scholarly journals Competitiveness and Determinant of Indonesian Processed Cocoa Demand in the AANZFTA Framework

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Renery Yemima ◽  
Tanti Novianti
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Panel Data ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Free Trade Area ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Tariff Policy ◽  
Cacao Butter ◽  
Trade Area ◽  
Export Competitiveness ◽  
Total Exchange

Indonesia is one of the biggest producer of cacao beans in the world.Export tariff policy on cacao bean and countries trade agreement wasexpected can increase the processed of cacao export. This researchaims to analyze the competitiveness and the determinants of whichaffect the processed cacao export in AANZFTA Region countries.Based on RCA anaylsis, the processed cacao has been comparativeadvantage, and its EPD analysis show that Indonesia’s processedcacao mostly in falling star and retreat condition. The result ofregression analysis panel data showed that the export of cacao pastewas affected significantly by exchange rate, Indonesia’s exportcompetitiveness, and free trade area policy. Cacao butter was affectedsignificantly by exchange rate, Indonesia’s export competitiveness, andfree trade area policy. Cacao powder was affected significantly bygross domestic product total, exchange rate, Indonesia’s exportcompetitiveness, and free trade area policy.

Recent Developments in the Regulation of Investor-State Dispute Resolution: Any Lessons for the Southern African Development Community?

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 180-204
Author(s):  
Lawrence Ngobeni ◽  
Babatunde Fagbayibo
Keyword(s):  
Dispute Resolution ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Free Trade Area ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Southern African Development Community ◽  
African Union ◽  
Foreign Investments ◽  
African Development ◽  
Trade Area ◽  
Recent Developments

Abstract In 2016, the Southern African Development Community (SADC) amended Annex 1 of the SADC Protocol on Finance and Investment (FIP) in order to remove investor access to international arbitration or Investor-State Dispute Resolution (ISDS). The recent formation of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) and the COMESA-EAC-SADC Tripartite Free Trade Agreement (T-FTA) are factors that will likely curtail SADC’s ability to regulate foreign investments. Both AfCFTA and T-FTA are supposed to have their own investment protocols. This means that SADC faces the loss of regulatory authority over foreign investments. The recent formation of the Pan African Investment Code (PAIC) has shown that some African Union (AU) Member States want to provide ISDS for their investors, while others including SADC Members States do not. This article intends to evaluate the lessons SADC can learn from other jurisdictions in terms of the effective regulation of ISDS.

Multilateralism compromised: the mysterious origins of GATT Article XXIV

2006 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
KERRY CHASE
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Cold War ◽  
European Integration ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Free Trade Agreement ◽  
Free Trade Area ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Trade Area ◽  
Policy Ideas ◽  
The Us

The GATT treaty's loophole for free trade areas in Article XXIV has puzzled and deceived prominent scholars, who trace its postwar origins to US aspirations to promote European integration and efforts to persuade developing countries to endorse the Havana Charter. Drawing from archival records, this article shows that in fact US policymakers crafted the controversial provisions of Article XXIV to accommodate a trade treaty they had secretly reached with Canada. As a result, the free trade area exemption was embedded in the GATT–WTO regime, even though neither the Havana Charter nor the US–Canada free trade agreement was ever ratified. Theoretically, the case is an important example of how Cold War exigencies altered the policy ideas of US officials.

A Legal Analysis of the Free Trade Agreement of 1975 between the European Community and the State of Israel

1993 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 415-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daphna Kapeliuk-Klinger
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade ◽  
Free Trade Agreement ◽  
Free Trade Area ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
The State ◽  
Legal Analysis ◽  
Fair Competition ◽  
Trade Area ◽  
Equivalent Effect ◽  
State Of Israel

On January 1, 1989, the State of Israel abolished the remaining customs duties and charges, having equivalent effect on imported products originating in the European Communities (hereinafter the Community), in accordance with the Free Trade Agreement (hereinafter the FT Agreement) concluded on May 11, 1975, between the Community and Israel.The FT Agreement, which sets out to create a free trade area in the territories of the contracting parties, was the result of the previously existing relationship between the Community and Israel, as well as the emergence of the Global Mediterranean Policy within the Community. The FT Agreement attempts to foster economic activity by promoting expansion of trade and cooperation in reciprocal areas of interest, thus creating fair competition and contributing to the development and expansion of world trade.

scholarly journals The Effect of ASEAN-China Free Trade Area (ACFTA) on Indonesia Export

ETIKONOMI ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-138
Author(s):  
Indriyani Indriyani
Keyword(s):  
Panel Data ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Data Model ◽  
Free Trade Area ◽  
Fixed Effect ◽  
Panel Data Model ◽  
Phnom Penh ◽  
Trade Area ◽  
Asean Countries

ASEAN-China Free Trade Area (ACFTA) is an agreement between the members of ASEAN and China to create a free trade area by removing tariff and non-tariff barriers. This agreement begins with the signing of the agreement on November 5, 2002 in Phnom Penh. Implementation is done in phases beginning January 1, 2004. The purpose of this study determines the effect of the implementation of ACFTA on Indonesia's exports to the ASEAN countries and China. This study complements previous research regarding the ACFTA. The data used in this study are the data of Indonesian exports to ASEAN countries and China for 15 years from 2000 until 2014. The tests were conducted with a fixed effect panel data model with cross section SUR. The results of this study indicate that the ACFTA increase Indonesian exports to the ASEAN countries and China.DOI: 10.15408/etk.v15i2.3331

scholarly journals Dampak ACFTA (ASEAN-China Free Trade Area) Terhadap Trade Creation Dan Trade Diversion Indonesia Di Kawasan ACFTA+3

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-100
Author(s):  
Siti khamila Dewi ◽  
Sahara ◽  
Sri Mulatsih
Keyword(s):  
Panel Data ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Free Trade Area ◽  
Trade Diversion ◽  
Trade Creation ◽  
Trade Area

Indonesia terlibat aktif dalam jejaring kerjasama Free Trade Area (FTA), salah satunya dengan menjadi anggota pada ASEAN-China FTA atau dikenal juga dengan ACFTA. Studi ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis faktor yang memengaruhi nilai impor Indonesia dan mengetahui dampak ACFTA terhadap trade creation dan trade diversion Indonesia. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan model panel data dengan data sekunder selama periode tahun 2000 hingga 2018 yang dikumpulkan dari WITS, WORLD BANK, UNCTAD, dan CEPII. Hasil empiris menunjukkan bahwa setelah ACFTA diberlakukan, nilai impor Indonesia dari negara-negara anggota ACFTA mengalami kenaikan. Nilai impor Indonesia secara signifikan dipengaruhi secara positif oleh GDP per kapita Indonesia, GDP per kapita mitra dagang (negara ACFTA+3), dan jarak ekonomi antar negara. Sementara nilai tukar riil antar negara berpengaruh negatif terhadap nilai impor Indonesia. Secara keseluruhan Indonesia diduga mengalami kerugian dari adanya ACFTA akibat terjadinya trade diversion dari negara non-anggota ke negara-negara anggota di wilayah ACFTA +3.

scholarly journals ANALISIS PENERAPAN ASEAN-INDIA FREE TRADE AREA (AIFTA) TERHADAP PERDAGANGAN DUA NEGARA INDONESIA DENGAN INDIA MENGGUNAKAN GRAVITY MODEL

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 35-48
Author(s):  
Janes Guratan Djermor ◽  
Ivan Yulianto
Keyword(s):  
Gravity Model ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Normal Level ◽  
Free Trade Area ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Transportation Costs ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Trade Area ◽  
Using Data

The ASEAN-India Free Trade Area (AIFTA) policy has been effectively run since January 1, 2010. It is time to evaluate its benefits for trade relations between its members, especially between Indonesia and India. Analysis of the effectiveness and benefits of AIFTA policy in this study uses the Gravity Model by calculating the variables of Indonesia's GDP, India's GDP, transportation costs, and AIFTA's policies enggaged in trade relations between Indonesia and India using data from first quarter of 2004 until first quarter of 2018. This research shows that implementation of AIFTA does not have any effect on trade between two countries since trade between them had already reaching normal level. This research wishes to give a better insight on policy taking, especially for ongoing and forthcoming trade agreement.

scholarly journals A Solution for Africa

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Collins
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade ◽  
Regional Integration ◽  
Market Integration ◽  
Free Trade Area ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
The United States ◽  
Majority Voting ◽  
Regional Environment ◽  
Trade Area ◽  
The Eu

Regionalism—the efforts of a group of nations to enhance their economic, political, social, and cultural interaction—can assume various forms, including regional integration/cooperation, market integration, development integration, with the intent of accommodating the changing national, international, and regional environment. Despite the fact that to this day, attempts at integration (in particular, market integration based on the EU model) and regionalist impulses as they currently occur have been entirely unproductive throughout the African continent, regionalism continues to be regarded by African leaders as a reasonable strategy for increasing intra-regional trade and for reversing Africa’s rising marginalization in the world economy. They continue to be assured by the success of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the viability of the European Union’s (EU) model for integration, which begins with a free trade area or preferential trade area and ends with complete economic integration. The EU model features a specific mode of decision making (qualified majority voting), conflict resolution mechanism (role of the European Court of Justice), budgetary arrangements (revenue collection and distribution), and citizen involvement (direct elections to the European Parliament) and takes on increasingly state-like functions. While extremely successful in integrating its constituent member state in Europe, as a model it is limited, given the unique circumstances under which it was established and promoted. As noted by Emil Kirchner: Consideration of the EU as a model for other regional integration settings might be limited, given the unique circumstances in which it was established and promoted. Born out of conflict, the EU benefited from special circumstances in its development, e.g. the Cold War, the United States guarantee and nurturing role, and the industrialised nature of the European economies, which are not found elsewhere.

The Political Economy of NAFTA/USMCA

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustavo A. Flores-Macías ◽  
Mariano Sánchez-Talanquer
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Free Trade Area ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
The United States ◽  
Trade Area ◽  
The North ◽  
Positive Side ◽  
The One ◽  
United States Mexico

When the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) came into force on January 1st, 1994, it created the largest free trade area in the world, and the one with the largest gaps in development between member countries. It has since served as a framework for trilateral commercial exchange and investment between Canada, Mexico, and the United States. NAFTA’s consequences have been mixed. On the positive side, the total value of trade in the region reached $1.1 trillion in 2016, more than three times the amount in 1994, and total foreign direct investment among member countries also grew significantly. However, the distribution of benefits has been very uneven, with exposure to international competition reducing economic opportunity and increasing insecurity for certain sectors in all three countries. Twenty-four years later, the three countries renegotiated the terms of NAFTA and renamed it the United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement (USMCA). The negotiation responded in part to the need to modernize the agreement, but mostly to President Donald Trump’s concerns about NAFTA’s effect on the U.S. economy and the fairness of its terms. Although the revised agreement incorporated rules that modernize certain aspects of the institutional framework, some new provisions also make trade and investment relations in North America more uncertain.

EU-Japan partnership could set new global standards

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade ◽  
Free Trade Area ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Strategic Partnership ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Data Movement ◽  
Trade Area ◽  
Global Standards ◽  
Security Operations ◽  
Partnership Agreement

Subject EU-Japan cooperation. Significance Three agreements between the EU and Japan took effect this year after nearly eight years of negotiations. They create the worlds’ largest free trade area and largest area of ‘safe data flows’, and establish a strategic partnership promising increased cooperation in 40 fields. Impacts Japanese automakers and European farmers will be the greatest beneficiaries of the bilateral free trade agreement. The Strategic Partnership Agreement could pave the way for joint Japan-EU security operations. The Data Movement Agreement will facilitate international trade in ‘big data’. The agreements are in part an attempt to counter China’s Belt and Road Initiative.

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