The Rationality of (Over)imitation

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 678-687 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefanie Keupp ◽  
Tanya Behne ◽  
Hannes Rakoczy
Keyword(s):  
Social Learning ◽  
Learning Strategy ◽  
Social Constraints ◽  
Rational Action ◽  
Cultural Traditions ◽  
Human Capacity ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Cognitive Foundations ◽  
Different Levels

Imitation is a powerful and ubiquitous social learning strategy, fundamental for the development of individual skills and cultural traditions. Recent research on the cognitive foundations and development of imitation, though, presents a surprising picture: Although even infants imitate in selective, efficient, and rational ways, children and adults engage in overimitation. Rather than imitating selectively and efficiently, they sometimes faithfully reproduce causally irrelevant actions as much as relevant ones. In this article, we suggest a new perspective on this phenomenon by integrating established findings on children’s more general capacities for rational action parsing with newer findings on overimitation. We suggest that overimitation is a consequence of children’s growing capacities to understand causal and social constraints in relation to goals and that it rests on the human capacity to represent observed actions simultaneously on different levels of goal hierarchies.

Copy the In-group: Group Membership Trumps Perceived Reliability, Warmth, and Competence in a Social-Learning Task

2021 ◽  
pp. 095679762110322
Author(s):  
Marcel Montrey ◽  
Thomas R. Shultz
Keyword(s):  
Social Learning ◽  
Cultural Evolution ◽  
Learning Strategy ◽  
Group Membership ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Learning Task ◽  
Minimal Group Paradigm ◽  
Learning Game ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Cumulative Cultural Evolution

Surprisingly little is known about how social groups influence social learning. Although several studies have shown that people prefer to copy in-group members, these studies have failed to resolve whether group membership genuinely affects who is copied or whether group membership merely correlates with other known factors, such as similarity and familiarity. Using the minimal-group paradigm, we disentangled these effects in an online social-learning game. In a sample of 540 adults, we found a robust in-group-copying bias that (a) was bolstered by a preference for observing in-group members; (b) overrode perceived reliability, warmth, and competence; (c) grew stronger when social information was scarce; and (d) even caused cultural divergence between intermixed groups. These results suggest that people genuinely employ a copy-the-in-group social-learning strategy, which could help explain how inefficient behaviors spread through social learning and how humans maintain the cultural diversity needed for cumulative cultural evolution.

Social Learning: a new perspective on learning in participatory systems

1998 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danny Wildemeersch ◽  
Theo Jansen ◽  
Joke Vandenabeele ◽  
Marc Jans
Keyword(s):  
Social Learning ◽  
Participatory Systems ◽  
New Perspective

Strong conformity requires a greater proportion of asocial learning and achieves lower fitness than a payoff-based equivalent

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 323-333
Author(s):  
Matt Grove
Keyword(s):  
Social Learning ◽  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
Environmental Change ◽  
Learning Strategies ◽  
Learning Strategy ◽  
Individual Learning ◽  
Heterogeneous Environments ◽  
The One ◽  
Social Learning Strategies

There is a growing interest in the relative benefits of the different social learning strategies used to transmit information between conspecifics and in the extent to which they require input from asocial learning. Two strategies in particular, conformist and payoff-based social learning, have been subject to considerable theoretical analysis, yet previous models have tended to examine their efficacy in relation to specific parameters or circumstances. This study employs individual-based simulations to derive the optimal proportion of individual learning that coexists with conformist and payoff-based strategies in populations experiencing wide-ranging variation in levels of environmental change, reproductive turnover, learning error and individual learning costs. Results demonstrate that conformity coexists with a greater proportion of asocial learning under all parameter combinations, and that payoff-based social learning is more adaptive in 97.43% of such combinations. These results are discussed in relation to the conjecture that the most successful social learning strategy will be the one that can persist with the lowest frequency of asocial learning, and the possibility that punishment of non-conformists may be required for conformity to confer adaptive benefits over payoff-based strategies in temporally heterogeneous environments.

scholarly journals Mini-Review: practice organization beyond memory processes

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 333-341
Author(s):  
Guilherme M. Lage ◽  
Lidiane A. Fernandes ◽  
Tércio Apolinário-Souza ◽  
Nathálya G. H. M. Nogueira ◽  
Bárbara P. Ferreira
Keyword(s):  
Motor Learning ◽  
Perceptual Processing ◽  
Memory Processes ◽  
Oculomotor Behavior ◽  
Practice Organization ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Electroencephalographic Activity ◽  
Variable Practice ◽  
Different Levels

Background: The benefits of variable practice in motor learning have been traditionally explained by the increased demand for memory processes induced by trial-to-trial changes. Recently, a new perspective associating increased demand for perception with variable practice has emerged. Aim: This revision aims to present and discuss the findings in this exciting topic newly opened. Results / Interpretation: In the second half of 2010’s, a number of studies have pointed out differences in perceptual processing when compared variable and repetitive practices. Different levels of (a) hemodynamic activation, (b) electroencephalographic activity, (c) neurochemical activity, and (d) oculomotor behavior have provided evidence that perceptual processes are affected differently by variable and repetitive practices.

Transforming Ethnomusicology Volume II

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Engagement ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Urban Context ◽  
Cultural Traditions ◽  
Musical Knowledge ◽  
Indigenous Perspectives ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Historical Practices ◽  
Structure Of Knowledge

Transforming Ethnomusicology aims to deepen and broaden the dialogue about social engagement within the discipline of ethnomusicology. It draws upon a wide array of perspectives that stem from different ethnocultural contexts, philosophical histories, and cultural situations. Volume I begins with overviews of ethical praxis and collaboration in different countries and institutions. Some of the following studies reflect on the challenges that ethnomusicologists have faced and the strategies they have adopted when working in situations as diverse and challenging as the courtrooms of America, the refugee camps of Kenya, the post-earthquake urban context of Haiti, and war-torn South Sudan. Other studies reflect on community activism and the complexities of sustaining and reviving cultural traditions. The final chapter offers a new perspective on disciplinary practice and methodology by examining the power relations implicit in ethnography and the potential of shifting our position to “witnessing.” Volume II focuses on social and ecological issues and includes Indigenous perspectives from America, Australia, and South Africa. The volume as a whole recognizes the interlinking of colonial and environmental damage as institutions that failed to respect the land and its peoples. As in Volume I, the authors deal with the challenging circumstances of the present day where historical practices and modern neoliberal institutions threaten the creation and sustaining of musical knowledge, the memory of the land (both urban and rural), and the dignity of human life. As in Volume I, the second volume ends with a model for change, a radical rethinking of the structure of knowledge already underway in Brazil.

Metacognition of Organization Members as the Basis of Learning Strategy in Higher School

2020 ◽  
pp. 178-195
Author(s):  
Irina Sergeyevna Yakimanskaya ◽  
Anna Mikhaylovna Molokostova ◽  
Milyausha Yakubovna Ibragimova
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Psychology ◽  
Learning Strategy ◽  
Metacognitive Skills ◽  
Organization Effectiveness ◽  
Intelligent Process ◽  
Different Levels

The concept of metacognition is used to study knowledge of knowledge, and mainly in cognitive psychology. According to the content; metacognition is an intelligent process related to memory, reflection and motivation. The problem, we research, concerns the fact that the content and the mismatch of employees views can lead to non-constructive activity that violates the effectiveness of an organization as a whole. The outcome of this study is a model that describe the characteristics of the organization through determination of the metacognitive skills of employees at different levels. The model takes into account the emotional colouring, different levels of metacognition inconsistency, characteristic of the organization effectiveness and various inconsistencies of metacognitions.

ICT on four Levels of Inquiry-Based Science Education in Environmental Education

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-32
Author(s):  
Jana Přinosilová ◽  
Erika Mechlová ◽  
Svatava Kubicová
Keyword(s):  
Elementary School ◽  
Science Education ◽  
Environmental Education ◽  
Primary School ◽  
Learning Strategy ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract Inquiry in the natural sciences is an often used term. Inquiry-Based Science Education with the support of sophisticated ICT lacking. Inquiry-Based Science Education has clearly defined its four levels, in particular the use of teaching depends on the particular pupils and teachers. This learning strategy can thus rendering the various options and the use of ICT available at the school. The following article's focus is on a selection of specific technologies available and used at a primary school in connection with the different levels of Inquiry-Based Science Education and the extent of its involvement. The paper also describes social elaborated topic of environmental education in the sample worksheet for elementary school pupils.

scholarly journals The First “Jerusalem” Consul K.M. Basili and the Protection of Russian Pilgrims in Jerusalem

2019 ◽  
pp. 10-21
Author(s):  
Кирилл Вах ◽  
Kirill Vah
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
Holy Land ◽  
Greek Orthodox ◽  
Russian Government ◽  
Sacred Sites ◽  
Church Hierarchy ◽  
Greek Orthodox Church ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Specific Contribution

The paper explores the perception of the Russian pilgrimage to the sacred sites of the Orthodox East by the Russian government represented by the central office of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and by the local diplomats. Having analyzed the archival sources, the author concludes about different assessments and approaches to the phenomenon of pilgrimage across different levels of the Russian government. This helps to take a new perspective and look at the causes of the alienation and mistrust between the Russian authorities and representatives of the Greek Orthodox Church hierarchy in Jerusalem, as well as explain the lack of an adequate response in St. Petersburg to the exacerbating problems with the Russian pilgrims in the East. In addition, the paper researches K.M. Basili’s role and specific contribution to the developing issue of the Russian pilgrims in the Holy Land.

scholarly journals Controversia en torno a la figura de Kate en "The Taming of the Shrew" de William Shakespeare

2015 ◽  
pp. 325
Author(s):  
Alicia Romero López
Keyword(s):  
William Shakespeare ◽  
Social Context ◽  
Social Constraints ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Female Figure ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Subject ◽  
New Perspective

Este artículo pretende aportar una nueva mirada sobre el personaje de Katherina en la obra The Taming of the Shrew de William  Shakespeare. Este personaje femenino es en gran manera controvertido por la violencia y la sumisión a la que se ve sometido. En este trabajo se analizará si realmente estamos ante una mujer sometida o si, más bien, el texto nos presenta a una mujer que se escapa a las constricciones sociales de la época. Para ello tendremos en cuenta no solo el contexto histórico en el que se enmarca la obra, si no que se hará una breve revisión de las representaciones más importantes de esta obra en España (1947-2008), para señalar cómo el personaje de Katherina, y lo que este representa, varía en función de la época y la representación.This article offers a new perspective on the William Shakespeare's Kate in the The Taming of the Shrew. This female figure has been the subject of much controversy because of the violence and degradation to which she is subjected. This article questions whether we are presented with an oppressed woman, or whether in fact the text shows a woman who escapes the social constraints of the period. As part of this discussion the article not only discusses the historical period in which the play takes place, but also makes a brief summary of the most important Spanish productions of this play during the period (1947-2008), in order to show that Kate's character and what she represents differs according to each production and its social context.

scholarly journals A reappraisal of the freehold property market in late medieval England

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 287-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian R. Bell ◽  
Chris Brooks ◽  
Helen Killick
Keyword(s):  
Social Constraints ◽  
Property Market ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
Term Evolution ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Exogenous Factors ◽  
Late Medieval England ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThis article re-examines the late medieval market in freehold land, the extent to which it was governed by market forces as opposed to political or social constraints, and how this contributed to the commercialisation of the late medieval English economy. We employ a valuable new resource for study of this topic in the form of an extensive dataset on late medieval English freehold property transactions. Through analysis of this data, we examine how the level of market activity (the number of sales) and the nature of the properties (the relative proportions of different types of asset) varied across regions and over time. In particular, we consider the impact of exogenous factors and the effects of growing commercialisation. We argue that peaks of activity following periods of crisis (Great Famine and Black Death) indicate that property ownership became open to market speculation. In so doing, we present an important new perspective on the long-term evolution of the medieval English property market.

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