Regulacje prawne spółki cywilnej według ustawodawstw pozaborowych w II RP

Legal regulations of private partnerships in the Second Polish Republic following the partition periodThe author analyses the institution of private partnership in the Second Polish Republic from the entry into force in 1934 of the Polish Code of Obligations. He examines post-partition civil law in force in the central part of Poland and in Poland’s Eastern Borderlands, later in the southern part of Poland, and finally in the Western Territories. Thus he presents private partnership in Code civil des Français, also known as Code Napoléon — Napoleonic Code of 1804; in Svod Zakonov Rossiyskoy Imperii of 1832 in its 1914 edition with amendments and supplements; in Allgemeines Bürgerlisches Gesetzbuch ABGB, i.e. the Austrian Civil Code of 1811, with amendments; and the German Civil Code of 1896 — Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch BGB.The author’s objective is to demonstrate similarities and differences in the legal constructs of private partnership in the foreign legislation temporarily kept in force in Poland, emphasising the differences that constituted areal challenge for Polish codifiers in the Second Polish Republic. The article presents ahistorical-legal perspective and emphasises the significance of the author’s analysis of post-partition regulations of private partnerships in the Second Polish Republic to research into the current legislation in Poland in this respect. Juridical constructs as well as the content of the current regulations point to influences primarily of German legislation but also Austrian, French and Swiss legislations, with an evolution of views expressed in case-law and the doctrine, both Polish and foreign. Gesetzliche Regelungen zur Gesellschaft bürgerlichen Rechts nach den Gesetzgebungen der Nachteilungszeit in der Zweiten Polnischen RepublikIm Artikel wurde die Institution der Gesellschaft bürgerlichen Rechts in der Zweiten Polnischen Republik bis zum Inkrafttreten des polnischen Schuldrechtsbuches im Jahre 1934 analysiert. Der Autor befasste sich mit der Gesetzgebung der Nachteilungszeit, die auf den zentralen Gebieten und im Ostpolen, dann auf den südlichen Gebieten, d.h. in Kleinpolen und im Teschener Schlesien sowie in den Westgebieten galt. Er stellte daher der Reihe nach die Gesellschaft bürgerlichen Rechts im Code civil des Français auch Code Napoléon genannt — dem Kodex Napoleons aus dem Jahre 1804, im Swod Zakonow Rossijskoj Imperii aus dem Jahre 1832, nach der Ausgabe von 1914 mitsamt der Änderungen und Ergänzungen, im Allgemeinen Bürgerlichen Gesetzbuch ABGB, d.h. dem österreichischen Zivilgesetzbuch aus dem Jahre 1811, mit Änderungen und im deutschen Zivilgesetzbuch aus dem Jahre 1896 — dem Bürgerlichen Gesetzbuch BGB dar.Ziel des Autors war, auf die Ähnlichkeiten und Unterschiede in der rechtlichen Konstruktion der Gesellschaft bürgerlichen Rechts in der zeitweilig in Polen in Kraft bleibenden fremden Gesetzgebung hinzuweisen, mit nachdrücklicher Hervorhebung dieser Unterschiede, die eine wahre Aufforderung für die polnischen Kodifikatoren in der Zweiten Polnischen Republik darstellten.Der Artikel hebt sowohl die geschichtsrechtliche Perspektive hervor, als auch betont den erkenntnisreichen Inhalt der durchgeführten Analyse der nachteilungszeitlichen rechtlichen Regulierung der Institution der Gesellschaft bürgerlichen Rechts in der Zweiten Polnischen Republik für die Forschungen über die aktuelle diesbezügliche Rechtslage in Polen. Die juridischen Konstruktionen und der Inhalt der derzeit geltenden Vorschriften zeigen Einflüsse vor allem der deutschen Gesetzgebung, aber auch der österreichischen, französischen und sogar der schweizerischen mitsamt der Evolution der Ansichten der Rechtsprechung und der Rechtsdoktrin, sowohl der fremden, wie auch der polnischen.

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Nienależne świadczenie w polskim Kodeksie zobowiązań z 1933 r. na tle porównawczym

Krakowskie Studia z Historii Państwa i Prawa ◽

10.4467/20844131ks.16.004.5076 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 67-95

Author(s):

Jan Halberda ◽

Keyword(s):

Civil Code ◽

Roman Law ◽

Legal Provisions ◽

Polish Code ◽

Code Civil

Undue Payment in the Polish Code of Obligations of 1933 as Compared with Other Regulations of That Time The present paper discusses the concept of undue payment as found in the Polish Code of Obligations of 1933. The research is comparative in nature since it also explores the institution in question in other contemporary codes (Code Civil, ABGB, BGB and Obligationrecht), Roman law, and the Polish Civil Code of 1964 (1). The discussion is concerned with the framework of legal provisions on undue payment in the aforementioned sources (2). Furthermore, while applying a framework of the Roman condictiones the paper analyses the grounds of the action (3). It presents circumstances which allowed a payor to seek recovery of his payment (4–6) and those which precluded the claim (7). Then the paper gives an illustration of the scope of a payee’s liability (8). In his fi nal remarks, the author attempts to assess undue payment as regulated in the Code of Obligations (9).

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Instytucja niesłusznego zbogacenia w polskim Kodeksie zobowiązań z 1933 roku na tle współczesnych kodyfikacji

Krakowskie Studia z Historii Państwa i Prawa ◽

10.4467/20844131ks.12.024.0925 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 5 (4) ◽

pp. 307-328

Author(s):

Jan Halberda ◽

Keyword(s):

Civil Code ◽

The Other ◽

Unjust Enrichment ◽

Polish Code ◽

Odwołanie darowizny w polskim kodeksie zobowiązań z 1933 r.

Prawo ◽

10.19195/0524-4544.324.11 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 324 ◽

pp. 211-228

Author(s):

Łukasz Baszak

Keyword(s):

Supreme Court ◽

Civil Code ◽

The Supreme Court ◽

Russian Law ◽

Civil Codes ◽

Polish Code ◽

The Impact ◽

Code Civil

Cancellation of donation in the Polish Code of Obligations of 1933The article provides an analysis of the provisions of the Polish Code of Obligations of 1933 concerning cancellation of donation. The author discusses the provisions of Articles 364–369 of the Code, taking into account the impact of the various donation cancellation provisions included in regional codes and in other civil codes, i.e. the German Civil Code of 1896; Austrian Civil Code of 1811; Napoleonic Code of 1804; volume X, part 1 of the Russian Svod Zakonov Rossiyskoy Imperii of 1832; Swiss obligation law of 1911 and the draft Russian law of obligations of 1913.He also compares the final versions of the articles with their versions from the draft law of obligations by Dr Ernest Till and Prof Roman Longchamps de Berier, who were members of the Codification Commission. In addition, the author cites selected judgements of the Supreme Court dealing with the matter.Der Widerruf einer Schenkung im polnischen Schuldrechtsbuch aus dem Jahre 1933Der Aufsatz stellt die Beschlüsse des polnischen Schuldrechtsbuches aus dem Jahre 1933 betreffend den Widerruf einer Schenkung dar. Besprochen wurden daher die Vorschriften der Artikel 364–369 dieses Gesetzbuches. Die Bestimmungen der einzelnen Artikel betreffend diese Institution wurden unter Berücksichtigung des Einflusses der einzelnen Vorschriften betreffend den Widerruf einer Schenkung, die in den Gesetzbüchern der Teilungsgebiete und in anderen Zivilgesetzbüchern, d.h. im deutschen Bürgerlichen Gesetzbuch BGB aus dem Jahre 1896, im österreichischen Allgemeinen Bürgerlichen Gesetzbuch ABGB aus dem Jahre 1811, im Napoleons Code civil aus dem Jahre 1804, im Buch 10 Teil I des russischen Swod Zakonow Rossijskoj Imperii aus dem Jahre 1832 sowie dem schweizerischen Obligationsrecht in der Fassung von 1911 und im Entwurf des russischen Verpflichtungsrechtes aus dem Jahre 1913 analysiert.Der letzte Wortlaut der einzelnen Artikel wurde auch mit ihrer Formulierung im einführenden Entwurf des Schuldrechtes von Prof. Dr. Ernst Till und Prof. Dr. Roman Longchamps de Berier, den Mitgliedern der Kodifikationskommission verglichen. Ergänzend zu der Analyse der einzelnen Vorschriften über den Widerruf einer Schenkung nannte der Autor auch ausgewählte Beschlüsse des Obersten Gerichtes aus diesem Bereich.

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Contracts of Carriage: Legislation and Case Law in Estonia

Review of Central and East European Law ◽

10.1163/157303510x12650378240511 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 35 (4) ◽

pp. 341-368

Author(s):

Karin Sein ◽

Triin Uusen-Nacke

Keyword(s):

German Law ◽

Large Degree ◽

Case Law ◽

Civil Code ◽

Considerable Influence ◽

Domestic Legislation ◽

German Legislation

AbstractOn 1 July 2002, the new Law of Obligations Act (LOA) entered into force in Estonia regulating inter alia contracts for the carriage of goods and contracts for the carriage of passengers. This article highlights these new regulations as well as relevant Estonian case law.The article demonstrates that, in respect of contracts for the carriage of goods, German legislation and case law have exerted considerable influence on the drafting of relevant provisions in the 2001 LOA as well as Estonian case law in this field. In addition, the importance of the the 1956 Convention on the Contract for the International Carriage of Goods by Road (CMR Convention) cannot be overlooked: it serves as a model for drafting domestic legislation and, also, has a role in case law and national practice.That part of the 2001 LOA regulating contracts for the carriage of passengers has been drafted on the basis of Book 8 "Vehicles and Carriage" of the 1991 Dutch Civil Code; but, contrary to the Dutch Code, the LOA does not distinguish among types of carriers. In particular, with regard to carriers' liability for the carriage of passengers, the provisions have been modeled, to a large degree, upon the 1929 Warsaw Convention, the 1961 Guadalajara Convention, the 1974 Athens Convention and the 1990 German Law on the Carriage of Passengers (Personenbeförderungsgesetz). The authors consider the choice of statutory models for contracts for the carriage of goods and passengers to be fully justified as they ensure the compliance of relevant Estonian legislation with modern standards.

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Undue Payment in the Polish Code of Obligations of 1933 as Compared with Other Regulations of That Time

Krakowskie Studia z Historii Państwa i Prawa ◽

10.4467/20844131ks.16.035.6973 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 9 (Special Issue) ◽

pp. 63-94

Author(s):

Jan Halberda

Keyword(s):

Civil Code ◽

Roman Law ◽

Legal Provisions ◽

Polish Code ◽

Code Civil

The present paper discusses the concept of undue payment as found in the Polish Code of Obligations of 1933. The research is comparative in nature since it also explores the institution in question in other contemporary codes (Code Civil, ABGB, BGB and Obligationrecht), Roman law, and the Polish Civil Code of 1964 (1). The discussion is concerned with the framework of legal provisions on undue payment in the aforementioned sources (2). Furthermore, while applying a framework of the Roman condictiones the paper analyses the grounds of the action (3). It presents circumstances which allowed a payor to seek recovery of his payment (4–6) and those which precluded the claim (7). Then the paper gives an illustration of the scope of a payee’s liability (8). In his final remarks, the author attempts to assess undue payment as regulated in the Code of Obligations (9).

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Formation of Contract and Third Parties in Cambodia

10.1093/oso/9780198808114.003.0017 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ly Tayseng

Keyword(s):

Academic Writing ◽

Case Law ◽

Civil Code ◽

Third Parties ◽

Third Party ◽

The Third ◽

Contract Formation ◽

The Law ◽

The Right ◽

Formal Requirements

This chapter gives an overview of the law on contract formation and third party beneficiaries in Cambodia. Much of the discussion is tentative since the new Cambodian Civil Code only entered into force from 21 December 2011 and there is little case law and academic writing fleshing out its provisions. The Code owes much to the Japanese Civil Code of 1898 and, like the latter, does not have a requirement of consideration and seldom imposes formal requirements but there are a few statutory exceptions from the principle of freedom from form. For a binding contract, the agreement of the parties is required and the offer must be made with the intention to create a legally binding obligation and becomes effective once it reaches the offeree. The new Code explicitly provides that the parties to the contract may agree to confer a right arising under the contract upon a third party. This right accrues directly from their agreement; it is not required that the third party declare its intention to accept the right.

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Contracts for the Benefit of Third Parties in Japan

10.1093/oso/9780198808114.003.0013 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Masami Okino

Keyword(s):

Case Analysis ◽

Case Law ◽

Contract Law ◽

Civil Code ◽

Third Parties ◽

Third Party ◽

German Model ◽

Recent Debate ◽

The Law

This chapter discusses the law on third party beneficiaries in Japan; mostly characterized by adherence to the German model that still bears an imprint on Japanese contract law. Thus, there is neither a doctrine of consideration nor any other justification for a general doctrine of privity, and contracts for the benefit of third parties are generally enforceable as a matter of course. Whether an enforceable right on the part of a third party is created is simply a matter of interpretation of the contract which is always made on a case-by-case analysis but there are a number of typical scenarios where the courts normally find the existence (or non-existence) of a contract for the benefit of a third party. In the recent debate on reform of Japanese contract law, wide-ranging suggestions were made for revision of the provisions on contracts for the benefit of third parties in the Japanese Civil Code. However, it turned out that reform in this area was confined to a very limited codification of established case law.

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The Debate about Soviet Genocide in Lithuania in the Case Law of The European Court of Human Rights

Nationalities Papers ◽

10.1017/nps.2020.56 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-16

Author(s):

Dovilė Sagatienė

Keyword(s):

Human Rights ◽

Case Law ◽

European Convention ◽

Genocide Convention ◽

Legal Regulations ◽

Legal Instrument ◽

Soviet Occupation ◽

European Court

Abstract Since 1990 Lithuania has been claiming that what happened there during Soviet occupation is genocide, as per the 1948 Genocide Convention, which embodies universal justice for suppressed nations and other groups. Due to Soviet actions in Lithuania throughout the periods of 1940-1941 and 1944-1990, the country lost almost one fifth of its population. The application of Lithuanian national legal regulations regarding this issue has been recently discussed in the framework of another postwar international legal instrument – the European Convention of Human Rights (1950). The goal of this article is to examine the main debates, which were revealed by the European Court of Human Rights in the cases of Vasiliauskas v. Lithuania (2015) and Drėlingas v. Lithuania (2019), regarding the killings of Lithuanian partisans, including the recognition of the significance of partisans for the Lithuanian nation, the foreseeability of genocide “in part,” as well as the punishment for complicity in killing Lithuanian partisans.

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CODIFICATION, CONSOLIDATION, RESTATEMENT? HOW BEST TO SYSTEMISE THE MODERN LAW OF TORT

International and Comparative Law Quarterly ◽

10.1017/s0020589321000087 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 70 (2) ◽

pp. 271-305

Author(s):

Paula Giliker

Keyword(s):

Comparative Study ◽

Common Law ◽

Civil Law ◽

Tort Law ◽

Case Law ◽

Legal Scholarship ◽

Legal Rules ◽

The Law ◽

Codal Provisions ◽

Code Civil

AbstractThe law of tort (or extra or non-contractual liability) has been criticised for being imprecise and lacking coherence. Legal systems have sought to systemise its rules in a number of ways. While civil law systems generally place tort law in a civil code, common law systems have favoured case-law development supported by limited statutory intervention consolidating existing legal rules. In both systems, case law plays a significant role in maintaining the flexibility and adaptability of the law. This article will examine, comparatively, different means of systemising the law of tort, contrasting civil law codification (taking the example of recent French proposals to update the tort provisions of the Code civil) with common law statutory consolidation and case-law intervention (using examples taken from English and Australian law). In examining the degree to which these formal means of systemisation are capable of improving the accessibility, intelligibility, clarity and predictability of the law of tort, it will also address the role played by informal sources, be they ambitious restatements of law or other means. It will be argued that given the nature of tort law, at best, any form of systemisation (be it formal or informal) can only seek to minimise any lack of precision and coherence. However, as this comparative study shows, further steps are needed, both in updating outdated codal provisions and rethinking the type of legal scholarship that might best assist the courts.

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Use of the public-and-private partnership agreements in the conditions of imperfection of legal regulations in the Russian Federation

10.33920/str-01-2112-08 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 55-62

Author(s):

I. S. Polyakova

Keyword(s):

Russian Federation ◽

Legal Regulation ◽

Controversial Issues ◽

Legal Regulations ◽

Infrastructure Projects ◽

Public And Private ◽

Private Partnership ◽

The Public ◽

Private Investments ◽

The Russian Federation

The objective of this research is to consider some controversial issues of the development of public-and-private partnership (and concession agreements as its most common form) in Russia. Some complaints made by Federal Antimonopoly Service of the Russian Federation to some infrastructure projects are reviewed. The author studied dynamics of private investments into infrastructure projects in the conditions of imperfect legal regulation. The assessment of the validity of the position of Federal Antimonopoly Service is given. It is predicted whether the legislative collisions will prevent the growth of private investments into infrastructure. Recommendations on the development of the mechanism of public-and-private partnership with the observance of antimonopoly regulation, as well as recommendation on the improvement of the legislation in this area are developed. The results of the research can be used by both private participants of public-and-private partnership and the federal, regional and municipal authorities, and also by legislators working on the improvement of the legislative regulation in this area.

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