SME INTER-CLUSTERING LINKAGE OF EAST JAVA: AMONG BUSINESS STRATEGY AND COOPERATIVES

The Indonesian SME cluster has not fully implemented the cluster concept, causing the SME cluster to stagnate. The Meubel SME Cluster of Pasuruan City and Malang City are two prime clusters working to show their economic crisis performance several times. This study aims to examine the factors of inter-firm linkage and business strategy on business performance. Methodologically, this study uses several analytical methods, namely multiple linear regression, to measure the influence between inter-firm linkage and business strategy variables on business performance, SWOT matrix to map strategy, and descriptive analysis to present non-parametric findings. This study analyzed 60 samples of MSEs from a population of 350 business units. The results of the study mentioned that aspects of business strategy (finance, marketing, human resources, research, development, and operations) had a more significant effect on business performance (sales, profits, assets, labor, and productivity) than inter-firm linkage (backward, forward, and horizontal). Through SWOT matrix analysis, the inter-clustering linkage of Malang City and Pasuruan cluster SMEs is naturally created. Access to raw materials and labor in the city of Malang began to be complicated even though consumers’ potential from large tourists and access to adequate technology. In contrast, Pasuruan City is lt to do marketing because of geographical conditions’ weakness even though the raw material resources and labor are abundant. The specialization of production is created with Pasuruan City as the production base and Malang City as the Marketing Base.Keywords: Cooperatives, Business Strategy, Inter-Clustering LinkageJEL: Q13, L21, C38

FINANCIAL ANALYSIS OF GREEN PETROLEUM COKE AS A COAL BLEND IN STEEL INDUSTRY TO SUPPORT NATIONAL ENERGY SECURITY

Green Petroleum Coke (GPC), produced by Pertamina RU II Dumai, is the product of refined petroleum, which still has good quality but has not been utilized to its full potential. Such as Sulfur 0.5%; FC 86.03%; Ash 0.10%; VM 13.82%; Moist 10, 52%; and the calorific value of 7500 kcal/kg. Therefore, one effort that can do is diversification, namely the use of GPC as a mixture of other fuels (fossil) to increase the selling value of GPC. This diversification is also in line with the national energy policy in PP. 79/2014 that the program aims to increase the availability of national energy sources. This study aims to determine the feasibility of using GPC as a coal mixture in Industry (Krakatau Steel) with an overview of economic aspects. Data obtained by qualitative methods consisting of interviews, observation, and documentation. Based on the research results from 2 scenarios, both scenario 1 (GPC 4%) and scenario 2 (GPC 18%), it is found that the NPV is positive, IRR is above the discount rate, and BCR> 1. Thus, the use of GPC as a coal mixture is considered feasible to run and can support national energy security.Keywords: Diversification, Feasibility, Petroleum Coke, Investment DecisionJEL: G11, G32

ELECTRONIC PAYMENT AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN INDONESIA

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of non-cash payment transactions on economic growth in Indonesia and to see the responses from supporting variables, such as the velocity of money and the price of transactions. This study involves a Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) analysis tool, using monthly time series data during 2009: 1 – 2017: 12. The results show that the payment instrument affects economic growth, especially the Card-Based Payment Instrument (CBPI). In addition, there are changes to the velocity of money and prices caused by the increase in the use of non-cash payment instruments. Keywords: Electronic Payment, Economic Growth, Vector Error Correction Model (VECM)JEL: E4; C51

ENSURING CASH-INTENSIVE EFFICIENCY IN THE VILLAGE: META FRONTIER ANALYSIS

Inequality, poverty, and unemployment in villages are still problems that have not been adequately resolved to date. Starting to allocate village funds in 2015 and Cash For Work (CFW) in 2018, it hopes this would accelerate these problems. This study uses a meta frontier analysis. This study found three factors that significantly affected inefficiency: the variable number of villages that had not budgeted for CFW ≥30%, the number of villages that had not reported CFW, and the CFW process status ≥ 30%. This study proposes three policy recommendations, including the 30 percent minimum working day (HOK) limit that is no longer a benchmark and gives villages the freedom to use the Village Fund using the self-management method. Second, the Government should synergize data on poverty reduction programs and unemployment between ministries or institutions. Third, the Village Government must prioritize the development of village potential while still empowering marginalized communities.Keywords: Efficiency, Cash Intensive WorkJEL: D72, H7

WHAT DOES DYNAMICS OF TOURISM MARKETING SHOW IN 12 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES?

This study is motivated by the idea to what extent tourism marketing investment contributes to tourism demand expansion. It searches for better estimation methods that can deal with the inter-temporal and cross-section correlation of the disturbances. The effect of omitting the tourism marketing variable, as evidenced by the drastic change in long and short-run elasticity values for all tourism demand models, has emerged clearly. There is a need for the national tourism institutions to have a clear, consistent, and sustained investment policy in tourism marketing activities with respect to enhanced effectiveness in allocating financial resources.Keywords: Tourism Marketing, 12 Developing Countries, Dynamic Panel, Elasticity Values, Omission of Tourism Marketing Variable.JEL: Z33, C23,O50

THE PREVALENCE OF STUNTING, POVERTY, AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN INDONESIA: A PANEL DATA DYNAMIC CAUSALITY ANALYSIS

In recent years, policy discussions and debates have emphasised the efficiency of development policies to translate economic growth into sustainable economic development. One of the main aspects in this regard is achieving improvement in child nutrition through economic development. Nevertheless, there is a scarcity of literature that empirically verifies the causality between stunting, poverty, and economic growth in 34 provinces in Indonesia using Klassen’s typology analysis and Panel VECM. This study indicates that the prevalence of stunting has a direct causality towards poverty and economic growth in the long-term by 0.02%. Handling high the prevalence of stunting needs to be focused on in all provinces in Indonesia. Poverty directly affects the stunting prevalence and economic growth in the long-term by 0.06%. The percentage of the population, poverty outside Java, including Nusa Tenggara, Moluccas, and Papua, is also higher than in Java. Therefore, efforts to tackle poverty should be more focused on these areas. Economic growth has a direct causality to the prevalence of stunting and poverty by 0.57%. It proves that the country’s economic growth is accompanied by socioeconomic development and improving the poor’s livelihoods and welfare. Can also recommend specific nutrition and sensitive nutrition interventions to impact the massive reduction of stunting in Indonesia.Keywords: Stunting, Poverty, Economic Growth, IndonesiaJEL: I10; I18; I32; O10; O15; P36

EXPORT OF INDONESIAN MSEs AND THE ROLE OF PARTNERSHIP

There have been many theoretical and empirical studies on the main factors `determining the ability of micro and small enterprises (MSEs) in developing countries to export. However, so far, there has been very little attention to the role of partnerships between MSEs and large enterprises (LEs), government agencies, banks, or others. The purpose of this study is to fill this gap in the existing literature with the case of MSEs in the manufacturing industry (called micro and small industries or MSIs) in Indonesia. It is a descriptive study that analyses secondary data from a national survey conducted by the Indonesia Central Statistics Agency in 2019. It reveals that the most common form of partnership is marketing partnership. The finding may suggest that MSIs that have partnerships with LEs or others are more able to export than their counterparts without partnerships.Keywords: : MSMEs, MSEs, MSIs, PartnershipJEL: M31, L25, D22

MACROECONOMIC DETERMINANTS OF TAX REVENUE AND TAX EFFORT IN SOUTHEAST ASIAN COUNTRIES

This paper analyzes macroeconomic indicators that determine tax revenues in six Southeast Asian countries during 2008 – 2019. The estimation results are then used to predict the value of taxable capacity to construct the deal of tax effort. Using the FE model equipped with the Driscoll-Kraay standard errors, this study finds positive and significant effects of per capita income, manufacturing, and trade openness on the actual tax-to-GDP ratio and tax effort. In contrast, inflation is considered a different determinant because of its insignificant effect on the two measures of tax performance. In addition, the authors also classify countries into three other groups based on the actual level of tax revenue and the effort put into collecting taxes. The benchmarks used to rank countries are all sample countries’ median substantial tax revenue and the tax effort index 1. Regardless of the classification, several policy implications are offered to increase tax collection productivity by focusing on the revenue bases used in the estimation model. Keywords: Tax Revenue, Tax Capacity, Tax Effort, Southeast Asia, Panel DataJEL: H2, O1, O2

THE EFFECT OF CREDIT RATING, DISCRETIONARY ACCRUAL, AND FINANCIAL DISTRESS ON CREDIT FACILITIES IN MANUFACTURING COMPANIES IN INDONESIA

This study aims to analyze the effect of credit rating, discretionary accrual, and financial distress on credit facilities, namely the rate spread, credit collateral, and maturity date extended by banks. This study uses static panel equations and panel data, consisting of 50 manufacturing companies in Indonesia from 2010 to 2017. The research methods used are the Pooled Least Square (PLS), Fixed Effect Model (FEM), Random Effect Model (REM), and logit panels. This study concludes that earnings management has a negative and insignificant impact on the rate spread and maturity date but positively and significantly affects the collateral variable. Financial distress has a positive and insignificant effect on the rate spread and maturity date but negatively impacts the collateral variable. The company's investment rating has a negative and insignificant impact on the three dependent variables, namely, rate spread, collateral, and maturity date.Keywords: credit rating, discretionary accrual, financial distress, credit facilitiesJEL Classification: C23, G21, G24

HUMAN CAPITAL AND INCOME INEQUALITY LINKAGE IN SUB- SAHARAN AFRICA: PANEL DATA ANALYSIS (1984–2016)

Income inequality means that one segment of the population has a disproportionately large share of income compared to the other. Disparities in income and wealth have tended to dominate the discussion on inequality because they contribute directly to individuals and families’ well-being and shape the opportunities people have in life. Therefore, addressing income inequality is essential to inspire each country’s population’s human and productive potentials to bring development. Therefore, this study examines the relationship between income inequality and human capital using static panel data analysis. Specifically, the study employs fixed effect panel data analysis using Least Square Dummy Variable for 25 sub-Saharan African countries. The World Bank data series was widely used as the data source for macroeconomic variables, while the Gini index has obtained from the Standardized World Income Inequality Database. The empirical results reveal that human capital in terms of secondary school enrollment rate has a negative impact on income inequality. The study also found a U-shaped relationship between real gross domestic product per capita and inequality, and it does not support the well-known concept of the Kuznets curve.Keywords: Income Inequality; Human Capital; Panel Data; Random Effect; Fixed Effect.JEL: C10, Q0, A10