scholarly journals FINANCIAL ANALYSIS OF GREEN PETROLEUM COKE AS A COAL BLEND IN STEEL INDUSTRY TO SUPPORT NATIONAL ENERGY SECURITY

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 276
Author(s):  
Khoirun Naimah ◽  
Nugroho Adi Sasongko ◽  
Rudy Laksmono Widayatno
Keyword(s):  
Petroleum Coke ◽  
Steel Industry ◽  
Financial Analysis ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Coal Blend ◽  
Coal Mixture ◽  
National Energy Policy ◽  
National Energy Security ◽  
Green Petroleum Coke

Green Petroleum Coke (GPC), produced by Pertamina RU II Dumai, is the product of refined petroleum, which still has good quality but has not been utilized to its full potential. Such as Sulfur 0.5%; FC 86.03%; Ash 0.10%; VM 13.82%; Moist 10, 52%; and the calorific value of 7500 kcal/kg. Therefore, one effort that can do is diversification, namely the use of GPC as a mixture of other fuels (fossil) to increase the selling value of GPC. This diversification is also in line with the national energy policy in PP. 79/2014 that the program aims to increase the availability of national energy sources. This study aims to determine the feasibility of using GPC as a coal mixture in Industry (Krakatau Steel) with an overview of economic aspects. Data obtained by qualitative methods consisting of interviews, observation, and documentation. Based on the research results from 2 scenarios, both scenario 1 (GPC 4%) and scenario 2 (GPC 18%), it is found that the NPV is positive, IRR is above the discount rate, and BCR> 1. Thus, the use of GPC as a coal mixture is considered feasible to run and can support national energy security.Keywords: Diversification, Feasibility, Petroleum Coke, Investment DecisionJEL: G11, G32

Effects on Boiler Efficiency Standards of Pulverizing Coal

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred D. Lang ◽  
Tim Golightly ◽  
David A. T. Rodgers ◽  
Tom Canning
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Free Energy ◽  
Hydrogen Bonding ◽  
Power Plant ◽  
Laboratory Testing ◽  
Performance Test ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Mass Ratio ◽  
Surface Mass

This paper examines the effects of particle size on the calorific value of hydrocarbons, shedding light on the thermodynamics of pulverizing coal in a commercial power plant. Both laboratory testing results and energy balances around an actual pulverizer are presented. Although tacitly known to any power plant engineer, efficient combustion is seen in two parts: preparation of the material’s surface/mass ratio, and then its combustion with the proper air/fuel mix and associated mechanics. This work attempts to put a thermodynamic face on the first part. A theory is presented which demonstrates that a hydrocarbon’s surface/mass ratio affects its potential to release its full chemical energy. This theory has been generally supported in this work by laboratory testing of pure substances; however this testing was not conclusive and should be repeated. If an optimum surface/mass is not achieved, unburned combustibles will result — and this regardless of subsequent air/fuel mixtures and/or burner sophistications. This work is suggests that a unique optimum surface/mass ratio exists for each hydrocarbon substance (and coal Rank); that once its full potential is reached, a higher ratio provides no further benefit. Since surface tension describes a material’s free energy, an aspect of surface tension, termed hydrogen bonding free energy, was shown to relate to the A¨calorific value penalty associated with non-optimum surface/mass ratio. A correlation was developed relating surface/mass ratio to observed an A¨calorific value penalty and hydrogen bonding free energy. This correlation’s form may be applied to coal if supported with additional research. The impetus for this work was the ASME Performance Test Code 4’s allowance of pulverizer shaft power to influence boiler efficiency’s “credit” term, thus affecting efficiency. It was demonstrated that surface/ mass affects calorific value and thus efficiency. However, there is no observable difference between grinding a hydrocarbon to a given surface/mass ratio, versus manufactured spheres. Although laboratory preparation of coal samples should emulate pulverizer action, this work suggests that a renewed and careful review of laboratory procedures is required. Recommendations are provided for critique and debate.

scholarly journals ANALYTICAL PROVISION OF THE ENTERPRISE'S DEBT IN THE CONTEXT OF CRISIS MANAGEMENT

2019 ◽  
pp. 146-160
Author(s):  
Tetiana MULYK ◽  
Olena TOMCHUK ◽  
Lidiia FEDORYSHYNA
Keyword(s):  
Crisis Management ◽  
Management System ◽  
Financial Analysis ◽  
Debt Management ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Financial Condition ◽  
Managerial Decisions ◽  
Accounts Payable ◽  
Composition And Structure ◽  
Main Components

The system of analytical support of the enterprise in conditions of crisis management is investigated. The approaches to understanding the essence of crisis management, its purpose, role and the basic requirements to the formation of the system of crisis management are specified. It is established that the crisis management of the enterprise is a complex system that is different in its strategic nature and aims at eliminating of possible and existing problems in its activities by developing and implementing a special program using the full potential of modern management. It is established that the crisis management system should provide an appropriate approach to the enterprise's debt in order to effectively manage it, to ensure optimum balance between receivables and accounts payable, to prevent the occurrence of overdue debts, to systematically monitor the calculations, and so on. The analysis of receivables and accounts payables by branches of Ukraine is carried out and the significant excess of receivables is noted. It is indicated that the management of the enterprise will be interested in information on: the amount, dynamics, composition and structure of its indebtedness; quality of debt; the reasons that caused the occurrence and existence of debt; the frequency of occurrence and repayment of debts; influence of debt on the financial condition of the enterprise; the expediency of investing in an enterprise's debt, etc. It is established that the purpose of analysis of receivables and accounts payable is to identify the amount of justified and unreasonable debt; changes for the analyzed period, the reality of receivable and amounts payables, reasons and the prescription of accounts receivable. In this regard, the analysis of receivables and accounts payables is an important part of the financial analysis at the enterprise and allows you to identify not only the indicators of current and prospective solvency of the enterprise, but also factors influencing their dynamics, as well as assess quantitative and qualitative tendencies in the financial state of enterprises in the future. It is determined that in the process of organization of debt analysis it is necessary to separately evaluate and study the availability, composition and structure of the company's debt, its frequency, quality and causes, including overdue. To study the composition and structure of the debt, its dynamics it is appropriate to make special analytical tables, graphs, drawings. In the course of the analysis it is also appropriate to compare the amounts of receivable and payables. According to the results of this comparison, the following factors can be identified: increase or decrease of receivables; increase or decrease in payables. It is stated that the management of receivable and accounts payables at the enterprise is the process of development and implementation of managerial decisions regarding the consistency of their size and speed of the movement in time, providing the necessary profit and optimal amount of available funds. The main components of the enterprise debt management system are presented in the article.

An Experimental Study of the Gaseous Pollution Emissions in Petroleum-Coke-Fired Fluidized Beds

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chun-Lin Zhang ◽  
Gui-Cheng Yuan ◽  
De-Chang Liu ◽  
Han-Ping Chen ◽  
Ding-Yu Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fluidized Bed ◽  
Petroleum Coke ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Excess Oxygen ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Bed Temperature ◽  
High Sulfur Content ◽  
Bubbling Fluidized Bed ◽  
Pollution Emissions ◽  
Gaseous Pollution

Petroleum cokes have high calorific value (about 37 MJkg−1), high sulfur content (2–7% wt.), and high nitrogen content (1∼3% wt.), introducing serious environmental problems when using as fuel. In this paper the effects of operating parameters (bed temperature, Ca/S mole ratio, and excess oxygen) on gaseous pollutant (SO2, NO, and N2O) emissions in a well-controlled bench scale fluidized bed reactor and an 1t/h bubbling fluidized bed for different type of petroleum cokes. Finally, the pollution emission differences between petroleum coke and coal were compared and the reasons were analyzed.

Effect of dichloromethane on the performance and yield rate of pure green petroleum coke products

2021 ◽  
pp. 131387
Author(s):  
Ping Liu ◽  
Chuanjun Tu ◽  
Pei Gong ◽  
Jiao Tan ◽  
Yanli Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Petroleum Coke ◽  
Yield Rate ◽  
Green Petroleum Coke

scholarly journals Preparation of Carbon-Ceramic Composite Bodies using Green Petroleum Coke

TANSO ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 1981 (107) ◽  
pp. 147-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ichitaro Ogawa ◽  
Tsuyoshi Hagio ◽  
Hisayoshi Yoshida ◽  
Kazuo Kobayashi
Keyword(s):  
Petroleum Coke ◽  
Ceramic Composite ◽  
Green Petroleum Coke ◽  
Carbon Ceramic

scholarly journals Valuation slagging factors and greenhouse gases emissions of paper mill reject and coal

2021 ◽  
Vol 882 (1) ◽  
pp. 012036
Author(s):  
Y Setiawan ◽  
Syamsudin
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Viscosity Index ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Paper Mill ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Slag Viscosity ◽  
Paper Mills ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunches ◽  
Coal Mixture

Abstract There are quite a lot of paper mill rejects (PMR) as a by-product of paper mills and have not been utilized, currently. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the characteristics of paper mill reject (PMR) to coal and natural biomass and estimate the greenhouse (GHG) emissions of PMR and coal. Coal and PMR taken from five paper mills were analyzed for the content of moisture, proximate parameter (ash, volatile matter, fixed carbon), sulfur (S), gross calorific value (GCV), ash mineral and ash fusion temperature (AFT). The slagging factors of materials were calculated and evaluated. The resulting greenhouse gasses (GHG) emissions was also estimated. The results show that with the high calorific value, low ash and sulfur content of PMR, it has the potential to be used as a coal mixture for boiler fuel. It is very beneficial for the environment due to the low SO2 emissions. PMR has the characteristics of a low slagging index (SI), high fouling index (FI) and Slag Viscosity Index (SVI) which is almost similar with biomass, empty fruit bunches (EFB) and rice husk. The use of PMR as a coal mixture in paper mills in the amount of 10,285 ton/year can reduce greenhouse gases of 63.5 tons CO2-equivalent/year.

scholarly journals Types and Composition of Biomass in Biocoke Synthesis with the Coal Blending Method

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (20) ◽  
pp. 6570
Author(s):  
Erlina Yustanti ◽  
Endarto Yudo Wardhono ◽  
Anggoro Tri Mursito ◽  
Ali Alhamidi
Keyword(s):  
Blast Furnace ◽  
Heating Temperature ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Water Medium ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
Coking Coal ◽  
Coal Mixture ◽  
Blending Method ◽  
Coal Blending ◽  
Green Sample

The steelmaking industry requires coke as a reducing agent, as an energy source, and for its ability to hold slag in a blast furnace. Coking coal as raw coke material is very limited. Studying the use of biomass as a mixture of coking coal in the synthesis of biocoke is necessary to reduce greenhouse gas coal emissions. This research focuses on biomass and heating temperature through the coal blending method to produce biocoke with optimal mechanical properties for the blast-furnace standard. The heating temperature of biomass to biochar was evaluated at 400, 500, and 600 °C. The blending of coking coal with biochar was in the compositions of 95:5, 85:15, and 75:25 wt.%. A compacting force of 20 MPa was employed to produce biocoke that was 50 mm in diameter and 27 mm thick using a hot cylinder dye. The green sample was heated at 1100 °C for 4 h, followed by quenching with a water medium, resulting in dense samples. Increasing heating temperature is generally directly proportional to an increase in fixed carbon and calorific value. Biocoke that meets several blast-furnace criteria is a coal mixture with coconut-shell charcoal of 85:15 wt.%. Carbonization at 500 °C, yielding fixed carbon, calorific value, and compressive strength, was achieved at 89.02 ± 0.11%; 29.681 ± 0.46 MJ/kg, and 6.53 ± 0.4 MPa, respectively. This product meets several criteria for blast-furnace applications, with CRI 29.8 and CSR 55.1.

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