scholarly journals Analysis of wind impact on emission of selected exhaust compounds in jet engines of a business jet aircraft in cruise phase

2018 ◽  
Vol 173 (2) ◽  
pp. 55-60
Author(s):  
Małgorzata PAWLAK ◽  
Andrzej MAJKA ◽  
Michał KUŹNIAR ◽  
Jowita PAWLUCZY
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Wind Direction ◽  
Adverse Impact ◽  
Air Transport ◽  
Jet Engines ◽  
Business Jet ◽  
Condi Tions ◽  
Harmful Substances ◽  
The Impact

Among the most important problems currently faced by air transport, we can distinguish the adverse impact of aircrafts on the natu-ral environment, as well as the rising costs of transport. One of the possibilities to improve this situation is better adjustment of aircraft characteristics to the performed transport tasks, taking into account all the requirements and limitations that exist in air traffic and the adverse impact of air transport on the natural environment. It is reflected in the research tasks conducted under the SESAR program. The aspiration to minimize the adverse impact of aircrafts on the environment is executed, among others, through determining such trajectories that are characterized by minimal fuel consumption or minimal emission of harmful substances in the engines exhausts. These goals are corresponding with the research conducted and described in the paper. The main aim of the work was to analyse the impact of wind speed and direction on the emission of harmful substances of a jet aircraft performing a flight on a given route. For research purposes, the route between two Polish cities Gdansk and Rzeszow was considered. The distance between the two airports was divided into sections for which wind direction and strength were determined (read from the windy.com website). Next, the aircraft per-formance was determined and the fuel consumption and the amount of harmful compounds (CO2, NOx, CO and HC), emitted in the en-gines exhausts were determined for the route from Gdansk to Rzeszow (under favourable wind conditions) and on the return route – from Rzeszow to Gdansk (under unfavourable wind conditions). For comparative purposes, emission of these substances for windless condi-tions was also determined. The results are presented in tables and depicted in the graph, as well as discussed in the conclusions of the paper.

scholarly journals Characteristics and the Potential Influence of Fugitive PM10 Emissions from Enclosed Storage Yards in Iron and Steel Plant

Atmosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 833
Author(s):  
Zijie Lin ◽  
Fujiang Wang ◽  
Tao Ji ◽  
Baolong Ma ◽  
Linyan Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Wind Direction ◽  
Discharge Rate ◽  
Particle Emission ◽  
Steel Plant ◽  
Fugitive Emission ◽  
Iron And Steel ◽  
Emission Estimation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Pm10 Emissions

Fugitive particle emission of enclosed storage yards in iron and steel plant is a complicated and multivariable problem, which will have negative impacts on the environment and economy. Researchers have discussed methodologies of emission estimation in open storage yards, but rarely focused on enclosed ones. However, enclosed storage yards are commonly adopted in most industries in China. This paper links onsite observation and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to estimate the impact of fugitive PM10 emissions from enclosed storage yards on the open air. By collecting and analyzing PM10 samples at three sites inside the yard and one site outside, The result shows that PM10 concentration is in the range of 7.3 ± 1.5~13.4 ± 4.2 mg/m3, which is extremely high in an enclosed storage yard, and significantly influences workers’ health inside and outside atmospheric aerosols. The CFD model simulation is conducted by considering particle deposition, particle emission sources of shovel loader and road dust emission, as well as different wind direction and wind speed. The result shows that PM10 discharge rate from the enclosed area to open-air is significantly influenced by wind velocity and direction, e.g., the result of northwest wind with wind speed in 12.7 m/s is eight times higher than wind speed in 2.5 m/s with the same wind direction, and are 47 and 62 times higher than the east and west wind direction with the same wind speed in 12.7 m/s, respectively. In this case, the PM10 discharge rate is about 131.7 ton/year, which contains about 38~55 ton/year iron-relating particles. This will directly contribute PM10 to open-air and may produce secondary aerosols, due to heterogeneous catalytic reaction. This work identifies the important contribution of fugitive emissions and provides an approach for fugitive emission estimation of industries to the surrounding air. The results provide a reference for material yard zoning and fugitive emission control from minimizing influence from the meteorological condition and reducing source discharge inside.

Bridge Design Basic Wind Speed Based on the Joint Distribution of Wind Speed and Direction

2011 ◽  
Vol 90-93 ◽  
pp. 805-812 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zheng Wei Ye ◽  
Yi Qiang Xiang
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Wind Direction ◽  
Joint Distribution ◽  
Probability Model ◽  
Model Fitting ◽  
Frequency Function ◽  
Actual Distribution ◽  
Extreme Type ◽  
Sampling Intervals ◽  
The Impact

Based on the method of separation of wind speed and direction variable, considering the wind direction frequency function, ascending order to calculate the probability of the actual distribution of the sample, extreme type Ⅰ (Gumbel) and three parameters of extreme type Ⅱ (Frechet) and extreme type Ⅲ (Weibull) probability distribution to fit the sample, this paper has analyzed the weather station observations of 34 consecutive years of the joint distribution of wind speed and direction near to a huge bridge, gained the basic design wind speed in different directions, comparatively analyzed the impact of the sampling interval of change on the basic wind speed as well. The results shows: wind speed in different directions at the same location or different sampling intervals samples of the wind speed sample may be subject to different types of extreme value distribution, should separately fitting; different wind direction frequency of extreme wind speed occurrence and the basic wind speed there are certain differences, taking into account the joint distribution of wind speed and direction is necessary to determine the design basic wind speed of the bridge, and will be conservative without considering the joint distribution; for the same sample wind speed matrix, the shorter the sampling intervals, the optimal distribution of the higher probability model fitting precision, the smaller the basic wind speed, the more economic and reasonable the results.

scholarly journals Evaluating Performance of Utilizing Onshore Wind Turbines Specifically the Farm Turbines in Kuwait

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-48
Author(s):  
Mohammed Salem Alsubai'e ◽  
Saad Abdullah Alshatti
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Wind Speed ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Wind Direction ◽  
Onshore Wind ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Proportional Relation ◽  
Proper Design ◽  
The Impact

Renewable energy is considered one of the most important and clean sources; since it does not produce any type of emission or pollution. In Kuwait, the energy of wind is existing in three main locations, which are; Ras Jal Aliyah, Bubian in addition to Subiyah, where the characteristics of wind have been evaluated in this paper based on the data generated from the meteorological measurements at 10m height. Also, different studies have been performed in this paper in order to analyze the impact of height on the parameters of wind energy, wind density, in addition to wind speed. Jal Aliyah location has been studied in this paper and the results showed that there is a proportional relation between the wind speed and power, where the maximum power is potential if the speed is equal to 29.1 m/s, and the maximum averaged flux of wind power is equal to 725.54 W/m2. Where both Bubidan Island and Ras Subiyah showed the wind direction in the North-East quadrant with speed is greater than 10 m/s. But, the higher polarized distribution of Jal Aliyah was in the north direction. Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that this paper provides and suggests a proper design of the wind turbines for designers.

The Impact of Assimilating SSM/I and QuikSCAT Satellite Winds on Hurricane Isidore Simulations

2007 ◽  
Vol 135 (2) ◽  
pp. 549-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shu-Hua Chen
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Wind Direction ◽  
Mesoscale Model ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Storm Track ◽  
Initial Position ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Quikscat Winds

Abstract Three observational datasets of Hurricane Isidore (in 2002) were analyzed and compared: the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I), the Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT) winds, and dropsonde winds. SSM/I and QuikSCAT winds were on average about 1.9 and 0.3 m s−1 stronger, respectively, than dropsonde winds. With more than 20 000 points of data, SSM/I wind speed was about 2.2 m s−1 stronger than QuikSCAT. Comparison of the wind direction observed by QuikSCAT with those from the dropsondes showed that the quality of QuikSCAT data is good. The effect of assimilating SSM/I wind speeds and/or QuikSCAT wind vectors for the analysis of Hurricane Isidore was assessed using the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research (PSU–NCAR) Mesoscale Model (MM5) and its three-dimensional variational data assimilation system. For the Hurricane Isidore case study, it was found that the assimilation of either satellite winds strengthened the cyclonic circulation in the analysis. However, the increment of the QuikSCAT wind analysis is more complicated than that from the SSM/I analysis due to the correction of the storm location, a positive result from the assimilation of wind vectors. The increase in low-level wind speeds enhanced the air–sea interaction processes and improved the simulated intensity for Isidore. In addition, the storm structure was better simulated. Assimilation of QuikSCAT wind vectors clearly improved simulation of the storm track, in particular during the later period of the simulation, but lack of information about the wind direction from SSM/I data prevented it from having much of an effect. Assessing the assimilation of QuikSCAT wind speed versus wind vector data confirmed this hypothesis. The track improvement partially resulted from the relocation of the storm’s initial position after assimilation of the wind vectors. For this case study, it was found that the assimilation of SSM/I or QuikSCAT data had the greatest impact on the Hurricane Isidore simulation during the first 2 days.

scholarly journals High-Resolution Numerical Modelling of Near-Surface Atmospheric Fields in the Complex Terrain of James Ross Island, Antarctic Peninsula

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 360
Author(s):  
Michael Matějka ◽  
Kamil Láska ◽  
Klára Jeklová ◽  
Jiří Hošek
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Antarctic Peninsula ◽  
Wind Direction ◽  
Wrf Model ◽  
Lower Altitude ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
James Ross Island ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
The Impact

The Antarctic Peninsula belongs to the regions of the Earth that have seen the highest increase in air temperature in the past few decades. The warming is reflected in degradation of the cryospheric system. The impact of climate variability and interactions between the atmosphere and the cryosphere can be studied using numerical atmospheric models. In this study, the standard version of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model was validated on James Ross Island in the northern part of the Antarctic Peninsula. The aim of this study was to verify the WRF model output at 700 m horizontal resolution using air temperature, wind speed and wind direction observations from automatic weather stations on the Ulu Peninsula, the northernmost part of James Ross Island. Validation was carried out for two contrasting periods (summer and winter) in 2019/2020 to assess possible seasonal effects on model accuracy. Simulated air temperatures were in very good agreement with measurements (mean bias −1.7 °C to 1.4 °C). The exception was a strong air temperature inversion during two of the winter days when a significant positive bias occurred at the coastal and lower-altitude locations on the Ulu Peninsula. Further analysis of the WRF estimates showed a good skill in simulating near-surface wind speed with higher correlation coefficients in winter (0.81–0.93) than in summer (0.41–0.59). However, bias and RMSE for wind speed tended to be better in summer. The performance of three WRF boundary layer schemes (MYJ, MYNN, QNSE) was further evaluated. The QNSE scheme was generally more accurate than MYNN and MYJ, but the differences were quite small and varied with time and place. The MYNN and QNSE schemes tended to achieve better wind speed simulation quality than the MYJ scheme. The model successfully captured wind direction, showing only slight differences to the observed values. It was shown that at lower altitudes the performance of the model can vary greatly with time. The model results were more accurate during high wind speed southwestern flow, while the accuracy decreased under weak synoptic-scale forcing, accompanied by an occurrence of mesoscale atmospheric processes.

scholarly journals Emission of selected exhaust compounds in jet engines of a jet aircraft in cruise phase

2018 ◽  
Vol 173 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-72
Author(s):  
Małgorzata PAWLAK ◽  
Andrzej MAJKA ◽  
Michał KUŹNIAR ◽  
Jowita PAWLUCZY
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Specific Fuel Consumption ◽  
Air Transport ◽  
Development Phase ◽  
Jet Engines ◽  
Fuel Consumption And Emissions

Nowadays, air transport is in an intense development phase. In order to optimize air communication and make it even more economical and environmentally friendly, attempts are made to undertake such activities as, e.g., SESAR project, which aims to develop and implement a modern ATM system. One of the parts of this project is the research on minimizing fuel consumption and emissions of pollu-tants in the engine exhausts. In the paper there is therefore presented the methodology for determining emission of those pollutants for the longest stage of the flight – the cruise phase. First, the value of the thrust required for the flight of an exemplary aircraft was deter-mined, and then the values of the engines trust and specific fuel consumption were computed. Additionally, it was necessary to determine the Emission Indexes (EI) of CO, NOx, HC and CO2 for the cruise phase, based on known such indexes for the LTO. Total emissions of these pollutants for the mission adopted to conduct research – a 1000 km long cruise – were determined. These emissions were computed for the exemplary aircraft per one kilometre, as well as per one hour of flight for various cruising altitudes and flight speeds.

scholarly journals Canopy Urban Heat Island and Its Association with Climate Conditions in Dubai, UAE

Climate ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Afifa Mohammed ◽  
Gloria Pignatta ◽  
Evangelia Topriska ◽  
Mattheos Santamouris
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Urban Heat Island ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Wind Direction ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Heat Island ◽  
Urban Heat ◽  
The Impact

The impact that climate change and urbanization are having on the thermal-energy balance of the built environment is a major environmental concern today. Urban heat island (UHI) is another phenomenon that can raise the temperature in cities. This study aims to examine the UHI magnitude and its association with the main meteorological parameters (i.e., temperature, wind speed, and wind direction) in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Five years of hourly weather data (2014–2018) obtained from weather stations located in an urban, suburban, and rural area, were post-processed by means of a clustering technique. Six clusters characterized by different ranges of wind directions were analyzed. The analysis reveals that UHI is affected by the synoptic weather conditions (i.e., sea breeze and hot air coming from the desert) and is larger at night. In the urban area, air temperature and night-time UHI intensity, averaged on the five year period, are 1.3 °C and 3.3 °C higher with respect to the rural area, respectively, and the UHI and air temperature are independent of each other only when the wind comes from the desert. A negative and inverse correlation was found between the UHI and wind speed for all the wind directions, except for the northern wind where no correlation was observed. In the suburban area, the UHI and both temperatures and wind speed ranged between the strong and a weak negative correlation considering all the wind directions, while a strong negative correlation was observed in the rural area. This paper concludes that UHI intensity is strongly associated with local climatic parameters and to the changes in wind direction.

scholarly journals Analysis of the impact of wind on fuel consumption and emissions of harmful exhaust gas compounds on the selected flight route

2019 ◽  
Vol 179 (4) ◽  
pp. 93-101
Author(s):  
Marta GALANT ◽  
Paula KURZAWSKA ◽  
Marta MACIEJEWSKA ◽  
Monika KARDACH
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Exhaust Gas ◽  
Flight Altitude ◽  
Wind Force ◽  
Exhaust Gases ◽  
Flight Route ◽  
Fuel Consumption And Emissions ◽  
The Impact

The article discusses the issue of the impact of wind force and direction on fuel consumption and the emission of harmful exhaust gases on the selected flight route. The focus was on percentage changes in fuel consumption and emissions of individual harmful exhaust gas compounds depending on the wind speed and the direction from which it interacts with the aircraft. The analysis was carried out for three different flight levels, in order to compare changes in fuel consumption and emissions also in terms of flight altitude, however the following article focuses only on one level – FL240.

Compensation of Bias in Lidar Wind Resource Assessment

2008 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 415-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
P J M Clive
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Wind Speed ◽  
Wind Direction ◽  
Wind Shear ◽  
Volume Averaging ◽  
Average Wind Speed ◽  
Probe Length ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Power Curves ◽  
The Relationship

A number of vector and volume averaging considerations arise in relation to remote sensing, and in particular, Lidar. 1) Remote sensing devices obtain vector averages. The magnitude of a vector average is less than or equal to the scalar average obtained over the same period. The use of Lidars in wind power applications has introduced practices entailing the estimation of scalar average point quantities by the measurement of vector averages over volumes and vice versa. The relationship between vector and scalar averages, and the relationship between volume and point measurements, must therefore both be understood. It is found that their ratio depends upon wind direction variability according to a Bessel function of the standard deviation of the wind direction during the averaging interval. The impact of wind direction variability on power production is also explored. 2) The finite probe length of remote sensing devices incurs a volume averaging bias if wind shear is non-linear. The sensitivity of the devices to signals from a range of heights produces volume averages representing wind speeds within that range. If the wind shear is described by a logarithmic wind profile the apparent height, at which the average wind speed occurs, is found to depend on simple geometrical arguments concerning configuration height and probe length independent of the degree of wind shear. Similar arguments are applied to determine the ideal height across the rotor at which to acquire wind speed data for power curves. 3) The common restriction of the locus of points at which radial velocity measurements are made to the circumference of a horizontally oriented disc at a particular height is seen to introduce ambiguity into results when dealing with wind vector fields which are not uniform.

scholarly journals Planning the Flight Trajectory of a Passenger Aircraft with Regards to the Aspect of Pollutants Emission

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 145-153
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Pawlak
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Jet Engines ◽  
Flight Trajectory ◽  
Air Density ◽  
Pollutants Emission ◽  
Air Speed ◽  
Passenger Aircraft

Abstract One of the ways to reduce the adverse impact of aircraft on the environment is through the determination of the trajectory of the flight on a given route that leads to reducing fuel consumption and, consequently, emission of pollutants in jet engines exhausts. Planning a flight in terms of minimizing emissions or fuel consumption is a complex task and difficult to implement due to the conditions in which the aircraft travels, but it is possible though. It is necessary to take into account the limitations resulting from the organization of the airspace and the rules therein, as well as the current weather conditions. The weather is one of the main factors determining the amount of fuel consumed, the time and cost of a particular flight on a given route. In addition to the main parameters, such as pressure and air density, it is extremely important to determine the air temperature, as well as the wind speed and direction. The temperature affects the speed of sound, based on which it is possible to determine the Mach number for a plane flying with a given true air speed (TAS). The speed and direction of wind, on the other hand, affect the speed of the aircraft relative to the ground (velocity over ground, VOG), and thus the duration of its flight. The article describes how the developed model of emission of pollutants in the exhausts of jet bypass engines can be useful for determining the trajectory of an aircraft in its cruise phase due to the criterion of pollutants emissions minimization. An exemplary analysis was carried out for selected aircraft moving along the route adopted for the research. The analysis covered various cruising altitudes and various meteorological conditions (wind speed and direction). The obtained results are illustrated graphically and discussed.

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