scholarly journals Iets om over te praten. De problematiek van het voorzetselvoorwerp in het Nederlands en het Tsjechisch

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 43-56
Author(s):  
Wilken Engelbrecht ◽  
Kateřina Křížová
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Students ◽  
Prepositional Phrase ◽  
Direct Object ◽  
Object Function ◽  
Syntactic Features ◽  
Dutch Language ◽  
Prepositional Object ◽  
Adverbial Clause

For foreign students, the prepositional object is among the most problematic syntactic features of the Dutch language, as its form presents strong similarities with the adverbial clause, but it has an object function. In some cases it is very difficult to even decide whether the prepositional phrase has an adverbial function or is an object comparable with the direct object. In this paper the Dutch prepositional object is compared with similar constructions in the Czech language. Furthermore, the function of the preposition and its categorisation are briefly discussed. The paper ends with some criteria for Czech-speaking students to recognize a prepositional object as such.

scholarly journals Discrete Entailment-Based Linking and -EE Nouns in English

2007 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 51-79
Author(s):  
Luis González
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
Logical Structure ◽  
Direct Object ◽  
Natural Class ◽  
Object A ◽  
Role And Reference Grammar ◽  
Indirect Object ◽  
Its Analysis ◽  
Reference Grammar ◽  
Prepositional Object

Barker (1998) argues that since the referent of an -ee noun can be an indirect object, a direct object, a prepositional object, or a subject, -ee nouns cannot be described as a syntactic natural class. Portero Muñoz (2003) concurs and offers a semantic analysis based on Logical Structure (LS) in the framework of Role and Reference Grammar (RRG). This article proposes that RRG’s macroroles (Actor and Undergoer) can be derived with two entailments and without any need for LS. Its analysis improves Portero Muñoz’s, presenting additional evidence that subjects that allow -ee noun formation are Undergoers. It also explains why most -ee nouns are direct objects in spite of the fact that the suffi Xoriginated as a referent for indirect objects. Finally, it offers an explanation for nouns like amputee, pluckee, twistee, benefactee, malefactee, biographee, catapultee, razee, standee, attendee.

Case Study in Training Generalized Instruction-Following Responses to Preposition-Noun Combinations in a Severely Retarded Young Adult

AAESPH Review ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 230-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis E. Mithaug
Keyword(s):  
Young Adult ◽  
Direct Object ◽  
Verbal Cues ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Direct Objects ◽  
Prepositional Object ◽  
Retarded Male

In this study a 16-year-old severely retarded male was trained to respond to instructional requests that included the prepositions “in,” “on,” and “beside.” The training consisted of presenting untrained nouns and prepositions in isolation to develop appropriate discriminations before combining them into multiple-word phrases. Once discrimination was established between four direct-object nouns, four prepositions, and four prepositional-object nouns, the subject was trained briefly to respond to two-word combinations that included a direct object and a prepositional object. Following this training, there were increases in the subject's correct responses to untrained two-word requests and to expanded, untrained phrases containing random combinations of four direct objects, four prepositions, and four prepositional objects. The accuracy of the instruction-following response was evaluated in a second experiment in which the experimenter altered the structure and delivery of the instructional request. When the experimenter added irrelevant cues to the three-word request, “put the ___ ___ the ___,” the subject's accuracy decreased; and when the experimenter paused between the third and fourth words, e.g., “put the ___ (pause) ___ the ___,” accuracy increased. These results indicated that generalization to new instructional forms may depend upon training in the appropriate responses to relevant and irrelevant verbal cues as well as to different styles of delivering the request.

scholarly journals Investigating Sentence Fragments in Comic Books: A Syntactic Perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 139
Author(s):  
Herman . ◽  
Nguyen Van Thao ◽  
Naomi Anggraini Purba
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Comic Books ◽  
Document Analysis ◽  
Prepositional Phrase ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Adverbial Clause ◽  
Nominal Clause ◽  
Dependent Clause

This research is aimed to analyze sentence fragments in a comic. The main research questions raised in this paper are: What types of sentence fragments can be seen in comic Hunter X Hunter by Yoshihiro Togashi 1998? What factor types can be found in comic Hunter X Hunter by Yoshihiro Togashi 1998? The paper uses the qualitative method to conduct content and document analysis (Choy & Clark, 2010). The source of data was the comic entitled ‘Hunter X Hunter in which the researchers discovered six forms of Sentence Fragments after studying the data: fragments of adjective clause, adverbial clause, nominal clause, appositive, infinitive clauses, missing subject, participial, and prepositional phrase fragments. The information was gathered from 30 chapters of Yoshihiro's comic. There were 34 Sentence Fragments, 13 (38%) Dependent clause fragment, 21(62%) into-phrase fragment. There are 6 types of sentence Fragment factors that were investigated by Bashir (2016), but in this comic only 4 factors were found; namely, Omission of the Verb (50%), Subject (20%), and Object (10%), omission of both subject and verb (10%), and Appositive or list Fragments (10%).

SUBORDINATE CLAUSES IN ADULTERY NOVEL

JURNAL SPHOTA ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-10
Author(s):  
Wahyu Nugraha ◽  
I Komang Sulatra ◽  
Purwati
Keyword(s):  
Relative Clause ◽  
Main Clause ◽  
Direct Object ◽  
Subordinate Clause ◽  
Subordinate Clauses ◽  
Library Research ◽  
Complement Clause ◽  
English Syntax ◽  
Adverbial Clause ◽  
Dependent Clause

A subordinate clause (dependent clause) is a clause that cannot stand alone as a complete sentence because it does not express a complete thought. It explains and gives more information to the main clause. There are three major types of subordinate clause such as: Complement Clause, Relative Clause, and Adverbial Clause (Miller, 2002:63). This research is a library research that aims to find out types and functions of subordinate clause found in Adultery. This research uses several theories from expert in other to analyze the problems in this study. The book written by Jim Miller (2002) entitled An Introduction to English Syntax and the book written by Bas Aarts (2001) entitled English Syntax and Argumentation, Second Edition are used. It is stated that there are three major types of subordinate clause that can be recognized as Complement clause, Relative clause, and Adverbial Clause. Then, the clause functions such as Clauses Functioning as Subject, Clause Functioning as Direct Object, Clauses Functioning as Adjunct and Clauses Functioning as Complements within Phrases.  The result of this research shows that three major types of subordinate clause are found. Furthermore, the clause functions are also found as well, however only Clauses Functioning as Subject weren’t found in this research.

Questions on transitivity

2011 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 555-587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerd Jendraschek
Keyword(s):  
Relative Clause ◽  
Direct Object ◽  
Complex Predicates ◽  
Object Function ◽  
Indirect Object ◽  
Case Marking ◽  
Subject Category ◽  
Zero Anaphora ◽  
Syntactic Status ◽  
Focus Marking

This paper presents those areas of Iatmul morphosyntax that are relevant to a discussion of transitivity. Evidence for the syntactic status of subject and direct object as core arguments comes from S=O ambitransitive verbs, S/O pivots in complex predicates, switch reference, relative clause formation, agreement marking, and obligatory focus marking. In contrast, there is no evidence for the concept of an “indirect object”. Other relevant phenomena to be explored are case marking, verbs whose morphological make-up correlates with transitivity, zero anaphora, and coalescent nouns in complex predicates. In summary, if languages can be characterized by the extent to which they have grammaticalized the control cline between actor and undergoer, Iatmul can be located in the middle field, with a clear subject category, and a more variable direct object function, whose instantiation is primarily determined by semantic and pragmatic factors.

Did Lycian adopt a new clause structure in place of inherited -r-passives?

Kadmos ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 58 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 157-184
Author(s):  
Stephen P. B. Durnford
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
Direct Object ◽  
Clause Structure ◽  
Number Agreement ◽  
Particle Chain ◽  
Syntactic Features ◽  
Anaphoric Pronouns ◽  
The Subject

Abstract The corpora of the IE Anatolian languages vary widely in script, legibility, size, date, subject matter, and in the extent to which we understand them. Four syntactic features which they appear to have inherited are: a S(ubject)- O(bject)-V(erb) clause structure; declined anaphoric pronouns attached enclitically to a clause’s first accented element; the ability to move the object or verb to the start of a clause for emphasis (“fronting”); the option not to enforce case and number agreement among more than two coordinated elements. The discovery of the Lycian languages and our current understanding of them is summarised. It is proposed, although the evidence comes primarily from Lycian A: that languages of the southwest Luwic area, namely, the alphabetically written Carian and the two from Lycia, had changed to a basic SVO clause; that Lycian A, and probably B too, abandoned the inherited medio-passive conjugations in -r-, which are absent from their corpora; that the passive preterite was expressed by a periphrastic OVS construction with fronted direct object, then me and a particle chain starting with the n- found clause-initially in Hittite but absent from other Luwic dialects, then innovatively appending *-an to the verb, and with the subject last.

scholarly journals Te puse la mano en el hombro ‘I put my hand on your shoulder’

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 1-28
Author(s):  
Grant Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Body Part ◽  
The Other ◽  
Direct Object ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Double Object ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Prepositional Object

The main goal of this paper is to provide a solution to a puzzle regarding a constraint on multiple external possession relations in Spanish prepositional double object verbs like poner ‘put.’ When both the direct object and prepositional object are body parts with different external possessors, the subject must be the possessor of the direct object body part and a dative clitic the possessor the prepositional object body part, not the other way around. Assuming that possessor movement to theta positions is what gives rise to external possession, I claim that the unacceptable interpretation is due to a locality violation that is incurred when an external possession relation is established between a subject and prepositional object body part that crosses over another external possession relation between a dative clitic and direct object body part.

scholarly journals RETENÇÃO SINTÁTICA NO PORTUGUÊS DO BRASIL: ANÁLISE DE UM FENÔMENO

2000 ◽  
Vol 20 (26) ◽  
pp. 233
Author(s):  
Heloisa Maria Moraes Moreira Penna
Keyword(s):  
Perspective Taking ◽  
Brazilian Portuguese ◽  
Archaic Period ◽  
Direct Object ◽  
Object Function ◽  
Linguistic Change ◽  
Internal Evolution

<p>A língua evolui com o passar dos tempos devido a diversos fatores que podem ser externos ou internos a ela. No âmbito das evoluções internas verificamos fenômenos de mudanças e também de conservações lingüísticas. Este artigo analisa um fato lingüístico de retenção: o fenômeno do emprego do pronome tônico de 3a pessoa em função objetiva direta, doravante ‘<em>ele </em>acusativo’, no português brasileiro sob uma perspectiva diacrônica. Partindo do princípio de que o fenômeno é tão antigo quanto a própria língua portuguesa e que representa um caso de retenção sintática, fez-se necessário um recuo até o período arcaico. A explicação para a presença do <em>ele </em>acusativo em ambos os períodos (arcaico e contemporâneo) foi buscada na sua origem latina.</p> <p>As time goes by language changes dues to several factors, which may be external or internal to it. Within internal evolution, we can verify phenomena of linguistic change, as well as linguistic retention. This paper analyses a case of retention: the use of 3 rd. Person stressed pronoun, in direct object function henceforth ‘ele acusativo’ in Brazilian Portuguese, following a diachronic perspective. Taking from the principle that this use exists ever since the Portuguese language itself does and that it represents a case of sintatic retention, it was necessary to go back to the archaic period ( of the Portuguese language). The explanation to the presence of ‘ele acusativo’ in both periods (archaic and contemporary) was searched in its Latin origin.</p>

scholarly journals Phrase and Clause Usage in Michael Jackson’s Song Lyrics

Lexicon ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Adi Pratama
Keyword(s):  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Relative Clause ◽  
Prepositional Phrase ◽  
Main Clause ◽  
Verb Phrase ◽  
The World ◽  
Song Lyrics ◽  
Adverbial Clause ◽  
Michael Jackson

This research aims to find out the usage of phrase and clause types that are found in Michael Jackson song-lyrics such as Billie Jean, Beat It, Black or White, Dirty Diana, Earth Song, Heal the World, Man in the Mirror, Smooth Criminal, They Don’t Really Care About Us, and Thriller. The phrase and clause types are based on Eastwood’s categories. The phrase is divided into five types: (1) verb phrase, (2) noun phrase, (3) adjective phrase, (4) adverb phrase and (5) prepositional phrase, while the clause is divided into two types, namely main clause and sub clause. There are also four types of sub clause: (1) adverbial clause, (2) conditional clause, (3) noun clause, (4) and relative clause. This categorization can find out the usage of grammatical pattern in the sentence. In the analysis, the findings of phrases and clauses show that the most dominant number are noun phrase (51.94%) and main clause (63.74%).

scholarly journals The Scope of the Focus Particle ʾInnamā in the Qurʾān

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 200
Author(s):  
Kai Borrmann ◽  
Yehudit Dror
Keyword(s):  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Relative Clause ◽  
Initial Position ◽  
Prepositional Phrase ◽  
Direct Object ◽  
Modern Logic ◽  
Symbolic Form ◽  
Object A ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
The Devil

According to traditional Arabic grammar, the particle ʾinnamā has two functions: it serves as an emphatic particle (ḥarfu taʾkīd) or as a particle of restriction (ḥarfu ḥaṣr) denoting “only.” Our research focuses on the restrictive function of ʾinnamā, particularly its scope. Scholars typically explain that ʾinnamā is restricted to clause-initial position, while it always effects the last component in that clause. Our examination raised several findings regarding this particle: First, sentences introduced by ʾinnamā are often categorical statements discussing what it takes to be a believer, an unbeliever; of being God, the Devil or the Prophet. It is therefore comparatively easy to interpret and paraphrase them as conditionals or “if... then” statements. Also, these universal affirmative or negative propositions lend themselves as premises for further deductions that might be drawn from them. Second, the scope of ʾinnamā is versatile ‒ it can be a noun phrase, a prepositional phrase or a verbal phrase followed by its direct object, a relative clause or a complete sentence. These distinctions are not always clear-cut; in some cases there is a choice between two possible domains or scopes, depending on the structure of the ʾinnamā clause. In most cases, however, the verses allow one interpretation only, which is reducible to a genuine symbolic form of modern logic notation.

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