scholarly journals Limitations on jurisdiction and arbitration agreements based on applicable law and the identity of the carrier in cargo claim disputes: who and where to sue? = Las limitaciones a la autonomía la voluntad de las partes en las cláusulas atributivas de jurisdicción y las cláusulas de arbitraje basadas en la ley aplicable y la identidad del transportista en las reclamaciones por pérdida o daños a las mercancías: ¿a quién y dónde se puede reclamar?

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 306
Author(s):  
Jonatan Echebarría Fernández
Keyword(s):  
Choice Of Law ◽  
Applicable Law ◽  
Bill Of Lading ◽  
Arbitration Clause ◽  
Palabras Clave

Abstract: The article demonstrates through an analysis of the limitations on choice of forum or arbitration agreements following the invalidity of a choice of law clause included in a charter party and/or a bill of lading (B/L). It is equally difficult enforcing a jurisdiction or arbitration clause included in a B/L if the parties are not clearly defined in the contract for the carrige of goods by sea. The article delivers some conclusions and suggests the approach to be taken by maritime contracting parties to overcome any feasible invalidity of a choice of forum or arbitration agreement based on the choice of law by European Member (EU) States’ courts.Keywords: Jurisdiction and arbitration agreements, choice of law clauses, contracts for the carria­ge of goods by sea, charter party, bill of lading, anti-suit injunctions, actions in contract, actions in tort, actions in bailment, Demise Clause, Identity of the Carrier Clause.Resumen: El artículo demuestra a través de un análisis de las limitaciones en la elección del foro o los acuerdos de arbitraje después de la invalidez de una cláusula de elección de ley incluida en las partes de la carta constitutiva y / o conocimiento de embarque (B / L). Es igualmente difícil hacer cumplir una cláusula de jurisdicción o arbitraje incluida en un B / L si las partes no están claramente definidas en el contrato para el transporte de mercancías por mar. El artículo presenta algunas conclusiones y sugiere el enfoque que deben adoptar las partes contratantes marítimas para superar cualquier posible invalidez de un acuerdo de elección de foro o arbitraje basado en una elección de la ley por los tribunales de Estados miembros de la Unión Europea (UE).Palabras clave: Jurisdicción y acuerdos de arbitraje, cláusulas de elección de ley, contratos para el transporte de mercancías por vía marítima, fletamento, conocimiento de embarque, medidas antipro­ceso, acciones contractuales, acciones extracontractuales, acciones basadas en “bailment”, cláusula de cesión, cláusula de identidad del transportista.

The absence of choice of law in commercial contracts: problems and solutions

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 497-519
Author(s):  
Reza Beheshti
Keyword(s):  
Legal Regime ◽  
Commercial Arbitration ◽  
Modern Approach ◽  
Choice Of Law ◽  
Applicable Law ◽  
Arbitration Clause ◽  
Legal Regimes ◽  
Problems And Solutions ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract In a commercial contract with an arbitration clause, the parties may fail to determine any applicable law, in which case the arbitral tribunal is expected to identify the rules applicable to the merits of the dispute. A modern approach suggests that localizing legal issues originated from an international contract is inappropriate and that the tribunal should conduct an assessment to identify international or non-national rules or practices appropriate to the issues at hand. This approach, which grants the tribunal maximum freedom in choosing the applicable law with no reference to any choice-of-law rules, is adopted in a few institutional rules such as the Article 21(1) of the ICC Rules. This article seeks to introduce an evaluative framework informing the tribunal’s methodical task in identifying the most suitable legal regimes. The evaluative framework seeks to assess the relationship of legal doctrines to commercial considerations and expectations regarded by businesses. A significant issue that befalls the arbitrators is that of pleading, proving, and measuring monetary damages. Yet, damages have remained an issue that is inaccurately dealt with by arbitral tribunals. This article aims to examine the principles governing damages available to an innocent commercial party under significant legal regimes widely applied in international commercial arbitration in an attempt to offer guidance on which legal regime has provided the most appropriate set of principles reflecting the essential needs and interests of commercial parties.

Significant choice-of-law interests and its impact on the formation of choice-of-law regulation in the field of intellectual property

2021 ◽  
pp. 186
Author(s):  
Svetlana I. Krupko
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Property Rights ◽  
Intellectual Property Rights ◽  
The State ◽  
Close Connection ◽  
Choice Of Law ◽  
Applicable Law ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Special Rules

This article analyzes the choice-of-law interests of specific and potential participants in the relations of intellectual property rights and the state in order to establish the closest connection of the above type of relation with the state, whose law should be applied. Taking into account the directionality of significant choice-of-law interests, advantages and disadvantages of territorial and universal approaches, a theoretically based solution is proposed for the formation of a general choice-of-law rule on the law to be applied to the relation of intellectual property rights. It was revealed in the study that the diversity of the relations of intellectual property rights (their obligatory and non-obligatory, property and personal non-property nature, other differences in legal features) does not automatically generate a multidirectionality of significant choice-of-law interests that should be taken into account when establishing a close connection of the above type of the relation with the state for determination of applicable law, does not prevent the formation of a general choice-of-law rule for the relations of intellectual property rights in general and does not unequivocally testify in favor of the specialization of its binding. However, the diversity of the relations of intellectual property rights should be examined and evaluated for the feasibility and limits of exceptions from the general choice-of-law rule and the development of special rules for resolving certain private of the relations of intellectual property rights.

scholarly journals Improvement of legal regulation of foreign economic transactions in the Republic of Uzbekistan

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 94-104
Author(s):  
Dilfuza Imamova
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Currency ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
Applicable Law ◽  
Arbitration Clause ◽  
Commercial Enterprise ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Contract Language ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Economic Transaction

The article deals with issues related to improving the legal regulation of foreign economic transactions in the Republic of Uzbekistan. It is determined that foreign economic transaction is a transaction in which one party is a foreign company or a commercial enterprise located in another state, the trade focused on the import or export abroad and to use in settlements with counterparty foreign currency. It was found out that some types of foreign economic transactions are not reflected in the national legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan, namely distribute and forfeiting contracts. The article notes that there are various problems associated with the incorrect formation of the terms of foreign economic transactions, their content and requirements, in particular when reflecting the applicable law, the arbitration clause, determining the advantages of the contract language, the application of non-state regulation. It is concluded that it is necessary to regulate the definition of applicable law in relation to certain types of foreign economic transactions that are not reflected in the Сivil code of the Republic of Uzbekistan, namely, in relation to distribution and forfeiting contracts, certain types of foreign economic transactions, internet auctions, internet contests or internet exchanges. Based on the study of foreign experience and scientific and theoretical views, ways to improve legislation in the field of settlement of certain types of foreign economic transactions were investigated. Based on the results of the analysis, relevant conclusions were drawn and proposals were developed for the current legislation.

Part 2 National and Regional Reports, Part 2.1 Africa: Coordinated by Jan L Neels and Eesa A Fredericks, 14 Ethiopia: Ethiopian Perspectives on the Hague Principles

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gebremeskel Fekadu Petros
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Private International Law ◽  
Choice Of Law ◽  
Party Autonomy ◽  
Applicable Law ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Hague ◽  
Federal Supreme

This chapter reflects on Ethiopian perspectives on the Hague Principles. Ethiopia does not have a codified law regulating matters of private international law, nor is there detailed case law from which one could derive key principles of the subject. While the shortage of private international law in Ethiopia is evident, the problem is most severe in the area of applicable law. In relation to party autonomy in choice of law, the Federal Supreme Court’s Cassation Division has handed down some interesting decisions, and these indeed have the force of law in Ethiopia. Nevertheless, the approach of the Ethiopian courts in respect of party autonomy is not very developed and clear, including in the field of international commercial contracts. While it would be prudent for Ethiopian courts to refer to the Hague Principles as persuasive authority, this requires awareness of the existence of the Hague Principles. In the long term, the Hague Principles will surely find their way into Ethiopian law.

Part II To Arbitrate or Not to Arbitrate? The Grey Area of Contracts of Carriage, 7 Incorporation of a Charterparty Arbitration Clause into a Bill of Lading and its Effect on Third Parties

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baatz Yvonne
Keyword(s):  
Third Parties ◽  
Bill Of Lading ◽  
Arbitration Clause ◽  
Grey Area ◽  
European Court ◽  
Liberal Approach

This chapter discusses the practice of incorporating charterparty arbitration clauses into bills of lading and examines recent decisions of the English courts which have tended to take a flexible and liberal approach in determining the effectiveness of such incorporation. It notes that a restrictive approach to the recognition of the validity of such arbitration clauses results in a highly uncertain position for a carrier who may find itself having to arbitrate in different locations to respond to different claims arising out of the same incident. It also criticizes the European Court of Justice’s decision in Allianz SpA (formerly RiunioneAdriatica di SicurtaSpA) v West Tankers Inc (The Front Comor). The case has created the potential of much confusion on the enforceability of a charterparty arbitration clause incorporated into a bill of lading, and creates unnecessary unpredictability and the heightened potential of litigation costs to determine preliminary issues.

1 The Law Applicable to International Arbitration in New York

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsey David M ◽  
Lahlou Yasmine
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New York State ◽  
State Law ◽  
International Arbitration ◽  
Choice Of Law ◽  
York State ◽  
Applicable Law ◽  
Foreign Law ◽  
New York Convention ◽  
The U.S

This chapter focuses on applicable arbitration law in the context of arbitration agreements and awards that fall under the New York Convention or the Panama Convention, and how those two treaties interact with the U.S. Federal Arbitration Act (FAA), New York state law, and possibly foreign law in the context of international arbitration in New York. It first summarizes the FAA and explains FAA preemption of state law that is inconsistent with the FAA. The chapter then discusses the application of the Conventions and difficult issues that can arise when determining the applicable law. In particular, it focuses on choice of law issues that arise when enforcing the agreement to arbitrate under Article II of the New York Convention. U.S. courts have struggled to employ a consistent choice of law analysis when interpreting the “null and void” provisions in Article II(3) of the Convention.

THE CHOICE OF LAW AGREEMENT AS A REASON FOR EXERCISING JURISDICTION

2014 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 963-975 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Hook
Keyword(s):  
Choice Of Law ◽  
Applicable Law

AbstractThis article examines the effect of choice of law agreements on the courts’ exercise of jurisdiction. In particular, it considers whether English courts ought to exercise jurisdiction to uphold choice of law agreements that would otherwise be defeated in a competing forum. Two reasons have been advanced in support of this approach: that courts should prioritize the choice of law rules of the forum; and that the parties should be held to their agreement on the applicable law. This article argues that neither of these reasons is justifiable in principle.

scholarly journals The role of party autonomy under the regulations on matrimonial property regimes and property consequences of registered partnerships. Some remarks on the coordination between the legal regime established by the new regulations and other relevant instruments of European Private International Law = Il ruolo dell’autonomia della volontà nei regolamenti sui rapporti patrimoniali tra coniugi e sugli effetti patrimoniali delle unioni registrate. Alcune considerazioni sul coordinamento tra il regime giuridico stabilito dai nuovi regolamenti e altri strumenti di diritto internazionale privato europeo

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 457
Author(s):  
Cristina Grieco
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Private International Law ◽  
Legal Regime ◽  
Choice Of Law ◽  
Party Autonomy ◽  
Applicable Law ◽  
Property Regimes ◽  
Property Regime

 Abstract: The new Regulations (No. 2016/1103 and No. 2016/1104) recently adopted through an enhanced cooperation by the European Legislator aim to deal with all the private international law aspects of matrimonial property regimes and property consequences of registered partnerships, both as concerns the daily management of matrimonial property (or partner’s property) and its liquidation, in particular as a result of the couple’s separation or the death of one of the spouses (or partners). This paper aims to address the prominent role of party autonomy in the two Regulations and to focus on the coordination between the legal system embodied in the new two Regulations, and other relevant instruments of European private international law in force, such as the Succession Regulation and the Bruxelles II- bis Regulation.Keywords: party autonomy; successions; matrimonial property regime, partnership property regi­me, applicable law, choice of law, private international law.Riassunto: I due nuovi regolamenti (No. 2016/1103 e No. 2016/1104), recentemente adottati nell’ambito di una cooperazione rafforzata dal legislatore europeo, si propongono di regolare tutti gli aspetti internazional privatistici legati ai regimi patrimoniali tra coniugi e alle conseguenze patrimoniali delle partnership registrate, sia per ciò che concerne la regolare amministrazione dei beni sia per ciò che riguarda la liquidazione degli stessi beni facenti parte del regime matrimoniale (o della partnership regi­strata) nel caso si verifichino vicende che ne alterino il normale svolgimento, come la separazione della coppia o la morte di uno degli sposi (o dei partner). Il presente scritto si propone di esaminare il ruolo prominente che, all’interno di entrambi i regolamenti, è riservato alla volontà delle parti e di focaliz­zarsi sul coordinamento tra i due nuovi strumenti e gli altri regolamenti di diritto internazionale privato europeo attualmente in vigore e, particolarmente, il regolamento sulle successioni transfrontaliere e il regolamento Bruxelles II- bisParole chiave: autonomia della volontà; successioni; rapporti patrimoniali tra coniugi; effetti pa­trimoniali delle unioni registrate; legge applicabile; scelta di legge; diritto internazionale privato.

La aplicación del nuevo RGPD en el contexto del tratamiento de datos en la UE

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Juan José Gonzalo Domenech
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Data Protection ◽  
Private International Law ◽  
Protective Function ◽  
New Developments ◽  
Applicable Law ◽  
Palabras Clave

Resumen: El RGPD ha creado nuevas normas de Derecho internacional privado con el fin de proteger al afectado en supuestos transnacionales de vulneración de su derecho a la protección de datos. La posibilidad que otorga el Reglamento de litigar en el propio domicilio del demandado cumple con la función protectora que siempre debe tener una norma de protección de datos. La compatibilidad con el Reglamento Bruselas I bis supone una ampliación de los foros disponibles –además de solapamientos de foros– y mayores oportunidades de defensa para el afectado, los cuales aumentarán dependiendo del contrato en el que ejerciten tales acciones. Debemos lamentar las nulas novedades en cuanto a la ley aplicable, que nos obligan a seguir aplicando las normas autónomas clásicas. Abstract: The new GDPR has created new rules of private international law to protect those affected in transnational cases from infringing their right to data protection. The possibility given by the Regulation to litigate in the defendant's own home fulfills the protective function that a data protection standard must always have. Compatibility with the Brussels I bis Regulation is an extension of the available forums - although it also implies an overlap of forums - and greater defense opportunities for the affected, which will increase depending on the contract in which they carry out such actions. We must lament the null new developments regarding applicable law, which force us to continue applying the classic autonomous rules. Palabras clave/keywords: Protección/protection, datos/data, reglamento/regulation, europeo/European, privacidad/privacy.  

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