scholarly journals Brain activation differences between muscle actions for strength and fatigue: A brief review.

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cassio V Ruas ◽  
Camila D Lima ◽  
Ronei S Pinto ◽  
Marcio A Oliveira ◽  
João A. C. Barros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Activation ◽  
Frontal Lobes ◽  
Cortical Activation ◽  
Feedback Information ◽  
Cortical Areas ◽  
Isometric Actions ◽  
Process Feedback ◽  
Muscle Actions ◽  
Eccentric Actions ◽  
Premotor Areas

BACKGROUND: Brain activation differences for strength and fatigue have recently been investigated due to advancements in brain-imaging methods.AIM: To review brain activation differences between concentric, eccentric and isometric muscle actions for strength and fatigue.METHODS: 12 studies were selected by accessing PubMed and Web of Knowledge databases.RESULTS: Collectively, the literature demonstrates that for strength the parietal and frontal lobes of the cortex that control movement preparation, planning and execution, and process feedback information are more activated during eccentric than concentric actions. In the supplementary motor area, event-related desynchronization is continued for both concentric and eccentric actions, but only present at the beginning and end of isometric actions. This indicates the CNS specifically controls each of these muscle actions. For fatigue, cortical activation is greater in the supplementary and premotor areas during isometric actions, but may be greater primarily in the central, occipital and parietal cortical areas for concentric and eccentric actions.INTERPRETATION:Muscular strength can be elicited with eccentric actions to more effectively activate control and memory of movement in the parietal and frontal lobes. Muscular fatigue can be elicited with isometric actions to selectively activate supplementary and premotor areas, or with concentric and eccentric actions for central, occipital and parietal cortical areas.

scholarly journals Longitudinal changes in brain activation during anticipation of monetary loss in bipolar disorder

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (16) ◽  
pp. 2781-2788 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Manelis ◽  
Richelle Stiffler ◽  
Jeanette C. Lockovich ◽  
Jorge R. C. Almeida ◽  
Haris A. Aslam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Mood State ◽  
Brain Activation ◽  
Emotional Arousal ◽  
Occipital Cortex ◽  
Cortical Activation ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Longitudinal Changes ◽  
The Right ◽  
Cue Processing

AbstractBackgroundIndividuals with bipolar disorder (BD) show aberrant brain activation patterns during reward and loss anticipation. We examined for the first time longitudinal changes in brain activation during win and loss anticipation to identify trait markers of aberrant anticipatory processing in BD.MethodsThirty-four euthymic and depressed individuals with BD-I and 17 healthy controls (HC) were scanned using functional magnetic resonance imaging twice 6 months apart during a reward task.ResultsHC, but not individuals with BD, showed longitudinal reductions in the right lateral occipital cortex (RLOC) activation during processing of cues predicting possible money loss (p-corrected <0.05). This result was not affected by psychotropic medication, mood state or the changes in depression/mania severity between the two scans in BD. Elevated symptoms of subthreshold hypo/mania at baseline predicted more aberrant longitudinal patterns of RLOC activation explaining 12.5% of variance in individuals with BD.ConclusionsIncreased activation in occipital cortex during negative outcome anticipation may be related to elevated negative emotional arousal during anticipatory cue processing. One interpretation is that, unlike HC, individuals with BD were not able to learn at baseline that monetary losses were smaller than monetary gains and were not able to reduce emotional arousal for negative cues 6 months later. Future research in BD should examine how modulating occipital cortical activation affects learning from experience in individuals with BD.

Greater Movement-Related Cortical Potential During Human Eccentric Versus Concentric Muscle Contractions

2001 ◽  
Vol 86 (4) ◽  
pp. 1764-1772 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yin Fang ◽  
Vlodek Siemionow ◽  
Vinod Sahgal ◽  
Fuqin Xiong ◽  
Guang H. Yue
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Onset Time ◽  
Muscle Contractions ◽  
Elbow Flexor ◽  
Movement Planning ◽  
Cortical Activation ◽  
Cortical Potential ◽  
Eeg Signals ◽  
Muscle Actions ◽  
The Brain

Despite abundant evidence that different nervous system control strategies may exist for human concentric and eccentric muscle contractions, no data are available to indicate that the brain signal differs for eccentric versus concentric muscle actions. The purpose of this study was to evaluate electroencephalography (EEG)-derived movement-related cortical potential (MRCP) and to determine whether the level of MRCP-measured cortical activation differs between the two types of muscle activities. Eight healthy subjects performed 50 voluntary eccentric and 50 voluntary concentric elbow flexor contractions against a load equal to 10% body weight. Surface EEG signals from four scalp locations overlying sensorimotor-related cortical areas in the frontal and parietal lobes were measured along with kinetic and kinematic information from the muscle and joint. MRCP was derived from the EEG signals of the eccentric and concentric muscle contractions. Although the elbow flexor muscle activation (EMG) was lower during eccentric than concentric actions, the amplitude of two major MRCP components—one related to movement planning and execution and the other associated with feedback signals from the peripheral systems—was significantly greater for eccentric than for concentric actions. The MRCP onset time for the eccentric task occurred earlier than that for the concentric task. The greater cortical signal for eccentric muscle actions suggests that the brain probably plans and programs eccentric movements differently from concentric muscle tasks.

scholarly journals Distinct activated cortical areas and volumes in Uygur-Chinese bilinguals

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 227-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mei Jiang ◽  
Li-Xia Yang ◽  
Lin Jia ◽  
Xin Shi ◽  
Hong Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Left Hemisphere ◽  
Semantic Processing ◽  
Visual Stimulation ◽  
Judgment Task ◽  
Specific Pattern ◽  
Cortical Activation ◽  
Middle Temporal Gyrus ◽  
Cortical Areas ◽  
Semantic Judgment ◽  
Significant Difference

AbstractObjective: The aim of this study is to evaluate variations in cortical activation in early and late Uygur-Chinese bilinguals from the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China. Methodology: During a semantic judgment task with visual stimulation by a single Chinese or Uygur word, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was performed. The fMRI data regarding activated cortical areas and volumes by both languages were analyzed. Results: The first language (L1) and second language (L2) activated language-related hemispheric regions, including the left inferior frontal and parietal cortices, and L1 specifically activated the left middle temporal gyrus. For both L1 and L2, cortical activation was greater in the left hemisphere, and there was no significant difference in the lateralization index (LI) between the two languages (p > 0.05). Although the total activated cortical areas were larger in early than late bilinguals, the activation volumes were not significantly different. Conclusion: Activated brains areas in early and late fluent bilinguals largely overlapped. However, these areas were more scattered upon presentation of L2 than L1, and L1 had a more specific pattern of activation than L2. For both languages, the left hemisphere was dominant. We found that L2 proficiency level rather than age of acquisition had a greater influence on which brain areas were activated with semantic processing.

scholarly journals The difference in cortical activation pattern for complex motor skills: A functional near- infrared spectroscopy study

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Seung Hyun Lee ◽  
Sang Hyeon Jin ◽  
Jinung An
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Brain Activation ◽  
Contralateral Side ◽  
Cortical Activation ◽  
Dominant Hand ◽  
Brain Lateralization ◽  
Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy

Abstract The human brain is lateralized to dominant or non-dominant hemispheres, and controlled through large-scale neural networks between correlated cortical regions. Recently, many neuroimaging studies have been conducted to examine the origin of brain lateralization, but this is still unclear. In this study, we examined the differences in brain activation in subjects according to dominant and non-dominant hands while using chopsticks. Fifteen healthy right-handed subjects were recruited to perform tasks which included transferring almonds using stainless steel chopsticks. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) was used to acquire the hemodynamic response over the primary sensory-motor cortex (SM1), premotor area (PMC), supplementary motor area (SMA), and frontal cortex. We measured the concentrations of oxy-hemoglobin and deoxy-hemoglobin induced during the use of chopsticks with dominant and non-dominant hands. While using the dominant hand, brain activation was observed on the contralateral side. While using the non-dominant hand, brain activation was observed on the ipsilateral side as well as the contralateral side. These results demonstrate dominance and functional asymmetry of the cerebral hemisphere.

Modulation of Cortical Activity by High-Frequency Whole-Body Vibration Exercise: An fNIRS Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (7) ◽  
pp. 665-670 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong-Sung Choi ◽  
Hwang-Jae Lee ◽  
Yong-II Shin ◽  
Ahee Lee ◽  
Hee-Goo Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Whole Body Vibration ◽  
Hemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Cortical Activity ◽  
Cortical Activation ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Body Vibration ◽  
Cortical Areas ◽  
Vibration Condition

Context: Whole-body vibration (WBV) has shown many positive effects on the human body in rehabilitation and clinical settings in which vibration has been used to elicit muscle contractions in spastic and paretic muscles. Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether WBV exercise (WBVe) differently modulates the cortical activity associated with motor and prefrontal function based on its frequency. Methods: A total of 18 healthy male adults (mean age: 25.3 [2.4] y) participated in this study and performed WBVe (Galileo Advanced plus; Novotec Medical, Pforzheim, Germany) under 3 different vibration frequency conditions (4-mm amplitude with 10-, 20-, and 27-Hz frequencies) and a control condition (0-mm amplitude with 0-Hz frequency). Each condition consisted of 2 alternating tasks (squatting and standing) every 30 seconds for 5 repetitions. All subjects performed the 4 conditions in a randomized order. Main Outcome Measure: Cortical activation during WBVe was measured by relative changes in oxygenated hemoglobin concentration over the primary motor cortex, premotor cortex, supplementary motor area, and prefrontal and somatosensory cortices using functional near-infrared spectroscopy. Results: Oxygenated hemoglobin concentration was higher during the 27-Hz vibration condition than the control and 10-Hz vibration conditions. Specifically, these changes were pronounced in the bilateral primary motor cortex (P < .05) and right prefrontal cortex (P < .05). In contrast, no significant changes in oxygenated hemoglobin concentration were observed in any of the cortical areas during the 10-Hz vibration condition compared with the control condition. Conclusion: This study provides evidence that the motor network and prefrontal cortical areas of healthy adult males can be activated by 27-Hz WBVe. However, WBVe at lower frequencies did not induce significant changes in cortical activation.

scholarly journals 161 Brain Activation Assessed with Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (FNIRS) During Stepping and Gait in Older People and Those with PD

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. iv34-iv39
Author(s):  
Jasmine Menant ◽  
Paulo Pelicioni ◽  
Yoshiro Okubo ◽  
Colleen Canning ◽  
Daina Sturnieks ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Premotor Cortex ◽  
Brain Activation ◽  
Healthy Adults ◽  
Cortical Activation ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Yahr Stage

Abstract Background and Aim Past research has shown that compared with healthy peers, people with Parkinson’s Disease (PD) generate poorer stepping responses and display reduced ability to adapt gait to unexpected targets and obstacles. However, the neural basis of these impairments in PD is unclear. Here, we aimed to investigate cortical activation in pre-frontal and motor areas using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) during stepping and gait adaptability in people with PD, compared with healthy adults. Methods Forty-four people with PD (&gt;40 years, Hoen & Yahr stage 1-3) and 44 healthy age and sex-matched healthy adults performed three cognitively-demanding stepping tasks and a test of gait adaptability. We recorded relative changes in oxy-haemoglobin (HbO) and deoxy-haemoglobin (HbR) concentrations in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, supplementary motor area, premotor cortex and primary cortex using fNIRS. Results Data collection is ongoing with &gt;75% participants already assessed. We will conduct between group-comparisons to compare HbO and HbR concentrations in the selected regions of interest in the stepping and the gait adaptability tests. Physical and cognitive predictors of brain activation in each task in each group will also be computed using regression models. Conclusion Based on the results of our recent systematic review of fNIRS-recorded brain activation during walking tasks (1), we hypothesise that compared with healthy-aged matched peers, people with PD will show increased prefrontal and motor cortices activation during stepping and gait adaptability tests. This would suggest that people with PD require more attentional resources for safe walking. Reference (1) Pelicioni et al. Prefrontal cortical activation measured by fNIRS during walking: effects of age, disease and secondary task. Peer J 2019; 7: e6833.

Lactate transporters in the rat barrel cortex sustain whisker-dependent BOLD fMRI signal and behavioral performance

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (47) ◽  
pp. e2112466118
Author(s):  
Hélène Roumes ◽  
Charlotte Jollé ◽  
Jordy Blanc ◽  
Imad Benkhaled ◽  
Carolina Piletti Chatain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Barrel Cortex ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Brain Activation ◽  
Functional Brain Imaging ◽  
Cortical Activation ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Behavioral Performance ◽  
Bold Response ◽  
Metabolic Cooperation ◽  
Bold Fmri

Lactate is an efficient neuronal energy source, even in presence of glucose. However, the importance of lactate shuttling between astrocytes and neurons for brain activation and function remains to be established. For this purpose, metabolic and hemodynamic responses to sensory stimulation have been measured by functional magnetic resonance spectroscopy and blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) fMRI after down-regulation of either neuronal MCT2 or astroglial MCT4 in the rat barrel cortex. Results show that the lactate rise in the barrel cortex upon whisker stimulation is abolished when either transporter is down-regulated. Under the same paradigm, the BOLD response is prevented in all MCT2 down-regulated rats, while about half of the MCT4 down-regulated rats exhibited a loss of the BOLD response. Interestingly, MCT4 down-regulated animals showing no BOLD response were rescued by peripheral lactate infusion, while this treatment had no effect on MCT2 down-regulated rats. When animals were tested in a novel object recognition task, MCT2 down-regulated animals were impaired in the textured but not in the visual version of the task. For MCT4 down-regulated animals, while all animal succeeded in the visual task, half of them exhibited a deficit in the textured task, a similar segregation into two groups as observed for BOLD experiments. Our data demonstrate that lactate shuttling between astrocytes and neurons is essential to give rise to both neurometabolic and neurovascular couplings, which form the basis for the detection of brain activation by functional brain imaging techniques. Moreover, our results establish that this metabolic cooperation is required to sustain behavioral performance based on cortical activation.

Accuracy and Variability of Leg Velocities during Concentric and Eccentric Actions of the Quadriceps Femoris Muscles

1997 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 575-586 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard L. Gajdosik ◽  
David W. Faris ◽  
Teri K. Kato ◽  
Pat F. Roosa ◽  
Tamaki Matsumoto
Keyword(s):  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Velocity Overshoot ◽  
Concentric Force ◽  
Coefficients Of Variation ◽  
The Right ◽  
Muscle Actions ◽  
Eccentric Actions ◽  
Quadriceps Femoris Muscles

This study examined the ability to control leg velocities during concentric and eccentric actions of the right quadriceps muscles. Ten healthy women ( M age = 25.9 ± 3.5 yr.) were tested using the Isotonic Program of the KIN-COM II 500H dynamometer. They attempted to match velocity tracings of 10°, 20°, and 40°/sec. through 70° of knee range of motion at a load equal to 10% of their maximal mean concentric force. The actual mean velocities, mean percent deviation from the target velocities, and the coefficient of variation for both actions were calculated for 15°–75° (full range of motion), 15°—45° (shorter range of motion), and 46°–;75° (longer range of motion). Separate one-way analyses of variance with two trial factors (action x velocity) showed faster concentric velocities through the full and longer ranges of motion, and faster eccentric velocities through the shorter range of motion. Mean percent deviations indicated that the eccentric velocities were generally more accurate within all ranges of motion. Larger concentric coefficients of variation were found within the full and longer ranges of motion, and the coefficients of variation for both actions decreased as the velocities increased. An exaggerated ‘velocity overshoot’ at the onset of both actions probably contributed to differences in the velocities and coefficients of variation. The results indicated differences between the concentric and eccentric actions, explained in part by the testing methodology used and by the known mechanical and physiological characteristics of the two muscle actions.

Brain Activation During Singing: “Clef de Sol Activation” Is the “Concert” of the Human Brain

2016 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ioannis N Mavridis ◽  
Efstratios-Stylianos Pyrgelis
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Functional Anatomy ◽  
Musical Instrument ◽  
Cortical Activation ◽  
Activation Process ◽  
Human Communication ◽  
Cortical Areas ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Topographical Distribution

Humans are the most complex singers in nature, and the human voice is thought by many to be the most beautiful musical instrument. Aside from spoken language, singing represents a second mode of acoustic communication in humans. The purpose of this review article is to explore the functional anatomy of the “singing” brain. Methodologically, the existing literature regarding activation of the human brain during singing was carefully reviewed, with emphasis on the anatomic localization of such activation. Relevant human studies are mainly neuroimaging studies, namely functional magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography studies. Singing necessitates activation of several cortical, subcortical, cerebellar, and brainstem areas, served and coordinated by multiple neural networks. Functionally vital cortical areas of the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes bilaterally participate in the brain’s activation process during singing, confirming the latter’s role in human communication. Perisylvian cortical activity of the right hemisphere seems to be the most crucial component of this activation. This also explains why aphasic patients due to left hemispheric lesions are able to sing but not speak the same words. The term clef de sol activation is proposed for this crucial perisylvian cortical activation due to the clef de sol shape of the topographical distribution of these cortical areas around the sylvian fissure. Further research is needed to explore the connectivity and sequence of how the human brain activates to sing.

Cerebral and systemic hemodynamic changes during cognitive and motor activation paradigms

2005 ◽  
Vol 288 (6) ◽  
pp. R1581-R1588 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle Moody ◽  
Ronney B. Panerai ◽  
Penelope J. Eames ◽  
John F. Potter
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cerebral Blood Flow ◽  
Brain Activation ◽  
Cortical Activation ◽  
Hemispheric Dominance ◽  
Metabolic Demand ◽  
Hemodynamic Changes ◽  
Word Generation ◽  
The Right

Cognitive and/or sensorimotor stimulations of the brain induce increases in cerebral blood flow that are usually associated with increased metabolic demand. We tested the hypothesis that changes in arterial blood pressure (ABP) and arterial Pco2 also take place during brain activation protocols designed to induce hemispheric lateralization, leading to a pressure-autoregulatory response in addition to the metabolic-driven changes usually assumed by brain stimulation paradigms. Continuous recordings of cerebral blood flow velocity [CBFV; bilateral, middle cerebral artery (MCA)], ABP, ECG, and end-tidal Pco2 (PetCO2) were performed in 15 right-handed healthy subjects (aged 21–43 yr), in the seated position, at rest and during 10 repeated presentations of a word generation and a constructional puzzle paradigm that are known to induce differential cortical activation. Derived variables included heart rate, cerebrovascular resistance, critical closing pressure, resistance area product, and the difference between the right and left MCA recordings (CBFVR-L). No adaptation of the CBFVR-L difference was detected for the repeated presentation of 10 activation tasks, for either paradigm. During activation with the word generation tasks, CBFV changed by (mean ± SD) 9.0 ± 3.7% (right MCA, P = 0.0007) and by 12.3 ± 7.6% (left MCA, P = 0.0007), ABP by 7.7 ± 6.0 mmHg ( P = 0.0007), heart rate by 7.1 ± 5.3 beats/min ( P = 0.0008), and PetCO2 by −2.32 ± 2.23 Torr ( P = 0.002). For the puzzle paradigm, CBFV changed by 13.9 ± 6.6% (right MCA, P = 0.0007) and by 11.5 ± 6.2% (left MCA, P = 0.0007), ABP by 7.1 ± 8.4 mmHg ( P = 0.0054), heart rate by 7.9 ± 4.6 beats/min ( P = 0.0008), and PetCO2 by −2.42 ± 2.59 Torr ( P = 0.001). The word paradigm led to greater left hemispheric dominance than the right hemispheric dominance observed with the puzzle paradigm ( P = 0.004). We concluded that significant changes in ABP and PetCO2 levels occur during brain activation protocols, and these contribute to the evoked change in CBFV. A pressure-autoregulatory response can be observed in addition to the hemodynamic changes induced by increases in metabolic demand. Simultaneous changes in Pco2 and heart rate add to the complexity of the response, indicating the need for more detailed modeling and better understanding of brain activation paradigms.

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