The absence of choice of law in commercial contracts: problems and solutions

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 497-519
Author(s):  
Reza Beheshti
Keyword(s):  
Legal Regime ◽  
Commercial Arbitration ◽  
Modern Approach ◽  
Choice Of Law ◽  
Applicable Law ◽  
Arbitration Clause ◽  
Legal Regimes ◽  
Problems And Solutions ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract In a commercial contract with an arbitration clause, the parties may fail to determine any applicable law, in which case the arbitral tribunal is expected to identify the rules applicable to the merits of the dispute. A modern approach suggests that localizing legal issues originated from an international contract is inappropriate and that the tribunal should conduct an assessment to identify international or non-national rules or practices appropriate to the issues at hand. This approach, which grants the tribunal maximum freedom in choosing the applicable law with no reference to any choice-of-law rules, is adopted in a few institutional rules such as the Article 21(1) of the ICC Rules. This article seeks to introduce an evaluative framework informing the tribunal’s methodical task in identifying the most suitable legal regimes. The evaluative framework seeks to assess the relationship of legal doctrines to commercial considerations and expectations regarded by businesses. A significant issue that befalls the arbitrators is that of pleading, proving, and measuring monetary damages. Yet, damages have remained an issue that is inaccurately dealt with by arbitral tribunals. This article aims to examine the principles governing damages available to an innocent commercial party under significant legal regimes widely applied in international commercial arbitration in an attempt to offer guidance on which legal regime has provided the most appropriate set of principles reflecting the essential needs and interests of commercial parties.

Modern Approach to Drawing Up Job Descriptions

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 78-82
Author(s):  
Кириллов ◽  
Andrey Kirillov
Keyword(s):  
Personnel Management ◽  
Business Processes ◽  
Job Descriptions ◽  
Job Description ◽  
Modern Approach ◽  
Specific Rule ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Main Ideas ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The article defines the place of job descriptions in the system of personnel management, formulated and disclosed such requirements to them as: timeliness, relevance, reliability and objectivity, credibility and validity, completeness, conciseness, targeted, specific, rule of law, the uniqueness and uniformity of terms, precision, clarity (clarity), consistency. The sequence of development documents regulating the activities of the organization shows the relationship of job descriptions and position of the structural unit. The article describes how to design a job description. The main shortcomings of modern domestic job descriptions are revealed. The author presents fragments of job descriptions of various categories of personnel. Ways of enhancing the efficiency of the job description in the modern Russian companies are shown. The article describes ways to create product-oriented job description, definition of job descriptions of key performance indicators and competencies, creating job descriptions from the description of business processes. In conclusion summarizes the main ideas to turn the job descriptions in the foundation of the system of personnel management in the organization.

scholarly journals The role of party autonomy under the regulations on matrimonial property regimes and property consequences of registered partnerships. Some remarks on the coordination between the legal regime established by the new regulations and other relevant instruments of European Private International Law = Il ruolo dell’autonomia della volontà nei regolamenti sui rapporti patrimoniali tra coniugi e sugli effetti patrimoniali delle unioni registrate. Alcune considerazioni sul coordinamento tra il regime giuridico stabilito dai nuovi regolamenti e altri strumenti di diritto internazionale privato europeo

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 457
Author(s):  
Cristina Grieco
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Private International Law ◽  
Legal Regime ◽  
Choice Of Law ◽  
Party Autonomy ◽  
Applicable Law ◽  
Property Regimes ◽  
Property Regime

 Abstract: The new Regulations (No. 2016/1103 and No. 2016/1104) recently adopted through an enhanced cooperation by the European Legislator aim to deal with all the private international law aspects of matrimonial property regimes and property consequences of registered partnerships, both as concerns the daily management of matrimonial property (or partner’s property) and its liquidation, in particular as a result of the couple’s separation or the death of one of the spouses (or partners). This paper aims to address the prominent role of party autonomy in the two Regulations and to focus on the coordination between the legal system embodied in the new two Regulations, and other relevant instruments of European private international law in force, such as the Succession Regulation and the Bruxelles II- bis Regulation.Keywords: party autonomy; successions; matrimonial property regime, partnership property regi­me, applicable law, choice of law, private international law.Riassunto: I due nuovi regolamenti (No. 2016/1103 e No. 2016/1104), recentemente adottati nell’ambito di una cooperazione rafforzata dal legislatore europeo, si propongono di regolare tutti gli aspetti internazional privatistici legati ai regimi patrimoniali tra coniugi e alle conseguenze patrimoniali delle partnership registrate, sia per ciò che concerne la regolare amministrazione dei beni sia per ciò che riguarda la liquidazione degli stessi beni facenti parte del regime matrimoniale (o della partnership regi­strata) nel caso si verifichino vicende che ne alterino il normale svolgimento, come la separazione della coppia o la morte di uno degli sposi (o dei partner). Il presente scritto si propone di esaminare il ruolo prominente che, all’interno di entrambi i regolamenti, è riservato alla volontà delle parti e di focaliz­zarsi sul coordinamento tra i due nuovi strumenti e gli altri regolamenti di diritto internazionale privato europeo attualmente in vigore e, particolarmente, il regolamento sulle successioni transfrontaliere e il regolamento Bruxelles II- bisParole chiave: autonomia della volontà; successioni; rapporti patrimoniali tra coniugi; effetti pa­trimoniali delle unioni registrate; legge applicabile; scelta di legge; diritto internazionale privato.

Part 2 National and Regional Reports, Part 2.2 Asia: Coordinated by Yuko Nishitani and Béligh Elbalti, 37 South Korea: South Korean Perspectives on the Hague Principles

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyun Suk Kwang
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Private International Law ◽  
Commercial Arbitration ◽  
Choice Of Law ◽  
Applicable Law ◽  
South Korean ◽  
Trade Law ◽  
International Trade Law ◽  
The Hague ◽  
Model Law

This chapter studies South Korean perspectives on the Hague Principles. Korea has enacted choice of law rules for courts in litigation and choice of law rules for arbitral tribunals. The former are set forth in the Private International Law Act of Korea (KPILA) and the latter in the Arbitration Act of Korea (KAA). The single most important Korean legislation on private international law is the KPILA, which mainly consists of provisions on applicable law and on international jurisdiction in civil and commercial matters. As for the KAA, it was modelled on the 1985 Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration of United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL), and further amended in 2016 in order to reflect the amendments adopted in 2006 to the UNCITRAL Model Arbitration Law. Since Korea has detailed choice of law rules for courts and arbitral tribunals, the role which could be played by the Hague Principles in Korea will be very limited. Korean courts could use them for reference in the interpretation, supplementation, and/or development of applicable rules of choice of law regarding matters not covered by the choice of law rules of the KPILA.

Law Reform, Child Maltreatment and the un Convention on the Rights of the Child

2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen A. Polonko ◽  
Lucien X. Lombardo ◽  
Ian M. Bolling
Keyword(s):  
Child Physical Abuse ◽  
Customary Law ◽  
Law Reform ◽  
Systematic Research ◽  
Legal Regime ◽  
Child Rights ◽  
Rights Of The Child ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Scholars and practitioners stress the need for systematic research on the implementation of the un Convention on the Rights of the Child (crc) and its potential impact on children’s rights. Our study focused on one aspect of implementation – law reform. Drawing primarily on reports to the crc Committee for 179 countries, results show for most countries, implementation is limited and focused far more on child-welfare than child-rights based legislation. The relationship of measures of law reform/legal regime (most notably, the existence of customary law and laws banning corporal punishment) to children’s experience of rights, child physical abuse and mortality, is analysed and theoretically grounded.

scholarly journals ON THE ISSUE OF THE LEGAL REGIME OF ANIMALS AS AN OBJECT OF CIVIL RIGHTS

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-74
Author(s):  
L. F. Netishinskaya ◽  
◽  
K.G. Akulshina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Legal Regime ◽  
Legal Provisions ◽  
General Rules ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Living Being

The article deals with issues related to the legal regime of a special object of civil rights – an animal. Analysis of legislative provisions allows us to draw certain conclusions about this object of civil legal relations, confirming that the animal is a living being, although the legislator indicates the application of General rules on property to animals. Particular attention is drawn to the contents of legal provisions characterizing the relationship of the legislator the object of civil rights, and its legal regime, the analysis of which a number of conclusions that can be used in the practical application of the provisions on the object of civil rights – the animals, not only when it comes to Pets, but in cases where we are talking about the contents and use of service animals and animals used in entertainment purposes.

scholarly journals SUI GENERIS DALAM PENGGUNAAN GEO STATIONARY ORBIT BERDASARKAN PRINSIP DAN HUKUM RUANG ANGKASA

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-178
Author(s):  
Dwi Putri Sartika Alamsyah ◽  
Slamet Suhartono ◽  
Krisnadi Nasution
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
International Law ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Legal Regime ◽  
Space Law ◽  
Legal Regimes ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThe purpose of this research is to produce a review related to the exertion of Sui generis Regime in the utilization of Geo Stationary Orbit based on the principles of space law which are examined by comparison of laws and needs between developed and developing countries. This provision was made to provide legal substance related to technical matters and exertion related to the exploration of existing territories in space encompassing the Geo Stationary Orbit slot, and spacecraft  skimming. Developing countries strive to be determined "distinctive legal regime" (Sui Generis Regime) against the Geo Stationary Orbit (GSO) which is a specialty or specificity of existing international legal regimes or has previously been regulated in order not to become a stand-alone law. Research used a normative research using Normative Juridical methods namely by conducting an assessment related to legal aspects or the existence of regulations regarding space surrounding the responsibility of the problem. This is done to obtain data and to be able to analyze the sui generis regime on the exertion of geostationary orbits by Indonesia. The research is more concern related reviews special legal regime on the use of orbital slots which will experience challenges both in juridical and non-juridical terms, with the relationship between international law, this happened because there was no principium load, canon rule, and technical mechanism towards the 1967 space rules amendment. The uncertainty of these rules, especially in the utilization of Geo Stationary Orbit is used as a guideline for the need for the Sui Generis Regime as a regulation for the utilization of GSO which is inseparable from the principiums of space law. This is strengthened to provide benefits in terms of juridical and non-juridical aspects in the use of Geo Stationary Orbit. And aims to use space fairly and toward the interest of every humanity now or future.Keyword: geo stationary orbit; sui generis regime; the principle of spaceAbstrakTujuan [enelitian yaitu untuk menghasilkan ulasan terkait penggunaan Sui generis Regime dalam penggunaan Geo Stationary Orbit berdasarkan prinsip-prinsip hukum ruang angkasa yang dikaji dengan perbandingan hukum dan kebutuhan antara negara maju dengan negara berkembang. Ketentuan ini dibuat untuk memberikan subtansi hukum terkait hal-hal teknis dan penggunaan terkait ekplorasi wilayah yang ada di antariksa melingkupi slot Geo Stationary Orbit, serta peluncuran wahana antariksa. Negara-negara berkembang lebih mengupayakan agar dapat ditetapkannya “suatu rezim hukum khusus” (Sui Generis Regime) terhadap Geo Stationary Orbit (GSO) yang merupakan spesialisasi atau kekhususan dari rezim hukum internasional yang telah ada atau telah mengatur sebelumnya agar tidak menjadi hukum yang berdiri sendiri. Penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian normatif dengan menggunakan metode Yuridis Normatif yaitu dengan melakukan pengkajian terkait aspek hukum atau adanya regulasi tentang ruang angkasa melingkupi tanggung jawab permasalahan. Hal ini dilakukan untuk mendapatkan data dan agar dapat melakukan analisa sui generis regime terhadap pemanfaatan orbit geostationer oleh Indonesia. Penelitian lebih membahas ulasan terkait rezim hukum khusus berkaitan pemanfaatan  pada slot orbit akan mengalami tantangan baik dalam segi yuridis maupun non yuridis, dengan keterkaitan antara hukum internasional, hal ini terjadi karena tidak adanya muatan prinsip, aturan norma dan mekanisme teknis pada amandemen aturan luar angkasa 1967. Tidak tegasnya aturan tersebut terutama dalam penggunaan Geo Stationary Orbit dijadikan sebagai pedoman untuk perlunya Sui Generis Regime sebagai aturan penggunaan GSO yang tidak lepas dari prinsip-prinsip hukum ruang angkasa. Hal ini dikuatkan untuk memberikan keuntungan dari segi yuridis dan dari segi non yuridis dalam penggunaan Geo Stationary Orbit. Serta bertujuan untuk pemanfaatan ruang angkasa yang adil dan untuk kepentingan seluruh umat manusia sekarang ataupun masa yang akan datang.Kata kunci: geo stationary orbit; prinsip ruang angkasa; sui generis regime

scholarly journals The Extension of the Arbitration Clause to Non-Signatories: Lessons from Comparative Law

Legal Concept ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 144-154
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Rusakova ◽  
◽  
Edgar Dominguez ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Method ◽  
Comparative Law ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Legal Entity ◽  
Legal Proceedings ◽  
Applicable Law ◽  
Arbitration Clause ◽  
Degree Of Acceptance ◽  
The Relationship

Introduction: is it possible for a legal entity or individual who has not signed a contract containing the arbitration clause to take precedence of initiating arbitration against the signatory legal entity or individual, or vice versa, to be involved in the legal proceedings by other persons? The paper discusses this issue and examines it from the point of view of several theories, within the framework of comparative law, accepted for the extension of the arbitration clause to non-signatories. The purpose of the research is achieved by solving a number of tasks: to identify recurrent cases when an arbitration agreement was extended to a party that did not formally sign any arbitration agreement; to analyze the scenarios where such extension was accepted in different jurisdictions, as well as the facts and legal basis for this. Methodology: the paper uses a comparative method of analyzing the legal framework and court decisions, and the arbitral awards from different jurisdictions allow us to understand the degree of acceptability of the theories related to the extension of the arbitration clause to non-signatories. The results of the research can be used to determine the key circumstances of arbitration – whether the non-signatory party can be included in the arbitration either being initiated or already commenced. Conclusions: although there are various legal theories that have created a number of possibilities for extending the arbitration clause, such theories have a greater or lesser degree of acceptance depending on the arbitration law adopted by each country, the agreement of the parties, the arbitration rules chosen by the parties, the applicable law to the contract and, in some cases, the arbitration law at the legal venue. In addition, it will be necessary to analyze whether the non-signatory party is actually a party to the arbitration agreement, the relationship on the merits of the dispute, the interest and participation in the performance of the contract, and the application of the principle of good faith.

scholarly journals Limitations on jurisdiction and arbitration agreements based on applicable law and the identity of the carrier in cargo claim disputes: who and where to sue? = Las limitaciones a la autonomía la voluntad de las partes en las cláusulas atributivas de jurisdicción y las cláusulas de arbitraje basadas en la ley aplicable y la identidad del transportista en las reclamaciones por pérdida o daños a las mercancías: ¿a quién y dónde se puede reclamar?

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 306
Author(s):  
Jonatan Echebarría Fernández
Keyword(s):  
Choice Of Law ◽  
Applicable Law ◽  
Bill Of Lading ◽  
Arbitration Clause ◽  
Palabras Clave

Abstract: The article demonstrates through an analysis of the limitations on choice of forum or arbitration agreements following the invalidity of a choice of law clause included in a charter party and/or a bill of lading (B/L). It is equally difficult enforcing a jurisdiction or arbitration clause included in a B/L if the parties are not clearly defined in the contract for the carrige of goods by sea. The article delivers some conclusions and suggests the approach to be taken by maritime contracting parties to overcome any feasible invalidity of a choice of forum or arbitration agreement based on the choice of law by European Member (EU) States’ courts.Keywords: Jurisdiction and arbitration agreements, choice of law clauses, contracts for the carria­ge of goods by sea, charter party, bill of lading, anti-suit injunctions, actions in contract, actions in tort, actions in bailment, Demise Clause, Identity of the Carrier Clause.Resumen: El artículo demuestra a través de un análisis de las limitaciones en la elección del foro o los acuerdos de arbitraje después de la invalidez de una cláusula de elección de ley incluida en las partes de la carta constitutiva y / o conocimiento de embarque (B / L). Es igualmente difícil hacer cumplir una cláusula de jurisdicción o arbitraje incluida en un B / L si las partes no están claramente definidas en el contrato para el transporte de mercancías por mar. El artículo presenta algunas conclusiones y sugiere el enfoque que deben adoptar las partes contratantes marítimas para superar cualquier posible invalidez de un acuerdo de elección de foro o arbitraje basado en una elección de la ley por los tribunales de Estados miembros de la Unión Europea (UE).Palabras clave: Jurisdicción y acuerdos de arbitraje, cláusulas de elección de ley, contratos para el transporte de mercancías por vía marítima, fletamento, conocimiento de embarque, medidas antipro­ceso, acciones contractuales, acciones extracontractuales, acciones basadas en “bailment”, cláusula de cesión, cláusula de identidad del transportista.

scholarly journals Transformation of pedagogical conditions into factors in the development of initiative in the work collective

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 8
Author(s):  
D. V. Malygin
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Personnel Management ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Assessment Procedure ◽  
Specific Work ◽  
Modern Approach ◽  
Staff Members ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Introduction. The problem of determining the pedagogical conditions and factors, as well as their correlation for the formation of initiative among the stuff is one of the urgent directions in the modern approach to personnel management. This issue is relevant in the possibility of applying it to the development of the initiative among the staff members.Materials and Methods. The main methods were the analysis of literature on the problem under study from different areas of scientific research, scientific articles on the topic of research, as well as generalization and systematization of the data obtained. The analysis of the relationship and interconnections of these concepts is carried out.Results. A comparative analysis of the terms "condition" and "factor" in various fields of knowledge has been carried out. It was found that there is no clear division between the concepts; in many studies, these concepts are identical. At the same time, differences were identified in the definitions of these concepts in philosophy, pedagogy and psychology. In the context of the problem of the formation of initiative in the work collective, it was determined that conditions and factors can transform into each other. A visual scheme was proposed for transforming conditions into factors through the assessment procedure and conscious actions to change conditions. A visual scheme was proposed for transforming conditions into factors through the assessment procedure and conscious actions to change conditions. The question of the specifics of the relationships between the concepts of conditions and factors, as applied to a specific team, remains open. The latter result means that it is necessary to conduct research in a specific work collective working for specific purposes.Discussions and Conclusions. The paper presents conclusions about the differences between the terms "condition" and "factors", presents the relationship of these concepts, conclusions about the possible mechanisms for the transition from one concept to another in the study of the development of initiative in the work collective, the dynamics of transformation of conditions into factors of successful pedagogical activity, as well as , a consolidated form of control of the dynamics of changes in specific conditions, important for the formation of initiative in the work collective, and their transformation into factors is proposed. As a result, a variant of the classification of the conditions for the development of initiative in the work collective is presented.

How Knowing Who, Where and When Can Change Health Care Delivery

2011 ◽  
pp. 139-160
Author(s):  
William D. Kearns ◽  
James L. Fozard ◽  
Rosemarie S. Lamm
Keyword(s):  
Care Delivery ◽  
Human Movement ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Problems And Solutions ◽  
Street Address ◽  
New Research ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Mental And Physical Health ◽  
Change Health Care

Everything that happens to a person during their lifetime happens in the context of place, and the movements made by the person through and within that place. Persons begin life with a birthplace; they remember exactly where they were when they first laid eyes on their true love, the street address of their first home, etc. New research suggests that changes in movement patterns which occur in home and public spaces may be significant indicators of declining mental and physical health. In this chapter the authors discuss efforts to measure natural human movement, present a novel technique that uses a referential grid system to study the relationship of movement to health changes. The authors then present several syndromes whose understanding may be increased by a more thorough analysis of movement. They conclude with a discussion of how location aware technologies can play a role in identifying problems and solutions in the design of living spaces for the elderly.

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