scholarly journals Management of road transport-induced air pollution in urban areas: A case study of Owerri, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 030-044
Author(s):  
Onyeka JO ◽  
Obi LE ◽  
Igiri VC
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Environmental Concern ◽  
Field Work ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Road Transportation ◽  
The Road ◽  
Push And Pull

Environmental concerns have continued to be on the increase as human activities soar. One such environmental concern is air pollution. A major contributor to air pollution is the road transportation activities. This paper sets out to provide a management strategy for air pollution owing to road transportation in urban areas, with Owerri Nigeria as a case study. A field study was conducted in Owerri to ascertain the total passenger requirement, number and mix of passenger vehicles as well as measure three main road transport-induced air pollutants at five locations in the city. The result of the field work showed existing commuter vehicles mix of 56.2:63.7: 19.6:1.6:1 of salons, wagons, mini-buses, coaster buses and big buses respectively, of a total of 85,950 vehicles and air ambient pollutants level higher than the recommended standards. A new model was developed to achieve a remix of 10:33:53: 14:1 of same vehicle types and reduction in traffic volume and target air pollutants. The analyses show that mini-buses and coaster buses have advantage over salon cars, wagon vehicles and big buses in terms of traffic congestions and pollutants release into the environment. The two bus types could be said to have least pollutants release per passenger carried. An optimal vehicle remix, which gives higher priority to these buses have been shown to reduce congestion by 40%, Carbon monoxide by 40%, Nitrogen Dioxide by 50% and Methane by 50%. It therefore recommends that vehicular remix of 10:33:53: 14:1, for salon: wagon: mini-buses: coaster buses: big buses be adopted for Owerri commuters’ transportation need. It concludes that governments should adopt economic instruments embedded in a “push and pull” strategy, leveraging on disincentive and incentive measures to skew road transportation to the use of mini and coaster buses as a deliberate means of reducing air pollution in cities.

scholarly journals Towards a sustainable road transportation system in urban areas: A case study of Owerri, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 014-029
Author(s):  
Onyeka JO ◽  
Obi LE ◽  
Igiri VC
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Field Work ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Road Transportation ◽  
Policy Measures ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Commuter Vehicles

Urban Areas in almost all cases develop outwards from the centre. Public facilities (schools, offices, markets) are usually located at about the centre while residential abodes radiate outwards. Such development pattern necessitates road transportation movement to the centre. This paper examines strategies that can be adopted to achieve the necessary movement in a sustainable manner for these urban areas, with Owerri Nigeria as a case study. A field study was conducted to ascertain the total passenger requirement, number and mix of passenger vehicles as well as measure three main road transport-induced air pollutants. The result of the field work showed existing commuter vehicles mix of 56.2:63.7: 19.6:1.6:1 for salons, wagons, mini-buses, coaster buses and big buses respectively, of a total of 85,950 vehicles. The survey also revealed ambient air pollutants level higher than the recommended standards. A new model was developed to achieve a vehicles remix of 10:33:53: 14:1 of same vehicle types and reduction in traffic volume and target air pollutants. The analyses showed that mini-buses and coaster buses have advantage over salon cars, wagon vehicles and big buses in terms of traffic congestions and pollutants release into the environment. The two bus types have least pollutants release per passenger carried. An optimal vehicle remix, which gives higher priority to these buses has been shown to reduce congestion by 40%, Carbon monoxide by 40%, Nitrogen Dioxide by 50% and Methane by 50%. Based on the findings, it is recommended that vehicular remix of 10:33:53:14:1, for salon: wagon: mini-buses: coaster buses: big buses be adopted for Owerri commuters’ transportation need. Some policy measures were put forward to help achieve this. The measures include an outright ban on use of low-passenger-carrying vehicles for commercial purposes.

Convective Мodel of Еmission Distribution on the Road Overpass Under Neutral Weather Conditions.

2018 ◽  
pp. 23-31
Author(s):  
Rostyslav Sipakov ◽  
Olena Voloshkina ◽  
Volodimir Trofimovich ◽  
Irina Klimova
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Euler Method ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Hydrocarbon Emissions ◽  
Atmospheric Air ◽  
The Road ◽  
On The Road

An analysis of the degree of atmospheric air pollution in urban areas showed its dependence on a growing number of personal vehicles operating on traditional fuels. This work proves the possibility of applying the theory of a convective jet for estimating and forecasting atmospheric air pollution in megacities, depending on weather conditions and the number of cars that are simultaneously in traffic jams in a car overpass. We use the integral Euler method to calculate the parameters of a convective jet. The conditions for the appearance of neutral ways are determined and based on the considered main ways of distribution of emissions in the atmosphere. The method for calculating the amount of hydrocarbon emissions from road transport was used to determine the secondary pollution by formaldehyde of atmospheric air into the territories of megalopolises as a result of photochemical transformations. The presented studies allow to single out the share of greenhouse gas emissions from road transport in the context of total emissions in a megacity. A method for calculation of concentrations of pollution from motor vehicles based on this model has been developed. This method allows the use of specially synthesized external influences with the subsequent processing of the results of observations and subsequent analysis of the consequences. The effectiveness of the proposed mathematical model can be increased in combination with the use of "green structures". This method is suitable for finding optimal management decisions at the municipal level and the formation of the environmental policy of the city.

scholarly journals Contribution of Local and Transboundary Air Pollution to the Urban Air Quality of Fukuoka, Japan

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 431
Author(s):  
Ayako Yoshino ◽  
Akinori Takami ◽  
Keiichiro Hara ◽  
Chiharu Nishita-Hara ◽  
Masahiko Hayashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Gaseous Species ◽  
Transboundary Air Pollution ◽  
Local Air Pollution ◽  
The City

Transboundary air pollution (TAP) and local air pollution (LAP) influence the air quality of urban areas. Fukuoka, located on the west side of Japan and affected by TAP from the Asian continent, is a unique example for understanding the contribution of LAP and TAP. Gaseous species and particulate matter (PM) were measured for approximately three weeks in Fukuoka in the winter of 2018. We classified two distinctive periods, LAP and TAP, based on wind speed. The classification was supported by variations in the concentration of gaseous species and by backward trajectories. Most air pollutants, including NOx and PM, were high in the LAP period and low in the TAP period. However, ozone was the exception. Therefore, our findings suggest that reducing local emissions is necessary. Ozone was higher in the TAP period, and the variation in ozone concentration was relatively small, indicating that ozone was produced outside of the city and transported to Fukuoka. Thus, air pollutants must also be reduced at a regional scale, including in China.

scholarly journals Spatial Mapping of a Highly Non-Uniform Distribution of Particle-Bound PAH in a Densely Populated Urban Area

Atmosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 496
Author(s):  
Kyung Hwan Kim ◽  
Kyung-Hwan Kwak ◽  
Jae Young Lee ◽  
Sung Ho Woo ◽  
Jong Bum Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Exposure Assessment ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Personal Exposure ◽  
Exposure Level ◽  
Traffic Emission ◽  
Pollution Levels ◽  
Monitoring Procedure

In this work, a 2-D gridded air pollution map with a high resolution of 50 × 50 m2 was proposed to help the exposure assessment studies focusing on the association between air pollutants and their health effects. To establish a reliable air pollution map in a 2 × 2 km2 urban area, a mobile monitoring procedure and a data process were developed. Among the various vehicle-related air pollutants, the particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (pPAH) was chosen as a sensitive indicator. The average pPAH concentration on major roads (293.1 ng/m3) was found to be 35 times higher than that at a background location (8.4 ng/m3). Based on the cell-based pPAH concentrations, the 50 × 50 m2 cells in the air pollution map were categorized into five pollution levels. The higher air pollution levels were generally shown by the cells close to the major traffic emission points. The proposed map can be used to make various policies regarding land use and traffic flow control in urban areas. Estimation of the personal exposure level to air pollutants is possible at a reliable location using the highly resolved 2-D gridded air pollution map in exposure assessment studies.

scholarly journals Practicalities and Driving Dynamics of a Real Driving Emissions (RDE) Euro 6 Regulation Homologation Test

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 2306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy Bodisco ◽  
Ali Zare
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Boundary Conditions ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Gold Coast ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Certification Process ◽  
The Road ◽  
Emission Testing ◽  
On The Road

One of the most important sources of air pollution, especially in urban areas, is the exhaust emissions from passenger cars. New European emissions regulations, to minimize the gap between manufacturer-reported emissions and those emitted on the road, require new vehicles to undergo emission testing on public roads during the certification process. Outlined in the new regulation are specific boundary conditions to which the route on which the vehicle is driven must comply during a legal test. These boundary conditions, as they relate to the design and subsequent driving of a compliant route, are discussed in detail. The practicality of designing a compliant route is discussed in the context of developing a route on the Gold Coast in Queensland, Australia, in a prescriptive manner. The route itself was driven 5 times and the results compared against regulation boundary conditions.

scholarly journals Identifying Carbon Reduction Potentials in Road Transportation: Creating a Carbon-Tracking Tool for Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs)

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-110
Author(s):  
Wolfram Groschopf ◽  
Elmar Fuerst ◽  
Sebastian Kummer ◽  
David Herold
Keyword(s):  
Information Needs ◽  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Road Transportation ◽  
Carbon Reduction ◽  
Reduction Potentials ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Medium Enterprises ◽  
Corporate Practice

Abstract Improving environmental performance of road transport through carbon reduction initiatives can be a demand challenge, in particular for Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). Whether existing carbon reduction potentials are effectively and efficiently uncovered largely depends on the availability of information as well as on how to make use of it. An often-observed problem is the lack of tools for SMEs to obtain useful carbon-related information from road transport. Against the background of a case study of the carbon-tracking tool CO2-Tec, this paper highlights the importance of decision-making information and demonstrates how carbon reduction potentials in road transportation can be uncovered for SMEs. Particular attention is paid to the information needs of the SMEs and how these needs can be fulfilled. The analysis of the results suggests a pattern of action that increases the efficacy and efficiency of information management and use in corporate practice.

The Role of Road Infrastructure and Air Pollution in the Recent Suburbanization of India’s Cities

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J. Holian ◽  
Kala Seetharam Sridhar
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Central City ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Multiple Regression Models ◽  
Indian Cities

This article re-examines the suburbanization of Indian cities by calculating population density gradients, for a large number of urban agglomerations, using recent data and Mills’ two-point method. In the next step, we estimate multiple regression models to explore the determinants of suburbanization. This study presents several methodological advances over previous research, by incorporating new measures of transport infrastructure, air pollution and city–suburb income ratios as determinants of suburbanization of Indian cities. Our results clearly show that suburbanization is higher in urban areas with higher population and lower central city–suburban literacy ratios. We find some evidence that suburbanization is higher in urban areas with more road transport infrastructure, consistent with our expectations, though results concerning air pollution run counter to expectations. However, these could relate to caveats regarding the data and methods.

scholarly journals Understanding Air Pollution from Induced Traffic during and after the Construction of a New Highway: Case Study of Highway 25 in Montreal

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Shohel Reza Amin ◽  
Umma Tamima ◽  
Luis Amador Jimenez
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Road Network ◽  
Traffic Density ◽  
Air Contaminants ◽  
Construction Period ◽  
Close Vicinity ◽  
The Road ◽  
On The Road

This study demonstrates through a case study that detailed analyses, even after the construction of a project, are feasible using current technologies and available data. A case study of highway 25 is used to illustrate the method and verify the levels of air contaminants from additionally induced traffic during and after the construction of highway. Natural traffic growth was removed from the effect of observed gas emissions by comparing observed levels on other further locations in the same metropolitan area. This study estimates air pollution from the additional traffic during and after the construction of A-25 extension project. NO2 levels were spatially interpolated during peak and off-peak hour traffic and traffic density simulated on the road network for four scenarios. Comparing the four scenarios, it was found that levels of NO2 concentrations were reduced at neighbor areas due to less traffic during the construction period. Levels of NO2 after the construction were higher than those in 2008. The simulated traffic density for four scenarios revealed that traffic density was significantly increased on both arterial and access roads within the close vicinity of the extension project during and after its construction.

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