Photodynamic Therapy 405 nm Diode Laser as Antibacterial for Cavity and Root Canal Sterilization

Background: The goals of caries restoration and endodontic treatment are to repair and prevent the infection fromgetting worse and if possible, heal the damaged tissue. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to control the presence ofmicrobes in the cavity or root canals with chemo mechanics prior to filling or obturation of the root canals. Disinfectionmethods using disinfectants with effective bactericidal activity are mostly used at subtoxic levels and at concentrationswhere their toxicity is a significant factor. In addition, the disinfection method is considered unable to achieve thoroughcavity cleaning and causes secondary infection. A new method to provide better disinfection without cytotoxic effectshas recently been discovered using the photodynamic method of 405 nm diode laser therapy. Research continues and isprogressing with the existence of various factors that affect the effectiveness of the 405nm diode laser as an antibacterial.Purpose: To evaluate the results of research on photodynamic diode laser therapy with a wavelength of 405 nm as acombination antibacterial therapy in cavity and root canal sterilization techniques. Review(s): Literature study in the formof narrative review using libraries obtained through the PubMed and Google Scholar databases. The optimal bacterialmortality was influenced by the form factor of the target bacteria, the energy dose and duration of laser exposure, and thetype of photosensitizer used. Conclusion: The use of a 405 nm diode laser with an energy power of 50 mW with a distanceof 20 mm can degrade biofilms Streptococcus mutans up to 100% using erythrosine photosensitizer, for 75 seconds. Andwith the same power and distance, it can degrade the biofilm of bacteria Enterococcus fecalis up to 97.51%, using aphotosensitizer chlorophyll, for 120 seconds.

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The comparison of intracanal medicaments, diode laser and photodynamic therapy on removing the biofilm of Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans in the root canal system (ex-vivo study)

Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy ◽

10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.01.033 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 26 ◽

pp. 157-161 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Leila Moradi Eslami ◽

Mehdi Vatanpour ◽

Neda Aminzadeh ◽

Payman Mehrvarzfar ◽

Soudabeh Taheri

Keyword(s):

Candida Albicans ◽

Photodynamic Therapy ◽

Diode Laser ◽

Enterococcus Faecalis ◽

Root Canal ◽

Ex Vivo ◽

Canal System ◽

Root Canal System ◽

Ex Vivo Study

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Effects of Diode Laser, Gaseous Ozone, and Medical Dressings onEnterococcus faecalisBiofilms in the Root Canal Ex Vivo

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2017/6321850 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2017 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Kerstin Bitter ◽

Alexander Vlassakidis ◽

Mediha Niepel ◽

Daniela Hoedke ◽

Julia Schulze ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diode Laser ◽

Root Canal ◽

Ex Vivo ◽

Bacterial Reduction ◽

Chi Square ◽

Root Canals ◽

Planktonic Bacteria ◽

Gaseous Ozone ◽

Colony Forming Units ◽

Chi Square Test

The objective was to compare the antibacterial effects of adjunctive disinfection using diode laser and gaseous ozone compared to the medical dressings calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) and chlorhexidine gel (CHX-Gel) onEnterococcus faecalisbiofilms in human root canals ex vivo. Root canals of 180 human extracted teeth were infected byE. faecalisand divided into 3 main groups (G): G1, control; G2, instrumentation and irrigation using 0.9% NaCl; G3, instrumentation and irrigation using 1% NaOCl. In each main group, the following treatments were applied: gaseous ozone, diode laser, and medical dressings of Ca(OH)2or CHX-Gel for 7 days (n=15). Reduction of colony forming units (CFUs) inside the root canal of planktons and frequencies of adherent bacteria after treatment were calculated. Bacterial reduction was significantly affected by the irrigation protocol (p<0.0005) and the disinfection method (p<0.0005), and a significant interaction between both factors could be observed (p<0.0005; ANOVA). In G3 (instrumentation using 1% NaOCl), no significant effect of disinfection methods could be demonstrated on planktonic bacteria (p=0.062; ANOVA) and frequencies of adherent bacteria (p>0.05; chi-square test). Instrumentation and irrigation using NaOCl combined with ozone or laser application resulted in comparable bacterial reduction onE. faecalisto the application of medical dressings.

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COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF ROOT CANAL DISINFECTION USING 3% SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE, 940NM DIODE LASER AND PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY IN SINGLE SITTING PULPECTOMY: AN IN-VIVO STUDY

10.36106/ijsr/7211282 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-3

Author(s):

Thomas T Parakkal ◽

Pulkit Jhingan ◽

Shivani Mathur ◽

Vinod Sachdev

Keyword(s):

Photodynamic Therapy ◽

Diode Laser ◽

Enterococcus Faecalis ◽

Sodium Hypochlorite ◽

Bacterial Species ◽

Root Canals ◽

Root Canal Disinfection ◽

Infected Root ◽

Colony Forming Units

Introduction: Enterococcus faecalis is a common bacterial species in resistant and recurrent infections. It has an active proton pump which prevents its easy inhibition leading to endodontic treatment failure. LASER and photodynamic therapy have been employed lately in improving antimicrobial chemotherapy of localized infections. Aim: To compare disinfection efficacy of 940nm Diode LASER & Photodynamic therapy(PDT) to Conventional method using 3% Sodium hypochlorite in canals of endodontically treated primary teeth. Method: Single sitting Pulpectomy was performed on 60 mandibular first primary molars, divided into 3 groups, disinfected using mentioned modalities. Disinfection potential was compared collecting samples at 3 stages using paper points, cultured and incubated for 24hrs to check change in Colony Forming Units of the bacteria. Results: Data analysis with SPSS version 20 software using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann Whitney-U test. Conclusion: The three groups showed effective disinfection as revealed by the reduction in the colony forming units of the bacteria at baseline and after intervention. However, diode laser when used in conjunction with sodium hypochlorite as a disinfecting modality was found to be the most effective for the eradication of Enterococcus faecalis from infected root canals.

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Patterns of Oral Microbiota in Patients with Apical Periodontitis

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm10122707 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (12) ◽

pp. 2707

Author(s):

Izabela Korona-Glowniak ◽

Dominika Piatek ◽

Emilia Fornal ◽

Anna Lukowiak ◽

Yuriy Gerasymchuk ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Root Canal ◽

Secondary Infection ◽

Bacterial Species ◽

Keystone Species ◽

Pcr Amplification ◽

Permanent Teeth ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Oral Microbiota ◽

Root Canals ◽

Periapical Periodontitis

In this study, microbial diversity of the root canal microbiota related to different endodontic infections was investigated. In total, 45 patients with endo–perio lesions (8 patients), chronic periapical periodontitis (29 patients) and pulp necrosis (8 patients) were recruited. In 19 (42.2%) patients there was secondary infection of root canals. Microbial specimens were collected from root canals of non-vital teeth with or without changes in periapical area visible in X-ray. Then, oral microbiota were detected and identified using the culture method and real-time PCR amplification primers and hydrolysis-probe detection with the 16S rRNA gene as the target. Overall, 1434 species/genes from 41 different genera of 90 various microbial species were retrieved. Of the major reported phyla, Firmicutes (62.9%), Actinobacteria (14.0%), Bacteroidetes (12.1%), Proteobacteria (9.1%) and Fusobacteria (4.2%) were detected. Of the bacterial species, 54.6% were strict anaerobes. Corynebacterium matruchotii (p = 0.039) was present significantly more frequently in chronic periapical periodontitis. Moreover, the higher values of Decayed, Missing and Filled Permanent Teeth index were positively correlated with relative abundance of Actinomyces spp. (p = 0.042), Lactobacillus spp. (p = 0.006), Propionibacterium spp. (p = 0.024) and Rothia spp. (p = 0.002). The multivariate analyses revealed differences in total root canal samples, where components that affected grouping of root samples into four main categories were identified. Anaerobic Gram-negative bacteria predominated in root canals of teeth with pulp necrosis and periapical lesions. Facultative anaerobic Gram-positive bacteria predominated in canals with secondary infections. All detected members of mixed population groups that might serve as keystone species contributed to the entire community in its clinical relevance.

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Treponema diversity in root canals with endodontic failure

European Journal of Dentistry ◽

10.1055/s-0039-1698997 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 07 (01) ◽

pp. 061-068 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Leticia M. M. Nóbrega ◽

Maraisa G. Delboni ◽

Frederico C. Martinho ◽

Alexandre A Zaia ◽

Caio C. R. Ferraz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Treatment Failure ◽

Nested Pcr ◽

Root Canal ◽

Secondary Infection ◽

Positive Association ◽

Treponema Denticola ◽

Periapical Lesion ◽

Specific Primers ◽

Root Canals ◽

Individual Root

ABSTRACTObjective: This study sought to investigate the prevalence of eight oral Treponemas (Treponema denticola, T. amylovorum, T. maltophilum, T. medium, T. pectinovorum, T. socranskii, T. vicentii and T. lecithinolyticum) in teeth with endodontic treatment failure and periapical lesion.Methods: Samples were taken from 40 root canals presenting endodontic failure and periapical lesion. DNA extraction was performed and Nested-PCR technique was used for the detection of Treponema species using specific primers.Results: Treponemas was detected in 56.5% of the samples analyzed (22/39). Individual root canals yielded a maximum of 6 target Treponema species. T. denticola (30.8%) and T. maltophilum (30.8%) were the most frequently detected species followed by T. medium (20.5%), T. socranskii (20.5%), T. pectinovorum (17.9%) and T. vicentii (17.9%). Positive association was verified between T. denticola and T. maltophilum such as T. medium (P<.05). T. lecithinolyticum was positively associated with intraradicular post (P<.05).Conclusion: The present study revealed that a wide variety of Treponema species plays a role in persistent/secondary infection turning the root canal microbiota even more complex than previously described by endodontic literature. (Eur J Dent 2013;7:61-68)

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Comparison of Antibacterial Effects of Photodynamic Therapy and an Irrigation Activation System on Root Canals Infected With Enterococcus faecalis: An In Vitro Study

Journal of lasers in medical sciences ◽

10.34172/jlms.2020.41 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 243-248

Author(s):

Mohammad Asnaashari ◽

Niloufar Kooshki ◽

Mohammad Mahdi Salehi ◽

Saranaz Azari-Marhabi ◽

Hedieh Amin Moghadassi

Keyword(s):

Photodynamic Therapy ◽

Enterococcus Faecalis ◽

Sodium Hypochlorite ◽

Root Canal ◽

New Technologies ◽

Irrigation System ◽

Bacterial Colony ◽

Root Canals ◽

Infected Root ◽

Activation System

Introduction: Enterococcus faecalis is a resistant bacterium which is the most abundant species in infected root canals. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a method for killing the bacteria with active Oxygen radicals generated in a photosensitizer when exposed to centralized light. Furthermore, as a new method of canal disinfection, a variety of irrigation activation systems have been introduced, one of which is GentleFile (GF) with rotary movements and spiral effects for antibacterial action. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of the two mentioned methods when used with and without Sodium Hypochlorite in eliminating E. faecalis from infected root canals. Methods: Fifty-eight uniradicular teeth were randomly divided into 4 experimental groups of 14. Two specimens were selected for later scanning electron microscopy in order to screen the procedure steps. In each experimental group, 10 samples were selected to be treated with GF or PDT; 3 of them were selected as positive controls and the other one sample was chosen as a negative control. Experimental groups were as follows: (1) Irrigation activation system, (2) Irrigation activation system + sodium hypochlorite, (3) PDT, and (4) PDT+ sodium hypochlorite. The specimens were then cultured for a bacterial colony count. Results: The decrease in the bacterial count after the treatment with the irrigation activation system was 99.8% (P=0.011) and when the system was used with sodium hypochlorite, it was 100% (P=0.001). The antibacterial effect of PDT was 90.08% (P=0.011) and it was 99.7% when PDT was combined with sodium hypochlorite (P=0.011). Conclusion: All four methods can be administered as complementary methods in root canal disinfection. According to the results of disinfection in the experimental groups of current study it is concluded that integration of new technologies such as activation irrigation system or PDT in Combination with NaOCl ameliorates disinfection of root canal and can provide several advantages in the endodontic outcome.

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Comparison of Antibacterial Effects of Photodynamic Therapy, Modified Triple Antibiotic Paste and Calcium Hydroxide on Root Canals Infected With Enterococcus faecalis: An In Vitro Study

Journal of lasers in medical sciences ◽

10.15171/jlms.2019.s5 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. S23-S29 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Mohammad Asnaashari ◽

Mohammad Jafar Eghbal ◽

Amirali Sahba Yaghmayi ◽

Mehdi Shokri ◽

Saranaz Azari-Marhabi

Keyword(s):

Photodynamic Therapy ◽

Calcium Hydroxide ◽

Enterococcus Faecalis ◽

Root Canal ◽

Control Group ◽

Root Canals ◽

Anterior Teeth ◽

Triple Antibiotic Paste ◽

Working Length

Introduction: A pivotal issue to achieve success in the treatment of the root canal is root canal disinfection. One of the most important bacteria that infect the root canal is Enterococcus faecalis. This study seeks to examine the effectiveness of 3 methods for disinfecting the root canal: photodynamic therapy, modified triple antibiotic paste (MTAP), and calcium hydroxide. Methods: Sixty-two single-rooted extracted anterior teeth were collected. After cleaning and disinfecting the teeth, their crowns were cut at the CEJ point. The root canals were shaped to the working length up to file F3 ProTaper (F1, F2, F3). EDTA 17% and sodium hypochlorite 2.5% were used for 5 minutes to wash and remove the smear layer, and then the apical foramen was sealed using composite. After that, the teeth were sterilized in an autoclave at 121°C for 15 minutes. Then 10 samples were taken randomly as the negative control. The remaining samples were immersed and cultivated in a suspension containing E. faecalis for 21 days. Then the samples were divided into 5 groups: 2 positive control groups, 1 group treated with the antibiotic paste with the concentration of 1 mg/mL, 1 group treated with calcium hydroxide, and 1 group treated with photodynamic therapy. Then, to collect the biofilm, the ProTaper file F4 was used. After that, the microbial suspension was provided and counting the colonies was carried out to compare the groups. Results: The findings indicated that the amount of CFU/mg of MTAP samples, including clindamycin, metronidazole, ciprofloxacin in the concentration of 1 mg/mL and photodynamic therapy and calcium hydroxide was lower than that in the control group. Antibiotic paste cleansed the root canal up to 99.9%. Photodynamic therapy reduced the amount of CFU/mg to 98.8%, and calcium hydroxide reduced the amount of CFU/mg to 94.13%. Conclusion: Using photodynamic therapy causes a reduction in the biofilm and inhibits the growth of the E. faecalis bacterium. In addition, in this study, MTAP with a concentration of 1 mg/mL was used, which expunged the bacteria completely. Meanwhile, calcium hydroxide had the weakest effect of all on the E. faecalis bacterium.

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Efficacy of Photodynamic Therapy and Diode laser therapy as an adjunct to Scaling and Root Planing in the treatment of Chronic Periodontitis – A Clinical & Microbiologic Short Term Study

Journal of Medical Science And clinical Research ◽

10.18535/jmscr/v7i4.79 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Dr Sunita R. Pal ◽

Keyword(s):

Photodynamic Therapy ◽

Laser Therapy ◽

Diode Laser ◽

Chronic Periodontitis ◽

Scaling And Root Planing ◽

Short Term ◽

Term Study ◽

Root Planing ◽

Short Term Study

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Effect of a 980-nm diode laser on post-operative pain after endodontic treatment in teeth with apical periodontitis: A randomized clinical trial

10.21203/rs.3.rs-53965/v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Tuna Kaplan ◽

Güzide Pelin Sezgin ◽

Sema Sönmez Kaplan

Keyword(s):

Diode Laser ◽

Root Canal ◽

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid ◽

Control Group ◽

Pain Level ◽

Chi Square ◽

Root Canals ◽

Post Operative Pain ◽

Average Pain ◽

Laser Group

Abstract Background: This study aimed to assess the effect of a 980-nm diode laser following chemomechanical root canal preparation on the severity of post-operative pain (PP) after root canal treatment (RCT). Methods: This study included asymptomatic, single-rooted teeth with a periapical index (PAI) score of 3 or 4. All the patients received RCT, including dressing with calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH) 2 ), during two visits. The patients were randomly divided into two groups ( n : 30): a control group, in which the final irrigation was performed using 5 ml of 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCI), followed by 5 ml of 17% and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and 5 ml of distilled water, and a laser group, in which the root canals were irradiated using a 980-nm diode laser after the final irrigation at both visits. The pain levels after both visits were evaluated using a visual analogue scale (VAS) after 8 h, 24 h, 48 h and 7 d. In addition, the time intervals to medication intake were recorded. The collected data were statistically analysed using the chi-square and Mann–Whitney U test ( p <0.05). Results: The average pain level in the control group 24 h after the first visit was significantly higher than that in the laser group ( p <0.05). The average pain level 24 h and 48 h after the second visit was significantly higher in the control group ( p <0.05). The levels of PP 24 h after the first visit were higher than those after the second visit only in the control group ( p <0.05). After the first visit, analgesic use in the control group was significantly higher after 8 h (40%) and 24 h (23%) as compared with that in the laser group ( p <0.05). Conclusions: Root canal irradiation with a diode laser may reduce PP after RCT in single-rooted teeth with a PAI score of 3 or 4.

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