scholarly journals Free amino acids of leaves and berries of Cabernet Sauvignon grapevines

OENO One ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Alberto Miele ◽  
Alain Carbonneau ◽  
Jacques Bouard
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Qualitative Analysis ◽  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Training System ◽  
Cabernet Sauvignon ◽  
Training Systems

<p style="text-align: justify;">The composition of free amino acids was studied from leaves, pericarps, skins, musts and seeds of <em>Vitis vinifera</em> L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon. Vineyards were in the Bordeaux region and the grapevines were conducted in espalier and lyre systems. Grapes were collected at maturity and lyophilized after sampling. Extraction of free amino acids was done with a hydroalcoholic solution and their analysis was performed with an autoanalyzer. A standard of 34 amino acids was utilized for the qualitative analysis. The results showed that, for both espalier and lyre training systems, respectively, the free amino acids were predominant in the pericarps (12.85 and 11.21 mg/g dw) - 16.88 and 15.12 mg/g dw in skins and 3.29 and 2.88 g/l in musts -, followed by the seeds (2.37 and 2.32 mg/g dw) and leaves (1.87 and 1.98 mg/g dw). The most abundant free amino acids in leaves were glutamic acid (23.8 and 28.8 p. cent), aspartic acid (8.8 and 11.1 p. cent), and glutamine (10.1 and 9.4 p. cent). Proline (41.8 and 41.5 p. cent) and arginine (22.8 and 22.4 p. cent) predominated in the pericarps. In seeds, the main amino acids were proline (14.5 and 15.8 p. cent), arginine (11.0 and 11.8 p. cent), histidine (11.2 and 8.7 p. cent), and glutamic acid (11.3 and 8.2 p. cent). Grapevine training system showed some differences in the total amount and in the percentages of each free amino acid, but the pattern of these compounds for each tissue was similar for both training systems.</p>

scholarly journals Effect of Different Edaphic Crop Conditions on the Free Amino Acid Profile of PH-16 Dry Cacao Beans

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1637
Author(s):  
Quintino Reis de Araujo ◽  
Guilherme Amorim Homem de Abreu Loureiro ◽  
Cid Edson Mendonça Póvoas ◽  
Douglas Steinmacher ◽  
Stephane Sacramento de Almeida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Free Amino Acid ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Amino Acid Profile ◽  
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Significant Difference

Free amino acids in cacao beans are important precursors to the aroma and flavor of chocolate. In this research, we used inferential and explanatory statistical techniques to verify the effect of different edaphic crop conditions on the free amino acid profile of PH-16 dry cacao beans. The decreasing order of free amino acids in PH-16 dry cacao beans is leucine, phenylalanine, glutamic acid, alanine, asparagine, tyrosine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, valine, isoleucine, glutamine, lysine, aspartic acid, serine, tryptophan, threonine, glycine. With the exception of lysine, no other free amino acid showed a significant difference between means of different edaphic conditions under the ANOVA F-test. The hydrophobic free amino acids provided the largest contribution to the explained variance with 58.01% of the first dimension of the principal component analysis. Glutamic acid stands out in the second dimension with 13.09%. Due to the stability of the biochemical profile of free amino acids in this clonal variety, it is recommended that cacao producers consider the genotype as the primary source of variation in the quality of cacao beans and ultimately the chocolate to be produced.

ENDOCRINE CONTROL OF FREE AMINO ACIDS CONTENT IN UTERINE FLUID IN PREGNANT RABBITS

1972 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 409-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Jaszczak ◽  
E. S. E. Hafez
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Blood Serum ◽  
Aspartic Acid ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Amino Acid Content ◽  
Endocrine Control ◽  
Uterine Fluid

ABSTRACT Free amino acid content was measured in the uterine fluid and blood serum in the following groups of rabbits 168 h post copulation: intact; intact progesterone-treated; ovariectomized progesterone-treated; ovariectomized progesterone-oestradiol-treated; and ovariectomized without hormonal treatment. At implantation, concentration of the majority of amino acid in uterine fluid exceeded greatly that of blood serum; the difference in concentration being maximal for glycine, taurine, alanine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, serine and threonine. Glutamine-asparagine and arginine were found in comparable quantities or were even higher in blood serum. Glycine, alanine, taurine, glutamic acid, serine and glutamine-asparagine were found in highest concentration in the uterine fluid. The level of ammonia in uterine fluid was also relatively high. Exogenous progesterone and oestradiol caused significant changes in the concentration of some amino acid. The concentration of glycine, taurine, alanine, serine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, threonine, ½ cystine and histidine seems to be especially hormonally dependent. The results are discussed in relation to hormonal activity of corpora lutea during early pregnancy, physiological significance of free amino acids in uterine fluid and nourishment of an early embryo.

scholarly journals Changes in the Pree Amino Acids of the Blood of Blowfly Larvae At Metamorphosis

1956 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 400 ◽  
Author(s):  
RH Hackman
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Free Amino Acid ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Amino Acid Content ◽  
Free Amino Acid Content ◽  
Metabolic Significance

Blood from the larval, prepupal, and early pupal stages of Calliphora augttr' (F.) contains the same 18 free amino acids. In addition, hydroxyproline is present in larval and prepupal blood. The quantitative differenccs in the concent,ratiolls of these amino acids arc reported. Larval blood has the highest free amino acid content (6'6 mgjml) followcd by early pupal blood (4'6 mgjml) and prepnpal blood (3'3 mgjml). As the larva matures to the prepupa, the greatest decreases occm in the concentrations in the blood of alanine, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, proline, and tyrosine. The metabolic significance of these changes are discussed.

Free amino acid concentrations in needles of Norway spruce and Scots pine trees on different sites in areas with two levels of nitrogen deposition

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 1132-1136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann-Britt Edfast ◽  
Torgny Näsholm ◽  
Anders Ericsson
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Nitrogen Deposition ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Site Quality ◽  
Southern Sweden ◽  
Amino Acid Concentrations

The effects of nitrogen deposition and site quality on amino acid concentrations in needles of Piceaabies (L.) Karst. and Pinussylvestris L. trees were studied in two areas that represent different levels of nitrogen deposition: one area in southern Sweden and one area in northern Sweden receive, respectively, approximately 20–30 and 3 kg•ha−1•year−1 of nitrogen. On each area three site quality classes were chosen for each tree species. The site classes were chosen to represent poor, medium, and good sites typical for each area. Free amino acids in the needles were analyzed as 9-fluorenylmethyl formate derivatives by high-performance liquid chromatography. The total nitrogen was determined with a CHN elemental analyzer, and other mineral nutrients were determined with an inductively coupled plasma analyzer. Arginine, glutamic acid, glutamine, γ-aminobutyric acid, and aspartic acid were the quantitatively dominating amino acids in the needles of both species from all sites in both northern and southern Sweden. These amino acids represented 50–80% of the total concentration of free amino acids in the needles. The concentration of arginine in the needles of both spruce and pine increased with decreasing site index and showed high variations between individual trees. For both species, the highest concentrations of arginine were found in the southern area, which had the highest deposition of nitrogen. Concentrations of glutamic acid, glutamine, and γ-aminobutyric acid in the needles of both species showed significant differences between some of the sites on both areas, but these differences showed no general pattern that correlated with the site indexes. In relation to nitrogen, low concentrations of phosphorus and potassium were found in needles from the poorest spruce sites in both areas compared with corresponding values for the good spruce sites. The results are discussed in relation to nitrogen deposition and mineral nutrient imbalance.

Uptake of Dipeptides Containing Basic and Acidic Amino Acids by Rat Small Intestine in Vitro

1972 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 823-837 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Burston ◽  
Jill M. Addison ◽  
D. M. Matthews
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Aspartic Acid ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Tissue Uptake ◽  
Acidic Amino Acids ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

1. The characteristics of transport and hydrolysis of twenty-two dipeptides containing basic and acidic amino acids by rat ileal rings were investigated in vitro. The peptides included combinations of basic and neutral, basic and basic, basic and acidic, acidic and acidic, and acidic and neutral amino acids. 2. All peptides studied were removed intact from the bulk phase of the incubation medium, though, in general, only free amino acids appeared in the tissue. Uptake of one or both constituent amino acids was greater from the peptide than from the equivalent amino acid or amino acid mixture in the case of at least one peptide from each group and in eighteen of the twenty-two peptides studied. In general, there was no relationship between the extent of uptake of amino acids from peptides and the extent of their hydrolysis by the system. The results support the hypothesis that there is more than one mode of uptake of amino acids from peptides. 3. Hydrolysis of γ-glutamyl-l-glutamic acid by intact intestine or intestinal homogenate was slight, and intact peptide was taken up by the tissue. Uptake of free glutamic acid from this peptide was poor. Comparison of γ-glutamyl-l-glutamic acid with three other slowly hydrolysed dipeptides, glycyl-d-valine, sarcosylglycine and glycylsarcosine, suggested that all four were transported into the mucosal cells and hydrolysed intracellularly. The results indicate that the presence of a γ-linkage or a d-amino acid, or methylation of the free amino group as in sarcosylglycine, impair both transport and hydrolysis of peptide, but that attachment of a methyl group to the N of the peptide bond, as in glycylsarcosine, impairs hydrolysis but has no effect on peptide transport. 4. l-Aspartic acid and l-glutamic acid were extensively transaminated by the intestine, whether presented as free amino acids or in peptides. Evidence was obtained suggesting that production of alanine from aspartic acid resulted from direct transamination of aspartic acid with pyruvic acid, rather than from a sequence of two reactions involving aspartate and alanine aminotransferases. 5. The results show that more rapid uptake of amino acids from peptides than from free amino acids is not confined to peptides made up of neutral amino acids, and probably occurs with many small peptides. Uptake of lysine and the dicarboxylic amino acids, which are particularly slowly absorbed from free solution, was much greater from several dipeptides than from the free amino acids. The results suggest the importance of mucosal peptide uptake in protein absorption.

scholarly journals Quantitative Plasma Amino Acid Values in Leukemic Blood

Blood ◽  
1957 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 635-643 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOHN J. KELLEY ◽  
HARRY A. WAISMAN
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Acute Leukemia ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Chronic Lymphatic Leukemia ◽  
Lymphatic Leukemia

Abstract 1. Quantitative methods for analysis of free amino acids in plasma have been performed on blood from normal and leukemic individuals. 2. An increase in the glutamic acid phenylalanine and "leucine" levels was found in the blood plasma of patients with acute leukemia. 3. Both the chronic myelogenous and the chronic lymphatic leukemia patients had high levels of glutamic acid, phenylalanine, alanine and proline. 4. Lower than normal levels of asparagine and threonine were found in the plasma of patients with acute leukemia.

Free amino acid content of lymphocytes nd granulocytes compared.

1982 ◽  
Vol 28 (8) ◽  
pp. 1758-1761 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Fukuda ◽  
Y Hirai ◽  
H Yoshida ◽  
T Nakajima ◽  
T Usui
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Amino Acid Content ◽  
Free Amino Acid Content ◽  
Freezing And Thawing ◽  
Healthy Men

Abstract For extracting free amino acids from human leukocytes, we find that disruption of the cells by ultrasonication is more reliable than freezing and thawing. The amount of free amino acids extracted by the latter method depends on the temperature and duration of thawing. We extracted free amino acids from leukocytes of healthy men by ultrasonication and compared their concentrations in lymphocytes and granulocytes. The amino acid content of granulocytes significantly (p less than 0.001) exceeded that of lymphocytes. Of the amino acids extracted from granulocytes, 76% was taurine; for lymphocytes taurine, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid were predominant, respectively composing 44%, 17%, and 26% of the total. Taurine is proposed as an index of cell disruption.

Effect of Glycylglycine on Absorption from Human Jejunum of an Amino Acid Mixture Simulating Casein and a Partial Enzymic Hydrolysate of Casein Containing Small Peptides

1977 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-33
Author(s):  
P. D. Fairclough ◽  
D. B. A. Silk ◽  
M. L. Clark ◽  
D. M. Matthews ◽  
T. C. Marrs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Amino Acid Mixture ◽  
Acid Mixture ◽  
Acid Uptake ◽  
Amino Acid Residues ◽  
Small Peptides

1. A jejunal perfusion technique has been used in normal volunteer subjects to study jejunal absorption of amino acid residues from a partial enzymic hydrolysate of casein in which about 50% of the amino acids existed as small peptides, and also from an equivalent mixture of free amino acids. 2. The effect of a high concentration of the dipeptide glycylglycine on the absorption of amino acid residues from these preparations was studied to quantify the importance of mucosal uptake of intact peptides during absorption of the partial hydrolysate of casein. 3. The results were unexpected. Glycylglycine significantly inhibited absorption of several amino acid residues (aspartic acid + asparagine, serine, glutamic acid + glutamine, proline, alanine, phenylalanine, threonine and isoleucine) from the free amino acid mixture, whereas it significantly inhibited the absorption of only two (serine, glutamic acid + glutamine) from the peptide-containing partial casein hydrolysate. 4. The effect of glycylglycine on absorption of amino acids from the mixture of free amino acids was apparently due to inhibition of amino acid uptake by free glycine liberated from the dipeptide during perfusion. The reason for the failure of glycylglycine to cause extensive inhibition of absorption from the partial hydrolysate is not clear. It may be due to glycylglycine being only a weak inhibitor of peptide uptake, but the possibility that some peptides are taken up by a system unavailable to glycylglycine has to be considered.

Biochemische Aspekte des Aminosäuren-Stoffwechsels bei Psoriasis vulgaris / Biochemical Aspects of Amino Acid Metabolism in Psoriasis vulgaris

1973 ◽  
Vol 28 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 449-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Peter ◽  
H. Angst ◽  
U. Koch
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Amino Acid Metabolism ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Psoriasis Vulgaris ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Pathological Process

Free and protein-bound amino acids in serum and scales were investigated. In serum the bound amino acids of psoriatics are significantly higher with exception of Pro, Met, Tyr and Phe in contrast to normal subjects. For free amino acids the differences between normal subjects and psoriatics found in serum and scales are not significant. Results are discussed in relation to the single amino acids and the biochemical correlations are outlined which takes the pathological process as a basis.

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