Zamówienia publiczne w II Rzeczypospolitej

Following Poland’s regaining of independence in 1918, the country had to face a considerable range of challenges virtually at all levels of government functioning. Rebuilding the Polish state involved major expenditure, which, on the one hand, implied raising public resources in a sustainable way, while, on the other hand, the need to prioritizeand use public funds efficiently while implementing public undertakings set by the state. The huge scale of the needs coupled with limited financial resources forced Poland’s government, as it were, to develop suitable legal arrangements in the 1930s. Those measures were designed to spend public funds on the country’s reconstruction in a manner that was efficient, purposeful, economical, and competitive. The key legal measure at that time was the Act of 15 February 1933 on Supplies and Works for the Benefit of the Treasury, Local Government and Public Law Institutions. Moreover, the relevant implementing act was Regulation of the Council of Ministers of 29 January 1937 on Supplies and Works for the Benefit of the Treasury, Local Government and Public Law Institutions. Both acts implemented innovative legal measures in terms of public-service contracts which were in force not only until the outbreak of the Second World War (they were subsequently repealed by the rules established in PRL — Polish People’s Republic), considering that they also provided a basis for the new rules governing public spending implemented after 1990 and set out in the Act of 10 June 1994, Public Procurement Law.

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Public Finance Expenditure And Awarding Work To External Contractors - Case Of Slovenia

Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) ◽

10.19030/jabr.v27i1.908 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 27 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Stanka Setnikar-Cankar ◽

Janko Seljak ◽

Veronika Petkovšek

Keyword(s):

Public Finance ◽

Local Government ◽

Private Sector ◽

Public Procurement ◽

Public Law ◽

Legal Basis ◽

Public Funds ◽

The Public ◽

Procurement System ◽

Selection Of

The research project “Awarding Work to External Contractors” studied the practice of implementing public contracts in a significant selection of Slovenian local government bodies. Public procurement has become a permanent accompaniment to the business of central and local government and other public law persons with the private sector, and now goes beyond Slovenia’s borders. The public procurement system aims at dynamism, with the possibility of a rapid response to the needs of those using public funds. The principles of public procurement and its legal basis mean the system is rigid and complex, by its nature.

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La citoyenneté et la construction de l'Europe : discussions théoriques

Res Publica ◽

10.21825/rp.v36i3-4.18740 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 36 (3-4) ◽

pp. 361-380

Author(s):

Paul Magnette

Keyword(s):

Second World War ◽

Point Of View ◽

Nation State ◽

The European Union ◽

World War ◽

Dual Nature ◽

European Citizenship ◽

History Of ◽

The One ◽

Second World

This paper examines the evolving ideological content of the concept of citizenship and particularly the challenges it faces as a consequence of the building of the European Union. From an epistemological point of view it is first argued that citizenship may be described as a dual concept: it is both a legal institution composed of the rights of the citizen as they are fixed at a certain moment of its history, and a normative ideal which embodies their political aspirations. As a result of this dual nature, citizenship is an essentially dynamicnotion, which is permanently evolving between a state of balance and change. The history of this concept in contemporary political thought shows that, from the end of the second World War it had raised a synthesis of democratic, liberal and socialist values on the one hand, and that it was historically and logically bound to the Nation-State on the other hand. This double synthesis now seems to be contested, as the themes of the "crisis of the Nation State" and"crisis of the Welfare state" do indicate. The last part of this paper grapples with recent theoretical proposals of new forms of european citizenship, and argues that the concept of citizenship could be renovated and take its challenges into consideration by insisting on the duties and the procedures it contains.

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Jan Hardy versus Likwidator. Comics als Medien der gesellschaftlichen Spaltung Polens

Zeitschrift für Volkskunde ◽

10.31244/zfvk/2021/01.04 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 (1) ◽

pp. 43-62

Author(s):

Agnieska Balcerzak

Keyword(s):

Second World War ◽

Culture War ◽

Current State ◽

Memory Culture ◽

History Of ◽

Projection Surface ◽

The Republic ◽

Political Spectrum ◽

The One ◽

Second World

This article at the intersection of cultural studies of popular and memory culture deals with the genre of comics as an identity-forming (protest) medium and projection surface for the ideologised “culture war” between traditionalists and modernists in contemporary Poland. The analysis focuses on two historical comics that combine facts and imaginary and refer back to the Second World War, the communist period and the recent history of the Republic of Poland after 1989. The article juxtaposes two title heroes and their comic worlds, which represent opposite ends of the political spectrum and reveal the problem areas of Poland’s dividedness along the underlying canon of values and symbolic worlds: Jan Hardy, the national-conservative “cursed soldier”, and Likwidator, the relentless “anarcho-terrorist”. The characters and their adventures exemplify fundamental memory cultural, religious, nationalist and emancipatory discourses in Poland today. The focus of the analysis lies on the creation context and the (visual) language with its narrative-aesthetic intensifications, which illuminate Poland’s current state of conflict between national egoism and traditional “cultural patriotism” on the one hand and liberal value relativism with its progressive-emancipatory rhetoric on the other.

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Philosophical Ideas of Yanaihara Tadao:Nationalism, Pacifism and the Concept of the “Just War”

Вопросы философии ◽

10.21146/0042-8744-2021-2-187-197 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 187-197

Author(s):

Anna D. Bertova ◽

Keyword(s):

Just War ◽

Second World War ◽

Point Of View ◽

The Other ◽

Historical Period ◽

World War ◽

Postwar Japan ◽

State Of Affairs ◽

The One ◽

Second World

Prominent Japanese economist, specialist in colonial politics, a professor of Imperial Tokyo University, Yanaihara Tadao (1893‒1961) was one of a few people who dared to oppose the aggressive policy of Japanese government before and during the Second World War. He developed his own view of patriotism and nationalism, regarding as a true patriot a person who wished for the moral development of his or her country and fought the injustice. In the years leading up to the war he stated the necessity of pacifism, calling every war evil in the ultimate, divine sense, developing at the same time the concept of the «just war» (gisenron), which can be considered good seen from the point of view of this, imperfect life. Yanaihara’s theory of pacifism is, on one hand, the continuation of the one proposed by his spiritual teacher, the founder of the Non-Church movement, Uchimura Kanzo (1861‒1930); one the other hand, being a person of different historical period, directly witnessing the boundless spread of Japanese militarism and enormous hardships brought by the war, Yanaihara introduced a number of corrections to the idealistic theory of his teacher and proposed quite a specific explanation of the international situation and the state of affairs in Japan. Yanaihara’s philosophical concepts influenced greatly both his contemporaries and successors of the pacifist ideas in postwar Japan, and contributed to the discussion about interrelations of pacifism and patriotism, and also patriotism and religion.

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Clausewitz and la pensée 681*

Critical Times ◽

10.1215/26410478-1.1.49 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 49-59

Author(s):

Éric Alliez ◽

Maurizio Lazzarato

Keyword(s):

Gilles Deleuze ◽

Second World War ◽

The Other ◽

Constitutive Relationship ◽

Felix Guattari ◽

World War ◽

Radical Critique ◽

Revolutionary Movements ◽

The One ◽

Second World

Abstract In the aftermath of the Second World War, revolutionary movements remained dependent on Leninist theories and practices in their attempts to grasp the new relationship between war and capital. Yet these theories and practices failed to address the global “cold civil war” represented by the events of 1968. This article will show that in the 1970s this task was not undertaken by “professional revolutionaries” or in their Maoist discourse of “protracted war” and its “generalized Clauzewitzian strategy.” Rather, the problem was addressed by Michel Foucault, on the one hand, and Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, on the other. Each produced a radical break in the conception of war and of its constitutive relationship with capitalism, taking up the confrontation with Clausewitz to reverse the famous formula such that war was not to be understood as the continuation of politics (which determines its ends). Politics was, on the contrary, to be understood as an element and strategic modality of the whole constituted by war. The ambition of la pensée 68, as represented by Foucault and Deleuze and Guattari, was not to make this reversal into a simple permutation of the formula's terms, but rather to develop a radical critique of the concepts of “war” and “politics” presupposed by Clausewitz's formula.

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A Rest in the West. Translation of Modernity and Modernism in William Heinesen's „Grylen“ / Týðing av moderniteti og modernismu í „Grylen” eftir William Heinesen

Fróðskaparrit - Faroese Scientific Journal ◽

10.18602/fsj.v59i0.45 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 59 ◽

pp. 87

Author(s):

Bergur Rønne Moberg

Keyword(s):

Short Story ◽

Oral Tradition ◽

Second World War ◽

Faroe Island ◽

World War ◽

Modern Fiction ◽

The One ◽

A Minor ◽

Second World ◽

Complex Question

ÚrtakGreinin viðger ‘týðingar’spurdómar í stuttsøguni „Grylen“ (1957) eftir William Heinesen. Søgan tekur støði í einum elligomlum føstulávintssiði í Føroyum – at ganga grýla – sum doyði út beint fyri seinna heimsbardaga. Í søguni hjá Williami verður grýlan til ein dionýsiskan figur kallaður Grylen, sum er ólýsandi og ímyndar orðloysi. Greinin vísir, hvussu metatilvitaða frásøgufólkið letur seg hugkveikja av hesum fyribrigdi við áhaldandi at umringja tað við nýggjum myndum. Týdda grýlan verður greinað sum 1) eitt ontologiskt tulkingartilvitað frásøgufólk og sum 2) eitt eyðkenni við bókmentamentan í útjaðaranum. Stuttsøgan fær skap sum ein navngevingargongd av einari undantaksveru, og tað er við støði í hesum botnloysi, at frásøgufólkið tulkar og týðir grýluna til eitt listaligt úttrykk. Grylen umboðar eina rest, sum dregur seg undan modernaðum mannagongdum. Við støði í hugsanum hjá Franco Moretti og Andreas Huyssen verður týðingin samstundis knýtt at landafrøðiliga útjaðaranum, sum skapar ein serligan tørv á týðing í royndini at minka um munin millum ‘miðdepil’ og ‘útjaðara’. Í hesum samteksti umboðar Grylen og oyggin Stapa eitt mentanarligt eftirsleip, sum verður gjørt til eina styrki. Hetta ’writing back’ brúkar føroyskan miðaldarsið og fornaldarligt evni sum Dionysos til at seta spurning við hegemoniska(n) modernitet og modernismu og við hvat er miðdepil og hvat er útjaðari. AbstractThis analysis addresses the issue of translation in William Heinesen’s short story „Grylen“ (1957). It is a story of an old Dionysiac Faroese ritual, which died out around The Second World War. The narrator sets himself the task of transplanting this Dionysos into modern fiction. Due to the muteness of the Gryla the literary connection to the myth can only be established by virtue of interpretation as demonstrated as an explicit mediation of the mythical silence. The muteness appear as a matter of interpretation while being encircled in conflicting images. Focus is partly given on the interpreted Gryla as a complex question of ontological interpretation and partly as an expression of cultural translation linked to aesthetic development in the geographical periphery. Due to the muteness of the Gryla, the whole story appears as a course of naming the nameless forces that work within Dunald, who is the one having the Gryla. Based on Franco Moretti’s og Andreas Huyssen’s notion of ‘centre and periphery’, the question of translation is connected to the Faroe Island as a nonmetropolitan culture. Due to the cultural backlog in the periphery there is a special need for translations caused by the discrepancy between the transatlantic modernity and a minor culture as the Faroese still close to nature and the oral tradition. In response to the cultural backlog the dynamics of translation become a privileged perspective creating connections between modern and premodern aspects. The Faroese reaction represents an alternative modernity and an alternative (geo)modernism writing back to a rulebased hegemonic modernity an modernism in order to give an account of the encounter with another world, which evades direct contact and brings into question what is periphery and what is centre.

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The Belgian national past: Between commemoration and silence

Memory Studies ◽

10.1177/1750698011424030 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 45-57 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Valerie Rosoux ◽

Laurence van Ypersele

Keyword(s):

First World War ◽

Second World War ◽

The Other ◽

World War ◽

The Past ◽

The First World War ◽

The One ◽

Memory Conflicts ◽

Second World ◽

First World

This article examines the gradual deconstruction of the Belgian national identity. Is it possible to speak of a de facto differentiation or even ‘federalization’ of the so-called ‘national past’ in Belgium? How do Belgians choose to remember and forget this past? To contribute to an understanding of these issues, the article considers two very different episodes of Belgian history, namely the First World War and the colonization of the Congo. On the one hand, the memory of the First World War appears to provide the template for memory conflicts in Belgium, and thus informs the memories of other tragedies such as the Second World War. On the other hand, the memory of the colonial past remains much more consensual – providing a more nuanced picture of competing views on the past. Beyond the differences between the ways in which these episodes are officially portrayed, the same fundamental trend may be observed: the gradual fragmentation of a supposedly smooth and reliable national version of history.

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The Etappe Kanaren: A case study of the secret supply of the German Navy in Spain during the Second World War

International Journal of Maritime History ◽

10.1177/0843871418776929 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 30 (3) ◽

pp. 472-487 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Juan J. Díaz Benítez

Keyword(s):

Active Role ◽

Second World War ◽

Primary Sources ◽

World War ◽

The One ◽

Intense Activity ◽

German Navy ◽

Second World

The secret supply of the German Navy during the Second World War has scarcely been studied until now. The goal of this article is to study one of the more active supply areas of the Etappendienst at the beginning of the war, the one known as Etappe Kanaren, as part of the Grossetappe Spanien-Portugal. In this research primary sources from German Naval War Command have been consulted. Among the main conclusions, it should be pointed out, on the one hand, the intense activity to support the Kriegsmarine during the first years of the war, despite the distance from mainland Spain and the British pressure, which finally stopped the supply operations. On the other hand, we have confirmed the active role of the Spanish government in relation to the Etappendienst: Spanish authorities allowed the supply operations, but pressure from the Allies forced the Spanish government to impede these activities.

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The politics of neighbourliness: social democracy on the home front in Britain during the Second World War

Making social democrats ◽

10.7228/manchester/9781526120304.003.0008 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 177-194

Author(s):

Clare Griffiths

Keyword(s):

Second World War ◽

Town Planning ◽

Home Front ◽

Social Democratic ◽

Political Implications ◽

Important Relationship ◽

The Social ◽

War Effort ◽

The One ◽

Second World

Clare Griffiths probes the historical and political implications of the social and psychological concept of ‘neighbourliness’, especially as it played out in that pivotal moment of apparent social democratic ascendancy, the 1940s, and the ‘People’s War’. In line with the revisionist historiography on this period, Griffiths warns us against romanticising the decade, and exaggerating the degree of good will and community spirit that really existed. ‘Neighbourliness’ was often constructed, whether to boost the case for the war effort or, later, for socialism or town planning. It could also at times be invasive and snooping. Yet, she insists, we should not ignore the importance of the aspiration to neighbourliness, albeit imperfect and half-formed, as it was a persistent theme at government and intellectual levels, but also in ordinary, everyday conversations. Above all, it shows the important relationship between values and emotions on the one hand and political objectives on the other, as well as subjects like housing policy and community life somewhere in between.

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Bletchley Park’s Sturgeon—The Fish That Laid No Eggs

Colossus ◽

10.1093/oso/9780192840554.003.0037 ◽

2006 ◽

Author(s):

Frode Weierud

Keyword(s):

Opposite Effect ◽

Armed Forces ◽

Second World War ◽

World War ◽

German Armed Forces ◽

Secretary Of State ◽

Engineering Problems ◽

Different Types ◽

The One ◽

Second World

This chapter describes the Siemens & Halske T52 cipher machines and explains how Bletchley Park broke them. (See photograph 51.) Many authors have confused the T52 with the Tunny machine, and have erroneously linked the T52 to Colossus. The German armed forces employed three different types of teleprinter cipher machines during the Second World War: the Lorenz SZ40/42a/42b (Tunny), the Siemens & Halske Schlüs-selfernschreibmaschine (SFM—Cipher Teleprinter Machine) T52, and the one-time-tape machine T43, also manufactured by Siemens. The Siemens T52 existed in four functionally distinct models: T52a/b, T52c, T52d, and T52e (there was also the T52ca, a modified version of the T52c). At Bletchley Park all T52 models went under the code name ‘Sturgeon’. The Siemens T43 was probably the unbreakable machine that BP called ‘Thrasher’. (This came into use relatively late in the war, and appears to have been used only on a few selected links.) In 1964 Erik Boheman, the Swedish Under-Secretary of State, first revealed that Sweden had broken the T52 during the Second World War. The Swedish successes against the T52 are the topic of Chapter 26. It was only in 1984 that the British officially acknowledged that Bletchley Park had also enjoyed some success against the T52. Not only did BP intercept traffic enciphered on the T52; it also broke all the different models that it discovered. It was clear from the beginning that the T52 was a very difficult machine to break. Probably it would have remained unbroken had it not been for German security blunders in using the machines. The blame should not be put entirely on the German teleprinter operators, however: the designers of the machines at Siemens, who failed to listen to the advice of the German cryptographic experts, were also responsible. The Siemens engineers seem to have focused more on the engineering problems than on the cryptographic security of the machine. The T52a/b and the original T52c were machines with quite limited security. The T52c is an extraordinary example of how not to go about designing a cryptographic machine. The wheel-combining logic, which was meant to strengthen the machine, had exactly the opposite effect—it eased the task of breaking the machine.

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