Different Places, Different Ideas: Reimagining Practice in American Psychiatric Nursing After World War II

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-47
Author(s):  
Kylie M. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Interpersonal Relations ◽  
The United States ◽  
Psychiatric Nursing ◽  
Common Belief ◽  
World War ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Advanced Nursing Practice ◽  
Significant Control

AbstractIn 1952, Hildegard Peplau published her textbook Interpersonal Relations in Nursing: A Conceptual Frame of Reference for Psychodynamic Nursing. This was the same year the American Psychiatric Association (APA) published the first edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (1st ed.; DSM-I; APA). These events occurred in the context of a rapidly changing policy and practice environment in the United States after World War II, where the passing of the National Mental Health Act in 1946 released vast amounts of funding for the establishment of the National Institute of Mental Health and the development of advanced educational programs for the mental health professions including nursing. This article explores the work of two nurse leaders, Hildegard Peplau and Dorothy Mereness, as they developed their respective graduate psychiatric nursing programs and sought to create new knowledge for psychiatric nursing that would facilitate the development of advanced nursing practice. Both nurses had strong ideas about what they felt this practice should look like and developed distinct and particular approaches to their respective programs. This reflected a common belief that it was only through nurse-led education that psychiatric nursing could shape its own practice and control its own future. At the same time, there are similarities in the thinking of Peplau and Mereness that demonstrate the link between the specific social context of mental health immediately after World War II and the development of modern psychiatric nursing. Psychiatric nurses were able to gain significant control of their own education and practice after the war, but this was not without a struggle and some limitations, which continue to impact on the profession today.

Confluencia geopolítica entre Cárdenas y Roosevelt:

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-254
Author(s):  
Andreu Espasa
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
New Deal ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
The United States ◽  
Political Crisis ◽  
World War ◽  
Military Alliance ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The New Deal

De forma un tanto paradójica, a finales de los años treinta, las relaciones entre México y Estados Unidos sufrieron uno de los momentos de máxima tensión, para pasar, a continuación, a experimentar una notable mejoría, alcanzando el cénit en la alianza política y militar sellada durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial. El episodio catalizador de la tensión y posterior reconciliación fue, sin duda, el conflicto diplomático planteado tras la nacionalización petrolera de 1938. De entre los factores que propiciaron la solución pacífica y negociada al conflicto petrolero, el presente artículo se centra en analizar dos fenómenos del momento. En primer lugar, siguiendo un orden de relevancia, se examina el papel que tuvo la Guerra Civil Española. Aunque las posturas de ambos gobiernos ante el conflicto español fueron sustancialmente distintas, las interpretaciones y las lecciones sobre sus posibles consecuencias permitieron un mayor entendimiento entre los dos países vecinos. En segundo lugar, también se analizarán las afinidades ideológicas entre el New Deal y el cardenismo en el contexto de la crisis mundial económica y política de los años treinta, con el fin de entender su papel lubricante en las relaciones bilaterales de la época. Somewhat paradoxically, at the end of the 1930s, the relationship between Mexico and the United States experienced one of its tensest moments, after which it dramatically improved, reaching its zenith in the political and military alliance cemented during World War II. The catalyst for this tension and subsequent reconciliation was, without doubt, the diplomatic conflict that arose after the oil nationalization of 1938. Of the various factors that led to a peaceful negotiated solution to the oil conflict, this article focuses on analyzing two phenomena. Firstly—in order of importance—this article examines the role that the Spanish Civil War played. Although the positions of both governments in relation to the Spanish war were significantly different, the interpretations and lessons concerning potential consequences enabled a greater understanding between the two neighboring countries. Secondly, this article also analyzes the ideological affinities between the New Deal and Cardenismo in the context of the global economic and political crisis of the thirties, seeking to understand their role in facilitating bilateral relations during that period.

TEORIA DAS RELAÇÕES INTERPESSOAIS: REFLEXÕES ACERCA DA FUNÇÃO TERAPÊUTICA DO ENFERMEIRO EM SAÚDE MENTAL

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlon Washington Pinheiro ◽  
Michell Ângelo Marques Araújo ◽  
Karla Maria Carneiro Rolim ◽  
Camila Moreira De Oliveira ◽  
Alexsandro Batista De Alencar
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Therapeutic Relationship ◽  
Interpersonal Relations ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Psychiatric Nursing ◽  
Nursing Theory ◽  
Therapeutic Function ◽  
Salud Mental

Objetivo: Refletir teoricamente sobre a importância da Teoria das Relações Interpessoais de Peplau, contextualizada com o processo de formação da identidade do enfermeiro como terapeuta em saúde mental e psiquiatria. Metodologia: A partir do estudo da obra sobre Relações Interpessoais em Enfermagem de Peplau e demais textos, a reflexão organizou-se em três eixos: a teoria das relações interpessoais, a relação terapêutica na teoria de Peplau e o subpapel de assessor/counseling. Resultados: Os três eixos foram detalhados, aliando as contribuições da literatura, com novas possibilidades de aplicação do arcabouço teórico. Conclusão: A Teoria das Relações Interpessoais com foco no conceito de counseling possibilita reflexões sobre a representação do enfermeiro como terapeuta e fortalece ações de enfermagem no contexto do cuidado em saúde mental.Descritores: Enfermagem; Enfermagem Psiquiátrica; Teoria de Enfermagem; Saúde Mental.THEORY OF INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS: REFLECTIONS ON THE THERAPEUTIC FUNCTION OF THE NURSE IN MENTAL HEALTHObjective: To reflect theoretically on the importance of Peplau's Theory of Interpersonal Relations, contextualized with the process of formation of the nurse's identity as a therapist in mental health and psychiatry. Methodology: From the study of Peplau's work on Interpersonal Relations in Nursing and other texts, the reflection was organized in three axes: the theory of interpersonal relations, the therapeutic relationship in Peplau's theory and the counseling sub-role. Results: The three axes were detailed, combining the contributions of the literature, with new possibilities of application of the theoretical framework. Conclusion: The Theory of Interpersonal Relations focusing on the concept of counseling enables reflections on the representation of nurses as therapists and strengthens nursing actions in the context of mental health care.Descriptors: Nursing; Psychiatric Nursing; Nursing theory; Mental Health.TEORÍA DE LAS RELACIONES INTERPERSONALES: REFLEXIONES ACERCA DE LA FUNCIÓN TERAPÉUTICA DEL ENFERMERO EN SALUD MENTALObjetivo: Reflexionar teóricamente sobre la importancia de la Teoría de las Relaciones Interpersonales de Peplau, contextualizada con el proceso de formación de la identidad del enfermero como terapeuta en salud mental y psiquiatría. Metodología: A partir del estudio del trabajo de Peplau sobre las relaciones interpersonales en enfermería y otros textos, la reflexión se organizó en tres ejes: la teoría de las relaciones interpersonales, la relación terapéutica en la teoría de Peplau y el sub-rol de asesor/consejero. Resultados: Los tres ejes fueron detallados, combinando las contribuciones de la literatura, con nuevas posibilidades de aplicación del marco teórico. Conclusión: La teoría de las relaciones interpersonales, centrada en el concepto de asesoramiento, permite reflexionar sobre la representación de las enfermeras como terapeutas y fortalece las acciones de enfermería en el contexto de la atención de la salud mental.Descriptores: Enfermería, Enfermería Psiquiátrica, Teoría de Enfermería, Salud Mental.

Bones of Contention: China’s World War II Military Graves in India, Burma, and Papua New Guinea

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linh D. Vu
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
The United States ◽  
World War ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
Chinese State ◽  
International Status

Abstract Exploring the construction and maintenance of Nationalist Chinese soldiers’ graves overseas, this article sheds light on post-World War II commemorative politics. After having fought for the Allies against Japanese aggression in the China-Burma-India Theater, the Chinese expeditionary troops sporadically received posthumous care from Chinese veterans and diaspora groups. In the Southeast Asia Theater, the Chinese soldiers imprisoned in the Japanese-run camps in Rabaul were denied burial in the Allied war cemetery and recognition as military heroes. Analyzing archival documents from China, Taiwan, Britain, Australia, and the United States, I demonstrate how the afterlife of Chinese servicemen under foreign sovereignties mattered in the making of the modern Chinese state and its international status.

Do We Need a Postmodern Anthropology for Mission in a Postcolonial World?

2011 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. Rynkiewich
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
United States ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Cultural Anthropology ◽  
The United States ◽  
Symbiotic Relationship ◽  
World War ◽  
Fields Of Study ◽  
The Social ◽  
Cross Fertilization

Abstract There was a time when mission studies benefitted from a symbiotic relationship with the social sciences. However, it appears that relationship has stagnated and now is waning. The argument is made here, in the case of cultural anthropology both in Europe and the United States, that a once mutually beneficial though sometimes strained relationship has suffered a parting of the ways in recent decades. First, the article reviews the relationships between missionaries and anthropologists before World War II when it was possible to be a ‘missionary anthropologist’ with a foot in both disciplines. In that period, the conversation went two ways with missionary anthropologists making important contributions to anthropology. Then, the article reviews some aspects of the development of the two disciplines after World War II when increasing professionalism in both disciplines and a postmodern turn in anthropology took the disciplines in different directions. Finally, the article asks whether or not the conversation, and thus the cross-fertilization, can be restarted, especially since the youngest generation of anthropologists has recognized the reality of local Christianities in their fields of study.

The German Problem: 1945–1950

1968 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus Epstein
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Prior Knowledge ◽  
Good Deal ◽  
The United States ◽  
Political Orientation ◽  
World War ◽  
Narrative History ◽  
German Question ◽  
The Future

Schwarz's study Vom Reich zur Bundesrepublik is, in the opinion of this reviewer, the single most important book on the occupation studyperiod in Germany after World War II that has yet appeared. It is not an ordinary narrative history—indeed, it presupposes a good deal of prior knowledge—but is rather a topical analysis of the following problems: the various possible solutions to the German question in the years after 1945; the policies toward Germany of the four victorious powers—Russia, France, Britain, and the United States; the development of German attitudes on the future political orientation of one or two Germanies; and finally, the factors that led to the voluntary acceptance of Western integration by most West Germans even though this integration meant the partition of Germany.

Morality for the “Democracy of God”: George Albert Coe and the Liberal Protestant Critique of American Character Education, 1917–1940

2005 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
David P. Setran
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World War I ◽  
Character Education ◽  
Moral Education ◽  
Social Order ◽  
The United States ◽  
Columbia University ◽  
World War ◽  
Moral Decision Making ◽  
American Character

AbstractIn the years between World War I and World War II in the United States, public and religious educators engaged in an extended struggle to define the appropriate nature of character education for American youth. Within a post-war culture agonizing over the sanctions of moral living in the wake of mass violence and vanishing certitudes, a group of conservative educators sought to shore up traditional values through the construction of morality codes defining the characteristics of the “good American.” At the same time, a group of liberal progressive educators set forth a vigorous critique of these popular character education programs. This article analyzes the nature of this liberal critique by looking at one leading liberal spokesperson, George Albert Coe. Coe taught at Union Theological Seminary and Teachers College, Columbia University, and used his platform in these institutions to forge a model of character education derived from the combined influences of liberal Protestantism and Deweyan progressive education. Coe posited a two-pronged vision for American moral education rooted in the need for both procedural democracy (collaborative moral decision making) and a democratic social order. Utilizing this vision of the “democracy of God,” Coe demonstrated the inadequacies of code-based models, pointing in particular to the anachronism of traditional virtues in a world of social interdependence, the misguided individualism of the virtues, and the indoctrinatory nature of conservative programs. He proposed that youth be allowed to participate in moral experimentation, adopting ideals through scientific testing rather than unthinking allegiance to authoritative commands. Expanding the meaning of morality to include social as well as personal righteousness, he also made character education a vehicle of social justice. In the end, I contend that Coe's democratic model of character education, because of its scientific epistemological hegemony and devaluing of tradition, actually failed to promote a truly democratic character.

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