Advances in understanding the nutritional value of lipids in wheat

2021 ◽  
pp. 73-96
Author(s):  
Marina Carcea ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Carboxylic Acids ◽  
Wheat Germ ◽  
Human Nutrition ◽  
Starch Granules ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Grain Composition ◽  
Small Component ◽  
Structural Types ◽  
Wheat Kernels

Lipids are a small component in the wheat grain composition (2-4%) and roughly, two thirds (66%) of them are contained in the germ, 15% are in the bran and particularly in the aleuronic layer, whereas about 20% are distributed in the endosperm, partly within the starch granules. They include a variety of different structural types, i.e. carboxylic acids (or fatty acids); mono, di and triacylglycerols (triglycerides or neutral fats); phospholipids; glycolipids; waxes; terpenes; steroids and alkylresorcinols. This chapter reviews the importance of lipids in wheat kernels and their significance in wheat technology and products. It also addresses the significance of wheat lipids and associated substances in human nutrition. A discussion on the wheat germ and how this wheat germ can be used to produce wheat oil is also included.

scholarly journals Fatty Acids Present in Wheat Kernels Influence the Development of the Grain Weevil (Sitophilus granarius L.)

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 806
Author(s):  
Mariusz Nietupski ◽  
Emilia Ludwiczak ◽  
Robert Cabaj ◽  
Cezary Purwin ◽  
Bożena Kordan
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Quantitative Composition ◽  
Sitophilus Granarius ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Cereal Grain ◽  
Winter Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Natural Tolerance ◽  
Offspring Generation ◽  
Wheat Kernels

Sitophilus granarius (L.) is considered to be one of the major pests causing damage to cereal grain stored in silos and granaries. Using traditional methods (synthetic insecticides, mechanical, or physical methods) to control this pest is either ineffective or dangerous to people and nature. It is, therefore, necessary to develop new cultivars of cereals that will be distinguished by a high natural tolerance of the foraging by S. granarius. The aim of this study is expressed in the set research hypothesis, stating that the number of offspring of the grain weevil on stored wheat kernels can depend on the content of fatty acids in the kernels. Thus, the qualitative and quantitative composition of fatty acids was determined in kernels of 10 winter wheat cultivars, and the abundance of the beetle’s offspring generation of S. granarius that developed on the wheat grain, as well as the mass of produced dust and loss in the mass of wheat grain were determined. By applying statistical analyses (GLM, ANOVA, Pearson’s linear correlation coefficient, and analysis of redundancy), the presence and character of the dependence between the determined content of fatty acids in wheat grain and the factors describing the development of S. granarius were established. The research results indicate that fatty acids from the groups C 18:1 and C 20:1 probably play an important role as substances stimulating the increase in the number of the tested pest progeny. In contrast, fatty acids C 15:0, C 16:1, and C 18:3, which were determined in large amounts in the grain of wheat cultivars Speedway, KWS Livius, and Julius, can reduce the number of offspring of pest insect.

Fish oil plus wheat germ oil have no prominent effect on homocysteine levels and nutritional indices in hemodialysis patients

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Hadeer Zakaria ◽  
Tarek M. Mostafa ◽  
Gamal A. El-Azab ◽  
Nagy AH Sayed-Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Vitamin E ◽  
Fish Oil ◽  
Wheat Germ ◽  
Hemodialysis Patients ◽  
Nutritional Indices ◽  
Omega 3 Fatty Acids ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Wheat Germ Oil ◽  
Serum Homocysteine

Abstract. Background: Elevated homocysteine levels and malnutrition are frequently detected in hemodialysis patients and are believed to exacerbate cardiovascular comorbidities. Omega-3 fatty acids have been postulated to lower homocysteine levels by up-regulating metabolic enzymes and improving substrate availability for homocysteine degradation. Additionally, it has been suggested that prevention of folate depletion by vitamin E consumption decreases homocysteine levels. However, data on the effect of omega-3 fatty acids and/or vitamin E on homocysteine levels and nutritional status have been inconclusive. Therefore, this study was planned to examine the effect of combined supplementation of fish oil, as a source of omega-3 fatty acids, with wheat germ oil, as a source of vitamin E, on homocysteine and nutritional indices in hemodialysis patients. Methods: This study was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Forty-six hemodialysis patients were randomly assigned to two equally-sized groups; a supplemented group who received 3000 mg/day of fish oil [1053 mg omega-3 fatty acids] plus 300 mg/day of wheat germ oil [0.765 mg vitamin E], and a matched placebo group who received placebo capsules for 4 months. Serum homocysteine and different nutritional indices were measured before and after the intervention. Results: Twenty patients in each group completed the study. At the end of the study, there were no significant changes in homocysteine levels and in the nutritional indices neither in the supplemented nor in the placebo-control groups (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Fish oil and wheat germ oil combination did not produce significant effects on serum homocysteine levels and nutritional indices of hemodialysis patients.

USE OF ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS AND THEIR ROLE IN THE HUMAN ORGANISM DEVELOPMENT

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 1219-1225
Author(s):  
Filip Jovanovski ◽  
Toni Mitrovski ◽  
Viktorija Bezhovska
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
The Body ◽  
Human Nutrition ◽  
Human Organism ◽  
Working Ability ◽  
The World ◽  
Growth Development

Food is not just a pleasure in life, it is also an important factor for our health. Human nutrition is a mixture of nutrients, which are the only source of energy needed for survival. Energy-poor diet endangers many life functions, and above all the working ability. In the world, the meaning of the diet is very serious, and hence the demands for a –rational, healthy and safe diet are growing. Human nutrition contains saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Essential fatty acids (EFAs) must be ingested in everyday diet because the body does not produce it. They are very important for human health. They are present in each cell of the human body and are an important factor for the normal growth, development and functioning of cells, muscles, nerves and organs. They are also used in the production of certain hormones - such as prostaglandins, which are crucial for the performance of certain important processes. The deficit from EFAs is due to a number of health problems, including more serious diseases.

scholarly journals β-Nitrationo f 5-Substituted Thiophene-2-carboxylic Acids and ω-(5-Bromo-2-thenoyl)-fatty Acids

1961 ◽  
Vol 82 (10) ◽  
pp. 1413-1416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shoji NISHIMUR ◽  
Eiji IMOTO
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Carboxylic Acids

Direct amidation of carboxylic acids with amines under microwave irradiation using silica gel as a solid support

2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 3157-3163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Ojeda-Porras ◽  
Alejandra Hernández-Santana ◽  
Diego Gamba-Sánchez
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Microwave Irradiation ◽  
Carboxylic Acids ◽  
Silica Gel ◽  
Solid Support ◽  
Secondary Amines ◽  
Primary And Secondary Amines ◽  
Direct Amidation

A highly improved methodology for the direct amidation of carboxylic acids with amines using silica gel as a solid support and catalyst is described. Several examples using aliphatic, aromatic, unsaturated and fatty acids combined with primary and secondary amines are shown.

scholarly journals Effects of lipids on nucleotide inhibition of wheat-germ aspartate transcarbamoylase: evidence of an additional level of control?

1996 ◽  
Vol 313 (2) ◽  
pp. 669-673 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashan KHAN ◽  
Babur Z. CHOWDHRY ◽  
Robert J. YON
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Wheat Germ ◽  
Hill Coefficient ◽  
Aspartate Transcarbamoylase ◽  
Kinetic Effect ◽  
Carbamoyl Phosphate ◽  
Allosteric Mechanism ◽  
Additional Level ◽  
Nucleotide Inhibition ◽  
Metabolic Significance

Wheat-germ aspartate transcarbamoylase, a monofunctional trimer, is strongly inhibited by uridine 5ʹ-monophosphate (UMP), which shows kinetic interactions with the substrate, carbamoyl phosphate, suggesting a classical allosteric mechanism of regulation. Inhibition of the purified enzyme by UMP was amplified in the presence of a variety of ionic lipids at concentrations low enough to preclude denaturation. In the absence of UMP, most of these compounds had no kinetic effect or were slightly activating. Two phospholipids did not show the effect. In a homologous series of fatty acids (C6-C16), the potentiating effect was only seen with homologues greater than C8, reaching a maximum at C12. The effect of dodecanoate (C12) on kinetic cooperativity (UMP as variable ligand) was studied. At each of several fixed concentrations of carbamoyl phosphate, dodecanoate had a pronounced effect on the half-saturating concentration of UMP, which was reduced by about half in every case, indicating substantially tighter binding of UMP. However, dodecanoate had relatively little effect on the kinetic Hill coefficient for the cooperativity of UMP. The possible metabolic significance of these effects is discussed.

scholarly journals Comparative analysis of physiologically important fatty acids

2010 ◽  
pp. 71-76
Author(s):  
Gabriella Kövér ◽  
Zoltán Győri
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Vegetable Oils ◽  
Sunflower Seed ◽  
Wheat Germ ◽  
Grape Seed ◽  
Food Science ◽  
Pumpkin Seed

Fatty acid composition of some vegetable oils, like wheat germ, walnut, peanut, hempseed, linseed, sunflower-seed, olive, rapeseed, grape seed or pumpkin seed, analysed at Food Science Institute of Debrecen University, are summarised here. The effect of heat treatments usually used in Hungarian cuisine was examined in this paper.The influence of different fatty acids on human health is also reviewed.

Chapter 11. Short-chain Fatty Acids and Human Nutrition

2021 ◽  
pp. 254-285
Author(s):  
D. Rios-Covián ◽  
A. M. Nogacka ◽  
S. Saturio ◽  
M. Gómez-Martín ◽  
S. González ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Human Nutrition ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

scholarly journals Quality of wheat germ oil obtained by cold pressing and supercritical carbon dioxide extraction

2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 236-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.M. Özcan ◽  
A. Rosa ◽  
M.A. Dessi ◽  
B. Marongıu ◽  
A. Pıras ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Wheat Germ ◽  
Alpha Tocopherol ◽  
Fatty Acid Profiles ◽  
Wheat Germ Oil ◽  
Cold Pressing ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Extraction ◽  
Total Fatty Acids ◽  
Cold Pressed

Laboratory-prepared wheat germ oil was obtained by cold pressing and supercritical CO<sub>2</sub> extraction. The main objective was to compare the quality of both oil samples obtained, with emphasis on their fatty acids compositions and tocopherol contents. The percentages of palmitic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids determined in the cold-pressed oil were 15.89, 15.48, 54.88, and 7.34% of total fatty acids, respectively, and those in the oil extracted by supercritical CO<sub>2</sub> were 16.50, 15.05, 54.79, and 7.29% of total fatty acids, respectively. The average proportions of saturated, mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids calculated for wheat germ oil obtained by cold pressing accounted for 17.15, 17.63, and 62.22% of total fatty acids, respectively, and those calculated for wheat germ oil extracted by supercritical CO<sub>2</sub> were very similar, accounting for 18.14, 17.58, and 62.08% of total fatty acids, respectively. As expected, the fatty acid profiles determined in both oils studied were observed to be almost identical. In contrast, the level of &alpha;-tocopherol in the oil extracted by supercritical CO<sub>2</sub> was found to be considerably higher (1.27 mg/g) than that in the oil obtained by the cold pressing procedure (0.79 mg/g). &nbsp;

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