EVOLUTION OF POLLUTANTS EMISSIONIN RELATION TOROAD TRAFFIC IN THE CITY OF LOME (TOGO) FROM 2010 TO 2019

The automobile fleet in Togo has increased in the last decades with a patchwork of vehicles that are in majority older than ten (10) years. Until 2019, the car fleet in Togo was almost dependent upon petroleum products, and was consequentlya source of air pollutants emission. Lome is the capital city of Togo with the characteristic of having the highest road traffic volume that significantly impacts air quality. In accordance with the EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guide and the COPERT method, emissions of carbone monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) and particulate matter (PM) are respectively estimated to: 2621.674 tCO 82.444 tNOx 558.778 tNMVOC and 7.241 tPM. In the time series 2010-2019, emissions of CO, NMVOCs and NOx fell overall with average yearly rates by respectively 83,0234 66,4888 and 0,8073 t/year whereas the PM emission rose(0,8208 t/year).

Economic Benefits and Pollutants Emission Embodied in China–US Merchandise Trade—Comparative Analysis Based on Gross Trade, Value Added Trade and Value Added in Trade

The main focuses of the Sino–US trade dispute are the issue of trade interests. If taking environmental costs into consideration, the trade interests are even more overestimated. There are different methods for measuring trade interests, and the results obtained under different methods differ. This paper uses the gross trade, value-added trade and value-added-in trade framework to calculate the economic gains and correspondent embodied pollution in China–US trade, compares the differences in results under different models and makes possible explanations. Our conclusions are as follows: (1) Traditional gross trade statistics have overestimated China’s economic benefits. The trade balance in gross trade was overestimated by 35% and 40% compared to the value-added trade and value-added-in trade. (2) China was a net exporter of embodied pollution and paid huge environmental costs from 1995 to 2011. (3) China’s exports are environmentally worse than the United States, and the calculation of pollution terms of trade proves that China paid a greater environmental cost for the same amount of economic benefits. (4) Different accounting frameworks have a great impact on the embodied pollution results at the industry level. Pollution based on value-added trade was more concentrated. The major polluting industries also changed.

Preparing Municipal Solid Waste Emission Inventory and Spatial Distribution of Prayagraj City Using GIS

Pollutants in the air are emitted from a variety of sources in metropolitan areas, causing poor air quality. Using a Geographic Information System (GIS), this project attempts to assess municipal solid waste (MSW) burning emissions and prepare a spatial distribution grid for Prayagraj city. PM10, PM2.5, NOx, SO2, and CO emissions were computed using activity data and emission factors using a bottom-up approach. The result from this study shows that emissions for all 5 pollutants PM10, PM2.5, NOx, SO2, CO are 718, 488, 269, and 3771kg/day respectively, where CO is the highest emitted pollutant. The Prayagraj municipal area was divided into grids of 3 km2 area. The spatial distribution plotted for Prayagraj city shows the hotspot grid areas for all 5 air pollutants emission. The hotspot grids for PM10 are P9, P10, P17, P29 and for PM2.5, NOx, SO2, are P9, P10, P17 and for CO are P9, P10, P14, P17, P29. Keywords: PM10, PM2.5, NOX, SO2, CO, Emission Inventory, Spatial distribution, Hotspot grids

CONCEPT AND EVALUATION OF AN URBAN PLATFORM FOR INTERACTIVE VISUAL ANALYTICS

Urban platforms are becoming a vital role player in city resources management for achieving the right balance between social and economic services and their impact on the environment. More and more cities are starting to benefit from an urban platform to state the city conditions and re-coin the shape of life depending on data gathered from different city systems. However, urban platforms need further support of data analytics in respect of reaching a smart city platform helping city planners with better decision making. Besides, the majority of operational urban platforms consider 2D data only, missing out on the possible information that could be obtained from 3D city models. This work proposes a concept for an urban platform that supports data manipulation and visualization plus interactive analytic functionalities. As a prototype, an urban platform is implemented for integrating and processing 3D city models and 2D traffic data to derive air pollutants emission rates with analytic visualization, leading urban planning to concentrate on the most affected areas. In addition, interactive features are implemented, including filtering, querying, and classifying data to support the analytic visualization in the developed urban platform.

Cleaner production: a brief review on definitions, trends and the importance in environment protection.

There are several environmental issues caused by economic growth and urbanization, such as soil degradation, water scarcity, deforestation, and biodiversity extinction. To solve these environmental problem issues, cleaner production (CP) had presented as account to reduce waste generation, energy usage and environmental pollution.CP concept was accepted and applied on many industrial sectors. Based on the current trend, CP is shifting to tackle global environmental problems by focusing on reducing carbon emission and resources consumption. In this paper, implementation of CP was presented such as waste and pollutants reduction, process and products efficiency improvements, and risk reduction towards human and environment. Overall, CP is an effective tool not only in environmental protection, but also in company management as it can increase the profit gains, reduce resources consumption, reduce pollutants emission and protects the safety of staff and workers.

Can hydrogen enriched biogas be used as domestic fuel? - Part II: Pollutants Emission from Combustion of Biogas/H2/air Fuel Mixture

Biogas is considered a sustainable source of energy which is largely untapped owing to its inherent weaknesses such as low thermal performance and potentially harmful emissions. Its thermal performance and emission characteristics can be enhanced through the technique of enriching with higher grade fuel. In this research study, biogas enriched with hydrogen was tested for its emission characteristics. A synthetic biogas identified as BG60 (60% CH4 and 40% CO2) enriched with 20% hydrogen (80%BG60-20%H2) was used for the test. Experiments were carried out for combustion of the enriched gas for a wide range of Reynolds numbers and equivalence ratios. The results indicate that the enriched fuel emits less CO and NOx than commonly used domestic fuel LPG. It also has a better thermal and emission performance than BG60. The low pollutant emissions compared with LPG, use of renewable feedstock for biogas production, and competitive cost may make the blended 80%BG60-20%H2 an attractive sustainable alternative domestic fuel choice for environmentally conscious urban dwellers of modern cities.

Determination of emission factors for nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds emitted from jewelry making workshops

Introduction: Air pollution is a major problem in Isfahan, one of the major cities of Iran. A large number of jewelry making workshops are located in Isfahan, yet there is insufficient information about their pollutants emission rates. The aim of this study is to determine the emission factors of nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in Isfahan’s jewelry making workshops. Materials and methods: In the first step of this study, some jewelry making workshops were visited to find nitrogen oxides and VOCs emission sources. It was revealed that the only possible source of nitrogen oxides and VOCs in these workshops was use of the oxy fuel welding system used to melt gold. In the second step, a set of experiments was conducted to determine the emission factors of nitrogen oxides and VOCs while working with the oxy fuel welding system. Results: The results of this study showed that the emission factor of nitrogen oxides in the oxy fuel welding system was 0.64 kg/kg consumed natural gas. It was also found that no VOCs were emitted while working with the oxy fuel welding system, since sufficient pure oxygen was produced in this system. Interview with managers of some jewelry making workshops showed that the average natural gas consumption in each workshop was 22 kg. Therefore, each jewelry making workshop in Isfahan emitted nearly 14.08 kg of nitrogen oxide per month. Conclusion: It is revealed that in 2018, 81100.8 kg nitrogen oxides were emitted from jewelry making workshops into Isfahan’s atmosphere.