric ◽  
On The Road

This is the first study to provide a systematic monetary benefit matrix, including greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction benefits and air pollution reduction health co-benefits, for a change in on-the-road transport to low-carbon types. The benefit transfer method is employed to estimate the social cost of carbon and the health co-benefits via impact pathway analysis in Taiwan. Specifically, the total emissions reduction benefits from changing all internal combustion vehicles to either hybrid electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, or electric vehicles would generate an average of US$760 million from GHG emissions reduction and US$2,091 million from health co-benefits based on air pollution reduction, for a total benefit of US$2,851 million annually. For a change from combustion scooters to light- or heavy-duty electric scooters, the average GHG emissions reduction benefits would be US$96.02 million, and the health co-benefits from air pollution reduction would be US$1,008.83 million, for total benefits of US$1,104.85 million annually.

scholarly journals Management of road transport-induced air pollution in urban areas: A case study of Owerri, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 030-044
Author(s):  
Onyeka JO ◽  
Obi LE ◽  
Igiri VC
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Environmental Concern ◽  
Field Work ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Road Transportation ◽  
The Road ◽  
Push And Pull

Environmental concerns have continued to be on the increase as human activities soar. One such environmental concern is air pollution. A major contributor to air pollution is the road transportation activities. This paper sets out to provide a management strategy for air pollution owing to road transportation in urban areas, with Owerri Nigeria as a case study. A field study was conducted in Owerri to ascertain the total passenger requirement, number and mix of passenger vehicles as well as measure three main road transport-induced air pollutants at five locations in the city. The result of the field work showed existing commuter vehicles mix of 56.2:63.7: 19.6:1.6:1 of salons, wagons, mini-buses, coaster buses and big buses respectively, of a total of 85,950 vehicles and air ambient pollutants level higher than the recommended standards. A new model was developed to achieve a remix of 10:33:53: 14:1 of same vehicle types and reduction in traffic volume and target air pollutants. The analyses show that mini-buses and coaster buses have advantage over salon cars, wagon vehicles and big buses in terms of traffic congestions and pollutants release into the environment. The two bus types could be said to have least pollutants release per passenger carried. An optimal vehicle remix, which gives higher priority to these buses have been shown to reduce congestion by 40%, Carbon monoxide by 40%, Nitrogen Dioxide by 50% and Methane by 50%. It therefore recommends that vehicular remix of 10:33:53: 14:1, for salon: wagon: mini-buses: coaster buses: big buses be adopted for Owerri commuters’ transportation need. It concludes that governments should adopt economic instruments embedded in a “push and pull” strategy, leveraging on disincentive and incentive measures to skew road transportation to the use of mini and coaster buses as a deliberate means of reducing air pollution in cities.

FEATURES OF THE STRUCTURE OF TRANSPORT HUB IN THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT

2019 ◽  
pp. 18-23
Author(s):  
I.B. Volkodaeva ◽  
L.S. Napreenko
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Urban Environment ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Design Methods ◽  
Transport Network ◽  
The Road ◽  
On The Road

The article examines the prerequisites for creating a transport hub in an urban environment, ways to simplify navigation and increase passenger comfort by design methods. The classification of transport hubs is given, the features of their formation based on environmental conditions are highlighted, the requirements for transport hub are formulated. Thus, the development of the system of transport hubs leads to a decrease in comfort when using public transport and stimulates the rejection of personal transport, which in turn leads to a decrease in the load on the road transport network and reduced air pollution.

Emission inventory for the road transport sector in Sardinia (Italy)

2007 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 677-691 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Bellasio ◽  
R. Bianconi ◽  
G. Corda ◽  
P. Cucca
Keyword(s):  
Emission Inventory ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
The Road

scholarly journals Experience in using statistical and mathematical technologies to assess the impact of atmospheric pollution on public health in a large industrial center

2021 ◽  
Vol 100 (7) ◽  
pp. 663-667
Author(s):  
Dmitry V. Surzhikov ◽  
Vera V. Kislitsyna ◽  
Varvara A. Shtaiger ◽  
Roman A. Golikov
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Atmospheric Pollution ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk ◽  
Processing Plant ◽  
Coal Processing ◽  
Public Health Risk ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

Introduction. The issue of air pollution is relevant in cities where the majority of the population lives and a large number of industrial enterprises are concentrated in relatively small areas. Currently, the federal project “Clean Air” is being implemented in 12 industrial centres of Russia within the framework of the national project “Ecology”. The purpose of the work was to justify using statistical and mathematical methods for assessing the impact of atmospheric pollution on the health of the population in the city of Novokuznetsk, Kemerovo region. Materials and methods. The following methods were used: assessment and management of public health risk, statistical analysis methods: factor analysis, multiple regression analysis, discriminant analysis. Results. Statistical indices and public health risk parameters can be used to assess the impact. Examples of the effect of complex pollution indices (the main components of pollution, the integral indicator P) and the concentrations of individual impurities in the air basin (suspended substances, ozone) were given. The carcinogenic risk to the population of Novokuznetsk, calculated from the calculated concentrations of atmospheric pollutants, was found to exceed the acceptable risk threshold. The specific weight of carcinogens in the formation of the risk to other oncological incidence was determined. An assessment of the risk from the emissions of a coal-processing plant located near residential areas of the city was carried out. The values of the hazard indices showed an excess of the acceptable non-carcinogenic risk only from the emissions of the coal processing plant, taking into account the background level of air pollution in the air basin. Conclusion. In Novokuznetsk, it is proposed to use the method of ranking atmospheric protection measures in terms of the unit cost of risk reduction in health risk management. To manage the risk, it is proposed to calculate the population indices of aerogenic hazard or the probabilistic parameters of the individual threat associated with air pollution. It is noted that a 20-22% reduction in pollutant emissions for Novokuznetsk may not be enough. The reasonable measures for the further study of the aerogenic impact on the population of the city are presented.

scholarly journals Public Health Risk Assessment Due to Air Pollution in the Temir District of the Aktobe Region

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (E) ◽  
pp. 481-487
Author(s):  
Laura Sakebayeva ◽  
Valentina Sabyrakhmetova ◽  
Gulsim Karashova ◽  
Perizat Aitmaganbet ◽  
Kulyan Shayakhmetova
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Risk Analysis ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Health Risk Assessment ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk ◽  
Malignant Neoplasms ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Public Health Risk

BACKGROUND: This article focuses on the health risk assessment associated with air pollution for the population of the Temir district in the Aktobe region. The risk assessment of the effects of air pollution on public health revealed a tendency to deterioration in the health indicators of the children’s population. AIM: The research object was the population of the Temir district living near the oil and gas field Zhanazhol. METHODS: The work was carried out according to the risk assessment methodology described in the manual R 2.1.10-1920-04. The maximum non-carcinogenic risk due to exposure to chemicals in the air basin of residential areas was established for children from 0 to 6 years of age in the Temir district. RESULTS: A high risk of respiratory, blood, and cardiovascular diseases was observed. Sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen, and carbon oxides contained in atmospheric air contribute to the risk of developing these diseases. The levels of carcinogenic risk to public health in the Temir district show that the maximum individual risk of oncological diseases is observed in the group of children. The risk of malignant neoplasms in adolescents is 1.2 times lower, in the male population – 1.4 times lower, on average, and in the female population – 1.3 times lower than in children. Public health risk analysis aims to select the best ways in a particular situation to eliminate or reduce risk associated with air pollution for the population. CONCLUSION: The methodology of a comprehensive health risk analysis is a promising and developing approach in the system of monitoring the quality of the human environment and assessing environmental hazards.

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