scholarly journals Mini-Review: practice organization beyond memory processes

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 333-341
Author(s):  
Guilherme M. Lage ◽  
Lidiane A. Fernandes ◽  
Tércio Apolinário-Souza ◽  
Nathálya G. H. M. Nogueira ◽  
Bárbara P. Ferreira
Keyword(s):  
Motor Learning ◽  
Perceptual Processing ◽  
Memory Processes ◽  
Oculomotor Behavior ◽  
Practice Organization ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Electroencephalographic Activity ◽  
Variable Practice ◽  
Different Levels

Background: The benefits of variable practice in motor learning have been traditionally explained by the increased demand for memory processes induced by trial-to-trial changes. Recently, a new perspective associating increased demand for perception with variable practice has emerged. Aim: This revision aims to present and discuss the findings in this exciting topic newly opened. Results / Interpretation: In the second half of 2010’s, a number of studies have pointed out differences in perceptual processing when compared variable and repetitive practices. Different levels of (a) hemodynamic activation, (b) electroencephalographic activity, (c) neurochemical activity, and (d) oculomotor behavior have provided evidence that perceptual processes are affected differently by variable and repetitive practices.

The Rationality of (Over)imitation

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 678-687 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefanie Keupp ◽  
Tanya Behne ◽  
Hannes Rakoczy
Keyword(s):  
Social Learning ◽  
Learning Strategy ◽  
Social Constraints ◽  
Rational Action ◽  
Cultural Traditions ◽  
Human Capacity ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Cognitive Foundations ◽  
Different Levels

Imitation is a powerful and ubiquitous social learning strategy, fundamental for the development of individual skills and cultural traditions. Recent research on the cognitive foundations and development of imitation, though, presents a surprising picture: Although even infants imitate in selective, efficient, and rational ways, children and adults engage in overimitation. Rather than imitating selectively and efficiently, they sometimes faithfully reproduce causally irrelevant actions as much as relevant ones. In this article, we suggest a new perspective on this phenomenon by integrating established findings on children’s more general capacities for rational action parsing with newer findings on overimitation. We suggest that overimitation is a consequence of children’s growing capacities to understand causal and social constraints in relation to goals and that it rests on the human capacity to represent observed actions simultaneously on different levels of goal hierarchies.

Optimal Variability for Effective Motor Learning

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jürgen Birklbauer
Keyword(s):  
Motor Learning ◽  
Focal Point ◽  
Contextual Interference ◽  
Learning Performance ◽  
Practical Training ◽  
Movement Variability ◽  
Theoretical Concepts ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Differential Learning ◽  
Variable Practice

This thesis addresses different manifestations and practical implementations of movement variability in respect to their beneficial effects on movement coordination and learning. The focal point of this topic is formed by the comparison between the contextual interference paradigm and the differential learning approach, representing two variable practice strategies found to improve motor learning performance under certain conditions. The theoretical backgrounds and empirical findings of each approach are thoroughly reviewed in the first part of this work. These theoretical concepts, and their resultant practical training approaches, arrive at the notion of an optimal magnitude and structure of movement variability that should be encouraged during practice. The second part of this work presents a parallelgroup study designed to contrast the effects of a high contextual interference and schema-based practice regime with two variants of differential training on the adoption of two indoor hockey skills in beginners.

scholarly journals The First “Jerusalem” Consul K.M. Basili and the Protection of Russian Pilgrims in Jerusalem

2019 ◽  
pp. 10-21
Author(s):  
Кирилл Вах ◽  
Kirill Vah
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
Holy Land ◽  
Greek Orthodox ◽  
Russian Government ◽  
Sacred Sites ◽  
Church Hierarchy ◽  
Greek Orthodox Church ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Specific Contribution

The paper explores the perception of the Russian pilgrimage to the sacred sites of the Orthodox East by the Russian government represented by the central office of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and by the local diplomats. Having analyzed the archival sources, the author concludes about different assessments and approaches to the phenomenon of pilgrimage across different levels of the Russian government. This helps to take a new perspective and look at the causes of the alienation and mistrust between the Russian authorities and representatives of the Greek Orthodox Church hierarchy in Jerusalem, as well as explain the lack of an adequate response in St. Petersburg to the exacerbating problems with the Russian pilgrims in the East. In addition, the paper researches K.M. Basili’s role and specific contribution to the developing issue of the Russian pilgrims in the Holy Land.

scholarly journals Self-Regulation in Performing Handstand

2019 ◽  
pp. 61-69
Author(s):  
Sagrario del Valle ◽  
Esther Cabanillas ◽  
María del Carmen Carpio
Keyword(s):  
Motor Learning ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Development Process ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Motor Task ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Practical Point ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Different Levels

The aim of this research is to analyse the different representational levels reached both by elite/non-elite gymnastics with different levels of experience when performing a specific motor task (handstand). We will be focusing specifically on how these representations become more explicit and conscious as the development process takes place. These increasing levels of awareness will allow the subjects of our study to have greater control over their actions. The relationship between awareness and motor learning is a question that has not drawn much attention so far, but it is essential from both, a theoretical and a practical point of view. Indeed, our interest in this issue springs out not only from psychological concerns but also from our connection with teaching and learning of Sport.

scholarly journals Investigating Different Levels of Bimanual Interaction With a Novel Motor Learning Task: A Behavioural and Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marleen J. Schoenfeld ◽  
Ioana-Florentina Grigoras ◽  
Charlotte J. Stagg ◽  
Catharina Zich
Keyword(s):  
Phase Shift ◽  
Motor Learning ◽  
Movement Time ◽  
Peak Frequency ◽  
Learning Task ◽  
Double Blind Study ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Bimanual Interaction ◽  
Healthy Participants ◽  
Different Levels

Many tasks require the skilled interaction of both hands, such as eating with knife and fork or keyboard typing. However, our understanding of the behavioural and neurophysiological mechanisms underpinning bimanual motor learning is still sparse. Here, we aimed to address this by first characterising learning-related changes of different levels of bimanual interaction and second investigating how beta tACS modulates these learning-related changes. To explore early bimanual motor learning, we designed a novel bimanual motor learning task. In the task, a force grip device held in each hand (controlling x- and y-axis separately) was used to move a cursor along a path of streets at different angles (0°, 22.5°, 45°, 67.5°, and 90°). Each street corresponded to specific force ratios between hands, which resulted in different levels of hand interaction, i.e., unimanual (Uni, i.e., 0°, 90°), bimanual with equal force (Bieq, 45°), and bimanual with unequal force (Biuneq 22.5°, 67.5°). In experiment 1, 40 healthy participants performed the task for 45 min with a minimum of 100 trials. We found that the novel task induced improvements in movement time and error, with no trade-off between movement time and error, and with distinct patterns for the three levels of bimanual interaction. In experiment 2, we performed a between-subjects, double-blind study in 54 healthy participants to explore the effect of phase synchrony between both sensorimotor cortices using tACS at the individual’s beta peak frequency. The individual’s beta peak frequency was quantified using electroencephalography. 20 min of 2 mA peak-to-peak amplitude tACS was applied during task performance (40 min). Participants either received in-phase (0° phase shift), out-of-phase (90° phase shift), or sham (3 s of stimulation) tACS. We replicated the behavioural results of experiment 1, however, beta tACS did not modulate motor learning. Overall, the novel bimanual motor task allows to characterise bimanual motor learning with different levels of bimanual interaction. This should pave the way for future neuroimaging studies to further investigate the underlying mechanism of bimanual motor learning.

Cognitively Informed Systems

2011 ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Eshaa M. Alkhalifa
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Science ◽  
System Design ◽  
Perceptual System ◽  
System Structure ◽  
Underlying Assumption ◽  
Future System ◽  
Efficient Communication ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Different Levels

Cognitively informed systems as introduced by Alkhalifa (2005b) is a perspective that encourages system designers to consider the findings of cognitive science as informative to the design of their systems. This relies on an underlying assumption that the presentation, interaction abilities, as well as the system structure, are likely to achieve more efficient communication if the design is aligned with the expectations of the human cognitive machine. In other words, this perspective deals with issues such as how to best present materials for the perceptual system to isolate the required differences and focus on the correct points in the image, how to offer sufficient interaction to enhance learning, or how to elicit different levels of cognitive engagement with the system. This chapter offers a survey of the main areas of the field and examples are given of how these areas can inform particular aspects of future system design. A case study is also presented as support to this perspective. The main conclusion thatcan be drawn is that this new perspective is not only practical but also worthwhile.

Variable Practice in Learning the Forehand Drive in Tennis

2005 ◽  
Vol 101 (2) ◽  
pp. 531-545 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stavros J. Douvis
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Motor Learning ◽  
Motor Skills ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Constant Error ◽  
Training Group ◽  
Male Students ◽  
Practice Group ◽  
And Training ◽  
Variable Practice

One of the most important factors that has occupied researchers in motor learning is the method of practicing motor skills. This study examined the effect of variable practice in learning the forehand drive in tennis by children and adolescents. Variability of practice was achieved by the alternation of targets and the distance between the point of execution and the target. 40 male children ages 9 to 10 years and 40 male students ages 18 to 19 years were divided into eight equal groups according to age and training group (No Specific target, 1 target, 4 targets, and 5 targets). After 18 practice sessions over 40 days and similar teaching, the participants performed 60 transfer trials after a rest of 72 hours. The experimental design used was a 2 (age) × 4 (practice group) × 6 (block of trials) with repeated measures on the last factor for absolute and constant error scores. The analysis of variance showed that the children performed more poorly than the adolescents, and variable practice yielded better performance than constant and specialized practice. The results support the variability of practice hypothesis and indicate that the effect of variable and specialized practic was related to age of the groups of trainees.

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