Human Gingival Epithelial Cells Produce Chemotactic Factors Interleukin-8 and Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 After Stimulation WithPorphyromonas gingivalisvia Toll-Like Receptor 2

ABSTRACT Tannerella forsythia is a gram-negative anaerobe strongly associated with chronic human periodontitis. This bacterium expresses a cell surface-associated and secreted protein, designated BspA, which has been recognized as an important virulence factor. The BspA protein belongs to the leucine-rich repeat (LRR) and bacterial immunoglobulin-like protein families. BspA is, moreover, a multifunctional protein which interacts with a variety of host cells, including monocytes which appear to respond to BspA through Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling. Since gingival epithelium forms a barrier against periodontal pathogens, this study was undertaken to determine if gingival epithelial cells respond to BspA challenge and if TLRs play any role in BspA recognition. This study was also directed towards identifying the BspA domains responsible for cellular activation. We provide direct evidence for BspA binding to TLR2 and demonstrate that the release of the chemokine interleukin-8 from human gingival epithelial cells by BspA is TLR2 dependent. Furthermore, the LRR domain of BspA is involved in activation of TLR2, while TLR1 serves as a signaling partner. Thus, our findings suggest that BspA is an important modulator of host innate immune responses through activation of TLR2 in cooperation with TLR1.

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Apolipoprotein CIII Induces Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 and Interleukin 6 Expression Via Toll-Like Receptor 2 Pathway in Mouse Adipocytes: Retracted

Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology ◽

10.1161/atvbaha.110.210427 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 30 (11) ◽

pp. 2242-2248 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Yasuko Abe ◽

Akio Kawakami ◽

Mizuko Osaka ◽

Satoshi Uematsu ◽

Shizuo Akira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Interleukin 6 ◽

Toll Like Receptor ◽

Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein 1 ◽

Monocyte Chemoattractant ◽

Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein ◽

Apolipoprotein Ciii ◽

Toll Like Receptor 2 ◽

Mouse Adipocytes

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Oral Treponemes and Their Outer Membrane Extracts Activate Human Gingival Epithelial Cells through Toll-Like Receptor 2

Infection and Immunity ◽

10.1128/iai.71.2.717-725.2003 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 71 (2) ◽

pp. 717-725 ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

Yasuyuki Asai ◽

Takayoshi Jinno ◽

Tomohiko Ogawa

Keyword(s):

Monoclonal Antibody ◽

Epithelial Cells ◽

Mrna Expression ◽

Outer Membrane ◽

Periodontal Diseases ◽

Treponema Denticola ◽

Toll Like Receptor ◽

Gingival Epithelial Cells ◽

Toll Like Receptor 2 ◽

Human Gingival Epithelial Cells

ABSTRACT Oral treponemes are considered to be important in the development and progression of periodontal diseases. We investigated the mechanisms of recognition and activation of human gingival epithelial cells (HGEC) with the oral treponemes Treponema denticola, Treponema vincentii, and Treponema medium and their outer membrane extracts (OMEs). T. vincentii and T. medium but not T. denticola produced interleukin 8 (IL-8) in an HGEC culture. Further, all three treponemes induced IL-8 mRNA expression and NF-κB activation in HGEC. Among them, T. denticola especially exhibited trypsin- and chymotrypsin-like protease activities, and the addition of chymostatin, a chymotrypsin protease inhibitor, resulted in detectable IL-8 production by HGEC cultured with T. denticola. Additionally, IL-8 mRNA expression in HGEC cultured with the three treponemes and their OMEs was definitely inhibited by the mouse anti-human Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) monoclonal antibody TL2.1. These findings suggest that oral treponemes and their OMEs activate HGEC through TLR2.

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Treponema denticola Suppresses Expression of Human β-Defensin-3 in Gingival Epithelial Cells through Inhibition of the Toll-Like Receptor 2 Axis

Infection and Immunity ◽

10.1128/iai.00808-09 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 78 (2) ◽

pp. 672-679 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Ji Eun Shin ◽

Young Sook Kim ◽

Ju-Eun Oh ◽

Byung-Moo Min ◽

Youngnim Choi

Keyword(s):

Epithelial Cells ◽

Suppressive Effect ◽

Inhibitory Effect ◽

Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽

Treponema Denticola ◽

Toll Like Receptor ◽

Periodontal Pathogens ◽

Gingival Epithelial Cells ◽

Toll Like Receptor 2 ◽

Human Gingival Epithelial Cells

ABSTRACT We reported previously that Treponema denticola, one of the periodontal pathogens, suppresses the expression of human β-defensins (HBDs) in human gingival epithelial cells. To identify the mechanisms involved in this suppression, immortalized and normal human gingival epithelial cells were infected with live or heat-killed T. denticola for 24 h, and then the expression of HBDs was examined by real-time RT-PCR. Live T. denticola suppressed the expression of HBD-3 substantially and also suppressed the expression of HBD-1 and HBD-2. However, heat-killed bacteria did not produce a suppressive effect but instead slightly upregulated the levels of HBD-2 and HBD-3. In contrast to live T. denticola, which reduced the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and NF-κB within an hour of infection, heat-killed bacteria did not show any inhibitory effect on the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways. Knockdown of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) via RNA interference abolished the suppressive effect of T. denticola on the expression of HBD-3. Heat-killed T. denticola but not live bacteria could activate TLR2 in CHO/CD14/TLR2 reporter cells, suggesting that T. denticola contains a heat-labile inhibitor(s) of TLR2 in addition to ligands recognized by TLR2. Indeed, live T. denticola was able to inhibit TLR2 activation by Pam3CSK. In conclusion, T. denticola suppressed the expression of HBD-3 by inhibiting the TLR2 axis in gingival epithelial cells. These results may provide new insight into the pathogenesis of periodontitis caused by T. denticola.

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The JAK2-Akt-glycogen synthase kinase-3β signaling pathway is involved in toll-like receptor 2-induced monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 regulation

Molecular Medicine Reports ◽

10.3892/mmr.2012.741 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 5 (4) ◽

pp. 1063-1067 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

DAE-WEON PARK ◽

HYUNG-KYOUNG LEE ◽

TAE-WHAL JEONG ◽

JIN-SIK KIM ◽

YOE-SIK BAE ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Signaling Pathway ◽

Glycogen Synthase ◽

Glycogen Synthase Kinase ◽

Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3Β ◽

Toll Like Receptor ◽

Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein 1 ◽

Monocyte Chemoattractant ◽

Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein ◽

Toll Like Receptor 2

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Production of chemokines, interleukin-8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, during monocyte: endothelial cell interactions

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v86.7.2767.bloodjournal8672767 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 86 (7) ◽

pp. 2767-2773 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

NW Lukacs ◽

RM Strieter ◽

V Elner ◽

HL Evanoff ◽

MD Burdick ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Endothelial Cells ◽

Endothelial Cell ◽

Cell Interactions ◽

Interleukin 8 ◽

Mrna Levels ◽

Ifn Gamma ◽

Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein 1 ◽

Monocyte Chemoattractant ◽

Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein ◽

Soluble Collagen

The extravasation of leukocytes from the lumen of the vessel to a site of inflammation requires specific binding events. The interaction of leukocytes with endothelium, via specific receptors, may provide intracellular signals that activate extravasating cells. In the present study, we have investigated the production of chemokines, interleukin-8 (IL-8), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) during monocyte: endothelial cell interactions. Both unstimulated and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)-prestimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) produced low constitutive levels of IL-8 and MCP-1. The addition of enriched monocytes with unstimulated HUVEC resulted in synergistic increases in production of both IL-8 and MCP-1. Monocytes cultured with IFN-gamma-preactivated HUVECs demonstrated little additional increase in IL-8 and MCP-1 production in coculture assays compared with unstimulated HUVEC. Northern blot analysis paralleled the protein data, demonstrating upregulated expression of IL-8 and MCP-1 mRNA in stimulated and unstimulated coculture assays. Culture of enriched monocytes and endothelial cells in transwells demonstrated no increases in IL-8 or MCP-1, indicating the necessity for cellular contact for chemokine production. In previous investigations, we have demonstrated that increased monocyte-derived MIP-1 alpha production was induced by intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) interactions on activated HUVECs. In contrast, addition of anti-ICAM-1 monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) did not diminish the production of IL-8 and MCP-1 in the present study. Furthermore, neither antibodies to IL-1 nor tumor necrosis factor (TNF) diminished the production of either IL-8 or MCP- 1. However, when soluble matrix proteins were added to the coculture to block cellular interactions, the chemokine protein and mRNA levels were significantly decreased. IL-8 production was decreased by both soluble collagen and fibronectin, whereas MCP-1 was decreased by only soluble collagen, suggesting differential activation pathways. These results indicate that IL-8 and MCP-1 production are increased during monocyte and endothelial cell interactions in part due to matrix protein binding mechanisms. This mechanism may serve a role in cell activation, production of chemokines, as well as extravasation and recruitment of additional leukocytes during inflammatory responses.

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