scholarly journals The Effects of Biannual Equine Influenza Vaccine on Performance in Adult Horses

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma Shipman
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Vaccination ◽  
Serum Proteins ◽  
Booster Vaccination ◽  
Fibrinogen Concentration ◽  
Reference Ranges ◽  
Bottom Line ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Equine Influenza ◽  
Weak Evidence ◽  
Rbc Count

<p><strong>PICO question</strong></p><p>In three day event horses, does biannual routine influenza vaccination compared to annual routine influenza vaccination reduce performance levels?</p><p><strong>Clinical bottom line</strong><strong><br /> </strong></p><p>There is no evidence that biannual equine influenza vaccination compared to annual booster vaccination in three day event horses is associated with reduced performance.</p><p>A group of five studies published over an 11 year period from one were evaluated. In adult warmblood horses there is weak evidence that exercise in the 28 day period post booster vaccination for equine influenza and equine herpes virus 1 and 4 (EHV1&amp;4), is associated with changes in physical and clinical pathophysiological parameters including total red blood cell (RBC) count, neutrophil and lymphocyte count, fibrinogen concentration and serum proteins. These changes occurred at variable time points in the 14 days post exercise and values were not outside the published reference ranges for the reporting laboratories where published. Athletic performance of the horses was not evaluated.</p><p>No recommendations for equine influenza vaccination protocols in three day event horses can be made from the evidence.</p><p> </p><p><img src="https://www.veterinaryevidence.org/rcvskmod/icons/oa-icon.jpg" alt="Open Access" /> <img src="https://www.veterinaryevidence.org/rcvskmod/icons/pr-icon.jpg" alt="Peer Reviewed" /></p>

scholarly journals Evaluation of Current Equine Influenza Vaccination Protocols Prior to Shipment, Guided by OIE Standards

Vaccines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann Cullinane ◽  
Jacinta Gahan ◽  
Cathal Walsh ◽  
Manabu Nemoto ◽  
Johanna Entenfellner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Vaccination ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Booster Vaccination ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Minimum Risk ◽  
Equine Influenza ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Optimum Period ◽  
World Organisation ◽  
Response Post

To facilitate the temporary importation of horses for competition and racing purposes, with a minimum risk of transmitting equine influenza, the World Organisation for Animal Health (Office International des Epizooties, or OIE), formally engaged in a public–private partnership with the Federation Equestre Internationale (FEI) and the International Federation for Horseracing Authorities (IFHA) to establish, within the context of existing OIE standards, a science-based rationale to identify the ideal time period for equine influenza vaccination prior to shipment. Field trials using vaccines based on different technologies were carried out on three continents. The antibody response post-booster vaccination at intervals aligned with the different rules/recommendations of the OIE, FEI, and IFHA, was monitored by single radial haemolysis. It was determined that 14 days was the optimum period necessary to allow horses adequate time to respond to booster vaccination and for horses that have previously received four or more doses of vaccine and are older than four years, it is adequate to allow vaccination within 180 days of shipment. In contrast, the results indicate that there is a potential benefit to younger (four years old or younger) horses in requiring booster vaccination within 90 days of shipment, consistent with the current OIE standard.

An Evaluation of Three Different Primary Equine Influenza Vaccination Intervals in Foals

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 ◽  
pp. 103397
Author(s):  
Mohamed Dilai ◽  
Ouafaa Fassi Fihri ◽  
Mehdi El Harrak ◽  
Anouar Bouchiba ◽  
Mohammed Dehhaoui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Vaccination ◽  
Equine Influenza

scholarly journals Reference Values of D-Dimers and Fibrinogen in the Course of Physiological Pregnancy: the Potential Impact of Selected Risk Factors—A Pilot Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Aldona Siennicka ◽  
Magdalena Kłysz ◽  
Kornel Chełstowski ◽  
Aleksandra Tabaczniuk ◽  
Zuzanna Marcinowska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Gestational Diabetes ◽  
Reference Values ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Fibrinogen Concentration ◽  
Reference Ranges ◽  
Second Trimester ◽  
Increase Risk ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
D Dimer

Pregnancy predisposes to thrombotic hemostasis, reflected in the laboratory as, e.g., increased levels of D-Dimers and fibrinogen, but in physiological pregnancy, the risk of venous thrombosis does not increase. Risk may increase if gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) or nicotinism coexists. Study aims were to determine reference values ​​for D-Dimers and fibrinogen concentrations in each trimester of pregnancy, corrected for GDM and nicotinism. Subjects and Methods. The study involved 71 pregnant women aged 25-44 y. Venous blood was collected three times: in the first (11-14 weeks), second (20-22 weeks), and third (30-31 weeks) trimesters. D-Dimer concentrations were determined by an enzyme-linked fluorescence assay, fibrinogen concentrations by a coagulation method according to Clauss. Results. Significant increases in D-Dimers and fibrinogen concentrations were observed, increasing with successive trimesters (p ANOVA<0.0001). Furthermore, a positive correlation between D-Dimers and fibrinogen was detected in the second trimester of pregnancy (r=0.475; p<0.0001). In addition, a significantly higher fibrinogen concentration was found in women with GDM compared to without GDM (p=0.0449). Reference ranges for D-Dimers were established, in trimester order, as follows: 167-721 ng/mL, 298-1653 ng/mL, and 483-2256 ng/mL. After adjusting for risk factors, significantly higher D-Dimer values ​​(mainly second and third trimesters) were obtained: 165-638 ng/mL, 282-3474 ng/mL, and 483-4486 ng/mL, respectively. Reference ranges for fibrinogen were, in trimester order, 2.60-6.56 g/L, 3.40-8.53 g/L, and 3.63-9.14 g/L and, after adjustment for risk factors, 3.34-6.73 g/L, 3.40-8.84 g/L, and 3.12-9.91 g/L. Conclusions. We conclude that the increase in D-Dimers and fibrinogen levels in women with physiological pregnancy was compounded by gestational diabetes (GDM) and nicotinism. Therefore, D-Dimers and fibrinogen pregnancy reference values require correction for these risk factors.

scholarly journals Impact of Mixed Equine Influenza Vaccination on Correlate of Protection in Horses

Vaccines ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Dilai ◽  
Mohammed Piro ◽  
Mehdi El Harrak ◽  
Stéphanie Fougerolle ◽  
Mohammed Dehhaoui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Vaccination ◽  
Poor Response ◽  
Primary Vaccination ◽  
Vaccination Schedule ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Equine Influenza ◽  
Correlate Of Protection ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Clinical Protection ◽  
One Year

To evaluate the humoral immune response to mixed Equine Influenza vaccination, a common practice in the field, an experimental study was carried out on 42 unvaccinated thoroughbred weanling foals divided into six groups of seven. Three groups were vaccinated using a non-mixed protocol (Equilis® Prequenza-Te, Proteqflu-Te® or Calvenza-03®) and three other groups were vaccinated using a mix of the three vaccines mentioned previously. Each weanling underwent a primary EI vaccination schedule composed of two primary immunisations (V1 and V2) four weeks apart followed by a third boost immunisation (V3) six months later. Antibody responses were monitored until one-year post-V3 by single radial haemolysis (SRH). The results showed similar antibody responses for all groups using mixed EI vaccination and the group exclusively vaccinated with Equilis® Prequenza-TE, which were significantly higher than the other two groups vaccinated with Proteqflu-TE® and Calvenza-03®. All weanlings (100%) failed to seroconvert after V1 and 21% (9/42) still had low or no SRH antibody titres two weeks post-V2. All weanlings had seroconverted and exceeded the clinical protection threshold one month after V3. The poor response to vaccination was primarily observed in groups exclusively vaccinated with Proteqflu-Te® and Calvenza-03®. A large window of susceptibility (3–4.5-month duration) usually called immunity gap was observed after V2 and prior to V3 for all groups. The SRH antibody level was maintained above the clinical protection threshold for three months post-V3 for the groups exclusively vaccinated with Proteqflu-Te® and Calvenza-03®, and six months to one year for groups using mixed EI vaccination or exclusively vaccinated with Equilis® Prequenza-Te. This study demonstrates for the first time that the mix of EI vaccines during the primary vaccination schedule has no detrimental impact on the correlate of protection against EIV infection.

scholarly journals Hematology of Wild Caught Dubois’s Tree FrogPolypedates teraiensis, Dubois, 1986 (Anura: Rhacophoridae)

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madhusmita Das ◽  
Pravati Kumari Mahapatra
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cell ◽  
Blood Serum ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Hemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin ◽  
Reference Ranges ◽  
Corpuscular Hemoglobin ◽  
Differential Leukocyte Count ◽  
Rbc Count

Blood was analyzed from eighty (forty males and forty females) adult individuals ofPolypedates teraiensisto establish reference ranges for its hematological and serum biochemical parameters. The peripheral blood cells were differentiated as erythrocytes, lymphocytes, eosinophils, neutrophils, monocytes, basophils, and thrombocytes, with similar morphology to other anurans. Morphology of blood cells did not vary according to sex. The hematological investigations included morphology and morphometry of erythrocytes, morphometry of leucocytes, packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin content (Hb), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), erythrocyte or red blood cell (RBC) count, leukocyte or white blood cell (WBC) count, differential leukocyte count, and neutrophil to lymphocyte (N/L) ratio. Besides, protein, cholesterol, glucose, urea, uric acid, and creatinine content of blood serum were assayed. Hematological parameters that differed significantly between sexes were RBC count, length and breadth of RBC, neutrophil %, N/L ratio, area occupied by basophils, and diameter of large lymphocyte and eosinophils. The level of glucose, urea, and creatinine in blood serum also significantly differed between sexes.

scholarly journals No Evidence That Therapeutic Systemic Corticosteroid Administration is Associated With Laminitis in Adult Horses Without Underlying Endocrine or Severe Systemic Disease.

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cathy McGowan ◽  
Daniel Cooper ◽  
Joanne Ireland
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Corticosteroid ◽  
Healthy Adult ◽  
Systemic Disease ◽  
Conclusive Evidence ◽  
Endocrine Disorders ◽  
Causal Association ◽  
Bottom Line ◽  
Corticosteroid Administration ◽  
Weak Evidence ◽  
Severe Systemic Disease

Clinical bottom line There is currently no conclusive evidence to support a causal association between therapeutic systemic corticosteroid administration and the development of laminitis in healthy adult horses/ponies. There is weak evidence of an association between administration of multiple doses of systemic corticosteroid and the onset of laminitis in adult horses/ponies with underlying endocrine disorders or severe systemic disease.

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