scholarly journals REVIEW: SINTESIS TURUNAN ANDROGRAFOLID PADA GUGUS HIDROKSIL C-3 DAN C-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Sri Indrayani ◽  
Sandra Megantara ◽  
Febrina Amelia Saputri

Andrografolid merupakan senyawa diterpenoid utama dari tanaman Andrographis paniculata dan telah dikenal memiliki berbagai aktivitas farmakologi. Andrografolid memiliki struktur menarik yang terdiri dari α-alkiliden γ-butirolakton, dua ikatan olefin pada C-8 and C-12 dan tiga gugus hidroksil. Dari ketiga gugus hidroksil tersebut, salah satunya adalah gugus hidroksil alilik pada C-14 dan yang lainnya adalah gugus hidroksil sekunder dan primer pada C-3 dan C-19. Gugus hidroksil C-3 dan C-19 merupakan gugus yang potensial untuk dimodifikasi. Review ini menjelaskan tentang pentingnya gugus hidroksil andrografolid pada C-3 dan C-19 dan pengaruhnya terhadap aktivitas biologis yang ditimbulkannya. Modifikasi andrografolid pada gugus tersebut dengan menambahkan gugus hidroksibenzaldehid dapat meningkatkan efek farmakologis sebagai anti-HIV. Esterifikasi yang terjadi pada C-3 dan C-19 dapat meningkatkan aktivitas sebagai antitumor. Penambahan ester aromatik baik di C-3 dan C-19 dapat mengurangi aktivitas senyawa sebagai antitumor. Modifikasi pada gugus tersebut dapat dilakukan dengan mekanisme reaksi substitusi nukleofilik dengan penambahakn katalis dan pemanasan. Pemanasan dengan metode iradiasi microwave memberikan hasil sintesis dengan nilai rendemen yang paling tinggi.  Andrographolide is a diterpenoid lactone isolated from the herb of Andrographis paniculata and known for its multiple pharmacological activities. Andrographolide has an interesting architecture consisting of an α-alkylidene γ-butyrolactone moiety, two olefin bond (C-8 and C-12), and three hydroxyls groups. Of the three hydroxyl groups, one is allylic at C-14, and the others are secondary and primary at C-3 and C-19, respectively. Hydroxyl groups C-3 and C-19 are the potential groups to be modified. The review describes the importance of the hydroxyl groups of andrographolide located at C-3 and C-19 and its effect toward its biological activity. Modification by adding hydroxyl-benzaldehyde moiety to the hydroxyl groups could increase the activity of the compound as anti-HIV. Esterification at C-3 and C-19 could also enhance the activity of the compund as antitumor. The addition of aromatic esters both at C-3 and C-19 could lose the compound’s activity as antitumor. Modification of the hydroxyl groups of andrographolide located at C-3 and C-19 could be carried out by the mechanism of nucleophilic substitution reactions with the addition of catalysts and heating. Heating by using microwave irradiation method gives the highest synthesis yield.Keywords: Andrographolide, Andrographis paniculata, hydroxyl groups

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 293-347
Author(s):  
Hardesh K. Maurya

2,3-Dichloro-1,4-naphthoquinones (dichlone) have attracted considerable attention for the construction of biologically active tricyclic and tetracyclic 1,4-quinones and other derivatives. A diversified reaction of 2,3-dichloro-1,4-naphthoquinones such as cycloaddition, condensation, photo induced and nucleophilic substitution reactions with suitable nucleophiles viz. carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, selenium etc have been explored. Various synthesized compounds have also explored for their biological activity such as antifungal, antibacterial, anticancer, antiplatlet, anti-inflamentry, anti-allergic and anti HIV. This review describes the chemistry and biological activity of compounds synthesized from 2,3-dichloro-1,4-naphthoquinones during the last three decades.


2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 1510-1515
Author(s):  
Taiseer Abdul-Kader Saleh ◽  
Rafah Razooq Hameed Al-Samarrai ◽  
Noor Essam Abdul-Razzaq

This study was carried out to synthesise some new Schiff bases compounds through condensation of ascorbic acid (keto form) with some compounds which have amine group in their structure also these compounds synthesized by using of microwave irradiation and traditional method and compare the results obtained. Microwave irradiation of organic reactions has quickly acquired popularity as it increases the speed of the reaction towards multiple kinds of synthetic transformations, solventless procedures without the use of supporting reagents and therefore eco-friendly, the antioxidant properties were studied for all compounds included in this study, the results indicate that IC50 for the compounds synthesized by using of microwave irradiation method were higher than the traditional method, and also the biological activity of the prepared compounds were also studied to estimate capability of suppressing Enterococcus, Staphyllo coccus aureus and E. Coli than the starting materials that have biological activity on these bacteria. This study shows that the diameters of inhibitions in Petri dishes have higher and wider at a concentration (10 mg / ml) for used bacteria.


2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 396-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhaojun Sheng ◽  
Siyuan Ge ◽  
Min Gao ◽  
Rongchao Jian ◽  
Xiaole Chen ◽  
...  

Embelin is a naturally occurring para-benzoquinone isolated from Embelia ribes (Burm. f.) of the Myrsinaceae family, and contains two carbonyl groups, a methine group and two hydroxyl groups. With embelin as the lead compound, more than one hundred derivatives have been reported. Embelin is well known for its ability to antagonize the X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) with an IC50 value of 4.1 μM. The potential of embelin and its derivatives in the treatment of various cancers has been extensively studied. In addition, these compounds display a variety of other biological effects: antimicrobial, antioxidant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anxiolytic and antifertility activity. This paper reviews the recent progress in the synthesis and biological activity of embelin and its derivatives. Their cellular mechanisms of action and prospects in the research and development of new drugs are also discussed.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document