Cancer and Non-Cancer Risk of Santiago Island (Cape Verde) Population due to Potential Toxic Elements Exposure from Soils

The hazard and the carcinogenic risks due to the exposure to some potentially toxic elements by the Santiago Island (Cape Verde) population where calculated, considering soil ingestion, inhalation and dermal contact as exposure pathways. The topsoil of Santiago Island is enriched in Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, V, Zn, Mn and Cd to upper crust values. Hazard indices (HI) were calculated for these metals and As exposures, of Santiago Island population and the calculations were performed for children and adults. For children HI are higher than 1 for Co, Cr and Mn. So there is indication of potential non-carcinogenic risk for children, due to the high Co (HI=2.995), Cr (HI=1.329) and Mn (HI=1.126), values in soils. For the other elements and for adults there is no potential non-carcinogenic risk. Cancer risk was calculated for As, Cd, Cr and Ni exposures, for adults and children and the results are always lower than the carcinogenic target risk of 1x10-6, for As, Cd, and Ni. However, cancer risk are higher than the carcinogenic target risk for Cr, for adults. Regarding As, for children the fraction due to Riskingestion represents 51.6%, while Riskinhalation represents 48.0% and Riskdermalcontact represents only 0.4% of total risk. For adults Riskinhalation represents 81.3%, Riskingestion represents 16.6% and Riskdermal contact represents 2.1%. These results reflect the higher daily ingestion dose for children and the higher inhalation rate and higher dermal contact surface for adults. For the other elements and for adults the cancer risk due to Cr, Ni and Cd inhalation is always higher than for children, reflecting the higher inhalation rate for adults.

Download Full-text

Cancer and Non-Cancer Risk of Santiago Island (Cape Verde) Population due to Potential Toxic Elements Exposure from Soils

10.20944/preprints201708.0047.v2 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Marina M.S. Cabral Pinto ◽

Maria M. V. Silva ◽

Eduardo. A. Ferreira Da Silva ◽

Amelia Paula Reis

Keyword(s):

Cancer Risk ◽

Toxic Elements ◽

Carcinogenic Risk ◽

Cape Verde ◽

The Other ◽

Island Population ◽

Total Risk ◽

Dermal Contact ◽

Santiago Island ◽

Inhalation Rate

Download Full-text

The Cancer and Non-Cancer Risk of Santiago Island (Cape Verde) Population due to Potential Toxic Elements Exposure from Soils

Geosciences ◽

10.3390/geosciences7030078 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. 78 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Marina Cabral Pinto ◽

Maria Silva ◽

Eduardo Ferreira da Silva ◽

A. Marinho-Reis

Keyword(s):

Cancer Risk ◽

Toxic Elements ◽

Cape Verde ◽

Potential Toxic Elements ◽

Santiago Island

Download Full-text

Heavy Metals of Santiago Island (Cape Verde) Alluvial Deposits: Baseline Value Maps and Human Health Risk Assessment

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph16010002 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 2 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Marina Cabral Pinto ◽

Eduardo Ferreira da Silva

Keyword(s):

Human Health ◽

Toxic Elements ◽

Human Health Risk ◽

Carcinogenic Risk ◽

Cape Verde ◽

Alluvial Deposits ◽

Endemic Diseases ◽

Target Values ◽

Baseline Values ◽

Santiago Island

The chemical composition of surface geological materials may cause metabolic changes and promote endemic diseases (e.g., oncological, gastrointestinal, neurological or cardiovascular diseases). The results of a geochemical survey is presented following the guidelines proposed by the International Project IGCP 259 performed on the alluvium of Santiago Island (Cape Verde) and focused on public health issues. Geochemical mapping is the base knowledge needed to determine critical contents of potential toxic elements and the potentially harmful regions in the planet. This work presents maps of baseline values of potentially toxic elements (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn) in Santiago alluvium and the assessment of their human health risks. According to the results the Cd, Co, Cr, Ni and V baseline values are above the Canadian guidelines for stream sediments (for any proposal use) and for soils (for agricultural and residential proposal uses) and also above the target values of Dutch guidelines. Hazard indexes (HI) were calculated for children and adults. For children (HI) are higher than 1 for Co, Cr and Mn, indicating potential non-carcinogenic risk. For the other elements and for adults there is no potential non-carcinogenic risk. Cancer risk was calculated for Cd, Cr and Ni exposures, for adults and children, and the results are only slightly higher than the carcinogenic target risk of 1 × 10−6 for adults exposed to Cr by inhalation. However, these results may be underestimated because alluvial contaminants may be indirectly ingested by groundwater and by crop and vegetables consumption.

Download Full-text

Sources of Potentially Toxic Elements in Sediments of the Mussulo Lagoon (Angola) and Implications for Human Health

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17072466 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (7) ◽

pp. 2466 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Pedro Dinis ◽

Amílcar Armando ◽

João Pratas

Keyword(s):

Grain Size ◽

Toxic Elements ◽

Carcinogenic Risk ◽

Potentially Toxic Elements ◽

The Other ◽

Anthropogenic Source ◽

Close Link ◽

Fine Grained ◽

Grain Size Distributions ◽

Lagoon Sediments

The Mussulo lagoon is a coastal environment located near Luanda, one of the SW African cities that has been growing more rapidly during the last decades. Geochemical, mineralogical, and grain-size data obtained for the lagoon sediments are analyzed together, in order to establish the factors that control the distribution of some potentially toxic elements (PTEs). Sediments from northern location tend to be enriched in feldspar and, despite some variability in grain-size distributions, in fine-grained detrital minerals; southern lagoon sediments display very homogenous grain-size distribution and are enriched in minerals associated with salt precipitation (halite and gypsum). Multivariate statistics reveal a close link between some PTEs, namely Co, Hg, Ni, and Pb, for which an anthropogenic source can be postulated. On the other end, As seems to be associated with natural authigenic precipitation in southern lagoon sectors. Sediments enriched in clay also tend to yield more Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu, but it is unclear whether their sources are natural or anthropogenic. Hazard indexes calculated for children are higher than 1 for As and Co, indicating potential non-carcinogenic risk. For the other elements, and for adults, there is no potential carcinogenic or non-carcinogenic risk.

Download Full-text

Assessment of Hazard Index and Incremental Life Cancer Risk Associated with Heavy Metals in the Soils

Science Progress and Research ◽

10.52152/spr/2021.148 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (4) ◽

pp. 298-319

Author(s):

Buhari Samaila ◽

Buhari Maidamma ◽

Bilyaminu Usman ◽

Aisha Ibrahim Jega ◽

Shehu Alhassan Alhaji

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Cancer Risk ◽

Environmental Protection Agency ◽

Hazard Index ◽

Carcinogenic Risk ◽

Dermal Contact ◽

Adverse Health Effects ◽

Exposed Population ◽

Order Of Magnitude ◽

Index Value

The purpose of this review was to evaluate the hazard Index and Incremental life cancer risks associated with heavy metal contaminations of the soil for residents in the country. Many scientific articles have been accessible online in the Nigeria were evaluated for the estimation of [Hazard Index and Incremental Life Cancer Risk] for individual heavy metals. The heavy metals considered in this work are; [Lead (Pb), Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn), Zinc (Zn), Chromium (Cr), and Cadmium (Cd)] The concentrations of these metals were obtained from the literature and modeled for, hazard index (HI), and carcinogenic risk (ILCR) via ingestion, inhalation, and dermal pathways for adults following the United State Environmental Protection Agency [USEPA] method. The hazard index for all the exposure pathways (ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact) was found to be 21914, 1020.7, 580.8, 2.641, 0.272, 0.05165, 0.021, and 0.011[mg/kg/day], for Fe, Mn, Cr, Pb, Cu, Zn, Ni, and Cd respectively. United States EPA considered an overall hazard index value of 1.0 as an acceptable threshold below which no observable clinical effect was reported. In order of magnitude: Fe > Mn > Cr > Pb > Cu > Zn > Ni > Cd, Fe, Mn, and Cr have the highest Hazard Index in all the soil samples analyzed by different researchers in the country. In all the heavy metals reviewed, the Cd has the highest Incremental Life Cancer Risk followed by Cr, Pb, and Ni. This indicated that most of the areas are highly polluted with Cd, Cr, and Pb. Therefore, dwellers of the locations may likely be affected with cancer due to the ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact with metals. The Overall results suggested that there is probable adverse health effects to an exposed population in all locations reviewed. Therefore, an effort will be made to prevent the transfer of heavy metals in the soil to the surrounding environment should be encouraged and soil remediation to further reduce the concentration of heavy metals needs to be effected immediately at root level.

Download Full-text

Human Health Risk Assessment for Exposure to Potentially Toxic Elements in Polluted Rivers in the Ecuadorian Amazon

Water ◽

10.3390/w13050613 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (5) ◽

pp. 613

Author(s):

Samantha Jiménez-Oyola ◽

Kenny Escobar Segovia ◽

María-Jesús García-Martínez ◽

Marcelo Ortega ◽

David Bolonio ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Assessment ◽

Cancer Risk ◽

Health Risk ◽

Human Health ◽

Health Risk Assessment ◽

Toxic Elements ◽

Human Health Risk ◽

Potentially Toxic Elements ◽

Ecuadorian Amazon ◽

Polluted Rivers

Anthropogenic activities performed in the Ecuadorian Amazon have released potentially toxic elements (PTEs) into the rivers, causing severe environmental pollution and increasing the risk of exposure to the residents of the surrounding areas. This study aims to carry out a human health risk assessment using deterministic and probabilistic methods to estimate the hazard index (HI) and total cancer risk (TCR) related to multi-pathway human exposure to PTEs in polluted rivers. Concentrations of Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn in surface water and sediment samples from rivers on the Ecuadorian Amazon were considered to assess the potential adverse human health effects. As a result, deterministic and probabilistic estimations of cancer and non-cancer risk through exposure to surface waters and sediments were above the safety limit. A sensitivity analysis identified the concentration of PTEs and the exposure duration (ED) as the two most important variables for probabilistic health risk assessment. The highest risk for receptors was related to exposure to polluted sediments through incidental ingestion and dermal contact routes. According to the deterministic estimation, the human health risk through ingestion of water was above the threshold in specific locations. This study reveals the potential health risk to which the population is exposed. This information can be used as a baseline to develop public strategies to reduce anthropogenic pollution and exposure to PTEs in Ecuadorian Amazon rivers.

Download Full-text

Pollution Characteristics, Distribution and Ecological Risk of Potentially Toxic Elements in Soils from an Abandoned Coal Mine Area in Southwestern China

Minerals ◽

10.3390/min11030330 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 330

Author(s):

Libo Pan ◽

Xiao Guan ◽

Bo Liu ◽

Yanjun Chen ◽

Ying Pei ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ecological Risk ◽

Toxic Elements ◽

Low Ph ◽

Potentially Toxic Elements ◽

Point Sources ◽

The Other ◽

Guizhou Province ◽

Pollution Level ◽

Agricultural Activity ◽

Background Values

Acid mine drainage (AMD) from abandoned coal mines can lead to serious environmental problems due to its low pH and high concentrations of potentially toxic elements. In this study, soil pH, sulfur (S) content, and arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and mercury (Hg) concentrations were measured in 27 surface soil samples from areas in which coal-mining activities ceased nine years previously in Youyu Catchment, Guizhou Province, China. The soil was acidic, with a mean pH of 5.28. Cadmium was the only element with a mean concentration higher than the national soil quality standard. As, Cd, Cu, Ni, Zn, Mn, Cr, and Fe concentrations were all higher than the background values in Guizhou Province. This was especially true for the Cd, Cu, and Fe concentrations, which were 1.69, 1.95, and 12.18 times their respective background values. The geoaccumulation index of Cd and Fe was present at unpolluted to moderately polluted and heavily polluted levels, respectively, indicating higher pollution levels than for the other elements in the study area. Spatially, significantly high Fe and S concentrations, as well as extremely low pH values, were found in the soils of the AMD sites; however, sites where tributaries merged with the Youyu River (TM) had the highest Cd pollution level. Iron originated mainly from non-point sources (e.g., AMD and coal gangues), while AMD and agricultural activity were the predominant sources of Cd. The results of an eco-risk assessment indicated that Cd levels presented a moderate potential ecological risk, while the other elements all posed a low risk. For the TM sites, the highest eco-risk was for Cd, with levels that could be harmful for aquatic organisms in the wet season, and may endanger human health via the food chain.

Download Full-text

Carcinogenic Risk Assessment of Steroid Hormone Exposure in Relation to Prostate Cancer Risk

Hormonal Carcinogenesis ◽

10.1007/978-1-4613-9208-8_29 ◽

1992 ◽

pp. 225-233 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Maarten C. Bosland

Keyword(s):

Prostate Cancer ◽

Risk Assessment ◽

Cancer Risk ◽

Steroid Hormone ◽

Prostate Cancer Risk ◽

Carcinogenic Risk ◽

Carcinogenic Risk Assessment ◽

Hormone Exposure

Download Full-text

Atmospheric electric field in the Atlantic marine boundary layer: first results from the SAIL project

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-18767 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Susana Barbosa ◽

Mauricio Camilo ◽

Carlos Almeida ◽

José Almeida ◽

Guilherme Amaral ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Boundary Layer ◽

Electric Field ◽

Marine Boundary Layer ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Cape Verde ◽

The Other ◽

Atmospheric Electric Field ◽

Fair Weather ◽

Near Surface ◽

First Results

The study of the electrical properties of the atmospheric marine boundary layer is important as the effect of natural radioactivity in driving near surface ionisation is significantly reduced over the ocean, and the concentration of aerosols is also typically lower than over continental areas, allowing a clearer examination of space-atmosphere interactions. Furthermore, cloud cover over the ocean is dominated by low-level clouds and most of the atmospheric charge lies near the earth surface, at low altitude cloud tops. The relevance of electric field observations in the marine boundary layer is enhanced by the the fact that the electrical conductivity of the ocean air is clearly linked to global atmospheric pollution and aerosol content. The increase in aerosol pollution since the original observations made in the early 20th century by the survey ship Carnegie is a pressing and timely motivation for modern measurements of the atmospheric electric field in the marine boundary layer. Project SAIL (Space-Atmosphere-Ocean Interactions in the marine boundary Layer) addresses this challenge by means of an unique monitoring campaign on board the ship-rigged sailing ship NRP Sagres during its 2020 circumnavigation expedition. The Portuguese Navy ship NRP Sagres departed from Lisbon on January 5th in a journey around the globe that will take 371 days. Two identical field mill sensors (CS110, Campbell Scientific) are installed on the mizzen mast, one at a height of 22 m, and the other at a height of 5 meters. A visibility sensor (SWS050, Biral) was also set-up on the same mast in order to have measurements of the extinction coefficient of the atmosphere and assess fair-weather conditions. Further observations include gamma radiation measured with a NaI(Tl) scintillator from 475 keV to 3 MeV, cosmic radiation up to 17 MeV, and atmospheric ionisation from a cluster ion counter (Airel). The 1 Hz measurements of the atmospheric electric field and from all the other sensors are linked to the same rigorous temporal reference frame and precise positioning through kinematic GNSS observations. Here the first results of the SAIL project will be presented, focusing on fair-weather electric field over the Atlantic. The observations obtained in the first three sections of the circumnavigation journey, including Lisbon (Portugal) - Tenerife (Spain), from 5 to 10 January, Tenerife - Praia (Cape Verde) from 13 to 19 January, and across the Atlantic from Cape Verde to Rio de Janeiro (Brasil), from January 22nd to February 14th, will be presented and discussed.

Download Full-text