Assessment of Hazard Index and Incremental Life Cancer Risk Associated with Heavy Metals in the Soils

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 298-319
Author(s):  
Buhari Samaila ◽  
Buhari Maidamma ◽  
Bilyaminu Usman ◽  
Aisha Ibrahim Jega ◽  
Shehu Alhassan Alhaji
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Hazard Index ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk ◽  
Dermal Contact ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Exposed Population ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Index Value

The purpose of this review was to evaluate the hazard Index and Incremental life cancer risks associated with heavy metal contaminations of the soil for residents in the country. Many scientific articles have been accessible online in the Nigeria were evaluated for the estimation of [Hazard Index and Incremental Life Cancer Risk] for individual heavy metals. The heavy metals considered in this work are; [Lead (Pb), Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn), Zinc (Zn), Chromium (Cr), and Cadmium (Cd)] The concentrations of these metals were obtained from the literature and modeled for, hazard index (HI), and carcinogenic risk (ILCR) via ingestion, inhalation, and dermal pathways for adults following the United State Environmental Protection Agency [USEPA] method. The hazard index for all the exposure pathways (ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact) was found to be 21914, 1020.7, 580.8, 2.641, 0.272, 0.05165, 0.021, and 0.011[mg/kg/day], for Fe, Mn, Cr, Pb, Cu, Zn, Ni, and Cd respectively. United States EPA considered an overall hazard index value of 1.0 as an acceptable threshold below which no observable clinical effect was reported. In order of magnitude: Fe > Mn > Cr > Pb > Cu > Zn > Ni > Cd, Fe, Mn, and Cr have the highest Hazard Index in all the soil samples analyzed by different researchers in the country. In all the heavy metals reviewed, the Cd has the highest Incremental Life Cancer Risk followed by Cr, Pb, and Ni. This indicated that most of the areas are highly polluted with Cd, Cr, and Pb. Therefore, dwellers of the locations may likely be affected with cancer due to the ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact with metals. The Overall results suggested that there is probable adverse health effects to an exposed population in all locations reviewed. Therefore, an effort will be made to prevent the transfer of heavy metals in the soil to the surrounding environment should be encouraged and soil remediation to further reduce the concentration of heavy metals needs to be effected immediately at root level.

scholarly journals Risk assessment of Ni, Cr, and Si release from alkaline minerals during enhanced weathering

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 166-175
Author(s):  
Fatima Haque ◽  
Yi Wai Chiang ◽  
Rafael M. Santos
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Hazard Index ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk ◽  
Contamination Level ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
Silicate Minerals ◽  
Guideline Value ◽  
Quality Guideline ◽  
Index Value

AbstractCalcium- and magnesium-rich alkaline silicate minerals, when applied to soil, can aid in carbon dioxide sequestration via enhanced weathering. The weathering of these silicate minerals is also associated with the release of heavy metals such as Ni and Cr, depending on the composition of the parent rock, and also labile Si. This paper critically analyses the risk associated with the release of Ni, Cr, and Si from alkaline silicate minerals as a result of enhanced weathering to evaluate its potential to be applied as a soil amendment. Based on the available data in the literature, this study evaluates the soil contamination level and quantifies the risk these elements pose to human health as well as the environment. To assess these potential threat levels, the geoaccumulation index was applied, along with the method recommended by the US Environmental Protection Agency for health risk assessment. The main findings of this study indicate the potential release of Ni, Cr, and Si to exceed the soil quality guideline value. The geochemical index suggests that the analyzed samples are in the class 0–3 and represents sites that lie between uncontaminated zones to highly contaminated zones. The hazard index value for Ni and Cr is greater than unity, which suggests that Ni and Cr release poses a non-carcinogenic risk. The probability of labile Si concentration in the soil to exceed the critical value is found to be 75%.

scholarly journals Concentrations and Risk Evaluation of Selected Heavy Metals in Amaranthus (L.) Leaf Cultivated in Katsina State, North West Nigeria

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
A. I. Yaradua ◽  
A. J. Alhassan ◽  
A. Nasir ◽  
K. I. Matazu ◽  
A. Usman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Hazard Quotient ◽  
Hazard Index ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
Target Hazard Quotient ◽  
Moderate Risk ◽  
Lifetime Cancer Risk ◽  
North West

Bioaccumulation of seven heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Fe, Ni, Mn, Pb and Zn) in  Amaranthus leaf cultivated in Katsina state Nigeria were measured using atomic absorption spectrometer. The health risks to the local inhabitants from the consumption of the Amaranthus leaf were evaluated based on the Target Hazard Quotient. The possibility of cancer risks in the Amaranthus (L.) leaf through the intake of carcinogenic heavy metals was estimated using the Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk. The target hazard quotient was (THQ)>1, indicating that the Amaranthus leaf cultivated may pose a non-carcinogenic risk for all the studied metals. Hazard index (HI) was low. The incremental cancer risk (ILCR) for Cd  violated the threshold risk limit (>10−4) and ILCR for Pb reached the moderate risk limit (>10−3) in all the studied samples in adults, While in children ILCR for both Pb in samples from Dabai, Daura, Funtua, Matazu and Zango and Cd for all samples have reached the moderate risk limit (>10−3), while the ILCR for Pb in samples from Birchi, Dutsinma, Kafur, Katsina and Malunfashi are beyond the moderate risk level (>10−2). The study suggests that consumption of Amaranthus leaf cultivated in Katsina may contribute to the population cancer burden.

scholarly journals Related health risk assessment of exposure to arsenic and some heavy metals in gold mines in Banmauk Township, Myanmar

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pokkate Wongsasuluk ◽  
Aung Zaw Tun ◽  
Srilert Chotpantarat ◽  
Wattasit Siriwong
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Gold Mining ◽  
Hazard Index ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Cancer Risks

AbstractExposure to heavy metals in mining activities is a health issue among miners. This study was carried out at three small-scale gold mining sites situated in Banmauk Township, Myanmar and aims to assess the occupational health risks of small-scale gold miners who are exposed to arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg) and lead (Pb) in the soil through the dermal route. Soil samples were analyzed through atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The concentrations of the heavy metals in soils found As, ranged 1.04 mg/kg to 22.17 mg/kg, 0.13 mg/kg to 3.07 mg/kg for Cd, 0.15 mg/kg to 77.44 mg/kg for Hg, and 7.67 mg/kg to 210.00 mg/kg for Pb. In this study, 79% of the participants did not use any form of personal protective equipment (PPE) while working in gold mining processes. Regarding noncancer risk assessment, the results found all hazard quotient were lower than acceptable level (HQ < 1). In addition, all hazard index (HI) was lover than 1, the highest HI was found as 5.66 × 10−1 in the amalgamation process. On the other hand, the result found cancer risk ranged from 8.02 × 10−8 to 1.75 × 10−6, and the estimated cancer risks for 9 years ranged from 4.78 × 10−7 to 1.04 × 10−5. Therefore, the cancer risks of the miners were greater than the United State Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) acceptable cancer risk level, 1 × 10−6, and the miners may be at risk of developing carcinogenic diseases. The suggestion is to educate miners about the health risks of heavy metals and to encourage the use of proper PPE all the time while working in gold mine.

scholarly journals Health Risk Assessment of Fe, Mn, Cu, Cr in Drinking Water in some Wells and Springs of Shush and Andimeshk, Khuzestan Province, Southern Iran

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 29-35
Author(s):  
Mohamad Sakizadeh ◽  
◽  
Rouhollah Mirzaei ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Hazard Quotient ◽  
Hazard Index ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk ◽  
Manganese Concentration ◽  
Khuzestan Province ◽  
Geostatistical Methods

Background: In the current study,the hazard quotient, the hazard index (HI) and spatial variations of Fe,Mn,Cu and Cr in drinking water sources of Andimesk-Shush, Khuzestan Province, Southern Iranaquifer were assessed. Methods: We compared theconcentrations of aforementioned heavy metals in wells and springs inAndimeshk and Shush regions. The non-carcinogenic risk assessment of heavy metals was implemented usingUnited States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) index.The spatial maps in the area were developed by geostatistical methods. Results: Mean concentrations of heavy metals in groundwater sources of the study area in decreasing order was as follows: Cu >Mn> Fe> Cr. Except for iron,mean heavy metal concentrations were higher than the standard levels. Manganese concentration in 41.5% of the samples exceeded the permissible limits. Copper was higher than the safety limit in 74% of the samples, and chromium in 54% of the cases. The spatial pattern of heavy metals concentrations indicated higher concentrations in the southern parts of the region. The mean hazard quotients of most samples for the four heavy metals were lower than one, indicating that there was no immediate threat due to the exposure to these heavy metals. The calculated accumulated hazards of these heavy metals produced different results, with hazard indices of higher than one. Conclusion: The accumulated hazard indicesfor the evaluated metals were higher than one, indicating that chronic ingestion of these waters threatens the health of local consumers on the long run.

scholarly journals Human Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Kampala (Uganda) Drinking Water

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Bamuwamye ◽  
Patrick Ogwok ◽  
Vivian Tumuhairwe ◽  
Richard Eragu ◽  
Henriettah Nakisozi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
Hazard Index ◽  
World Health ◽  
Cancer Risks ◽  
Guideline Values

Levels of aluminium, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, mercury, manganese, nickel, lead and zinc in tap water, groundwater-fed protected spring and bottled water were determined. The cancer and non-cancer risks associated with ingestion of heavy metals (HM) were also assessed for both children and adults. Forty seven water samples obtained from five divisions of Kampala city were analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Cancer and non-cancer risks were determined using incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) and non-carcinogenic hazard quotient (HQ), respectively. Lead content was higher than permissible limits (PL) according to East African Standard, World Health Organization, European Union and United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Arsenic showed minor exceedances above guideline values in tap water and groundwater-fed protected spring, whereas mercury, manganese and nickel were higher than PL. Levels of aluminium, cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, and zinc were below the PL. The lifetime risk of developing cancer through the oral route was greater than the USEPA acceptable level for both children and adults, revealing that exposure to HM in drinking water posed an unacceptable potential cancer risk. Arsenic contributed ca. 90% of the ILCR in tap water and groundwater-fed protected spring. The combined non-cancer risk of the HM expressed as hazard index (HI) was greater than one, with values for children being higher than those for adults. Lead contribution towards HI was in all cases above 90%. These results demonstrate the presence of alarming non-cancer risks for children.

scholarly journals Assessment of Toxic Metals in Some Selected Cosmetic Products in Nigeria and Their Health Risks

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (9) ◽  
pp. 39-46
Author(s):  
Olayinka Abidemi Ibigbami ◽  
Samuel Oluyemi Adefemi ◽  
Samuel Sunday Asaolu ◽  
Iseoluwa Joshua Orege ◽  
Adeolu Jonathan Adesina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Hazard Quotient ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Hazard Index ◽  
The United States ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk ◽  
Cosmetic Products ◽  
Allowable Level

The study determined the levels of heavy metals in some selected cosmetic products, commonly marketed in Nigeria, and assessed their possible potential human health risks. The health risk assessment was patterned according to the model of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). The heavy metals concentrations ranged from 0.043 0.027 (Pb) - 1.89 1.04 (Fe) with the concentration order: Fe]Cu]Zn]Mn]Cr]Cd]Pb. The total daily intake for all the metals were generally below maximum tolerable daily intake (MTDI). The estimated hazard index, hazard quotient and cancer risks were all within allowable level. The study indicated that users of the studied products are less susceptible to any significant health (carcinogenic or non-carcinogenic) risk.

scholarly journals Concentrations of heavy metals in PM2.5 and health risk assessment around Chinese New Year in Dalian, China

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 1366-1374
Author(s):  
Xiao Liang Zhao ◽  
Gui Guo Jiang ◽  
Zi Ling Song ◽  
Bilal Touseef ◽  
Xue Ying Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk ◽  
Liaoning Province ◽  
Lifetime Cancer Risk ◽  
Spring Festival ◽  
Threshold Range

Abstract Twelve samples of heavy metals were analyzed by using a 1108A-1 mid-current particle sampler in Dalian, Liaoning Province, for 31 days before and after the spring festival 2019. The results showed that the concentrations of heavy metals were decreased by more than 25% during the spring festival, which was probably due to the shutdown of the factories and the decrease in people’s travel. During the spring festival, the concentration of Ba was increased by 343.39% as compared to the concentration of Ba before the spring festival, which indicated that the fireworks had a great influence on the concentration of Ba. At the same time, this study also evaluated the health risk of heavy metals. For the heavy metals As, Cd, Co, Cr, and Ni, the lifetime cancer risk was found to be 2.13 × 10−4, 2.08 × 10−5, 8.64 × 10−7, 4.39 × 10−4 and 7.93 × 10−7, respectively. The lifetime cancer risk of As, Cd, and Cr exceeds the threshold range of cancer risk (10−6–10−4), indicating that they are carcinogenic to humans. Also, during the spring festival, the non-carcinogenic risk value of V exceeded the limit value of environmental protection agency (EPA), and the lifetime carcinogenic risk value of As, Cd, and Cr exceeded the threshold range of carcinogenic risk; hence, they need to be carefully monitored and controlled.

scholarly journals HEALTH RISK DUE TO HEAVY METAL(LOID)S EXPOSURE THROUGH FINE PARTICULATE MATTER AND SEDIMENTED DUST IN PEOPLE LIVING NEXT TO A BEACH CONTAMINATED BY MINE TAILINGS

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dante D. Cáceres ◽  
Paulina Flores-Jimenez ◽  
Kelly Hernández ◽  
Frederico Peres ◽  
Ana K. Maldonado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Mine Tailings ◽  
Risk Index ◽  
Fine Particulate Matter ◽  
Hazard Index ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk ◽  
Dermal Contact ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Fine Particulate ◽  
Effects On Children

The non-carcinogenic hazard index (HI) and the carcinogenic risk index (CRI) due to exposure to metal(loid)s were assessed in children and adults living adjacent to a beach contaminated with mine tailings. Chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), lead (Pb) and manganese (Mn) were determined in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and sedimented dust (SD) in school and residential microenvironments. The HI in children was 13.8, 8.1, 5.4, 2.4, 2.3 and 1.8-times greater than the safety threshold (1.0) for Cr, As, Pb, Mn, Cu, and Cd, respectively; 84.1 % explained by dermal contact and 10.9 % by ingestion of SD. The CRI for Cr and As was 3.7 and 3.2 times above the acceptable risk (> 1 × 10–4), explained by the inhalation of PM2.5 and SD, respectively. In adults, the CRI for As and Cr was 46.0 and 2.8 times greater than 1 × 10–4; As risk is explained by dermal contact and inhalation of SD, and Cr by inhalation of PM2.5. This study reports a high risk of potential adverse health effects on children and adults due to exposure to these elements present in the particles and dust studied.

Heavy metal and essential elements in beers from turkey market: A risk assessment study

2021 ◽  
pp. 096032712199321
Author(s):  
M Charehsaz ◽  
S Helvacıoğlu ◽  
S Çetinkaya ◽  
R Demir ◽  
O Erdem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Hazard Quotient ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Hazard Index ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Multiple Heavy Metals

In this study, the level of arsenic (As), lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) and also essential elements in beer samples consumed in Turkey were investigated using the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) method. The heavy metal-induced non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks were calculated. For essential elements, the calculated estimated daily intake of iron (Fe), copper (Cu), selenium (Se) and cobalt (Co) from beer consumption were compared with their toxicity reference values. Tukey post-hoc test showed that As was found at a significantly higher level when compared to Pb. Also, a significant correlation was found between As level and alcohol by volume percent. All samples had a hazard quotient and hazard index <1, indicating no non-carcinogenic risk from exposure to single or multiple heavy metals. Some samples exceeded the threshold limit of acceptable cancer risk for As in the high beer consumer group. This assessment showed that in addition to health implications based on the alcohol content of beer, there might be a carcinogenic risk associated with the heavy metals content of these beverages.

scholarly journals Ecological Indices of the Heavy Metals in the Soil of Shewasoor Sub-Basin, Kirkuk NE Iraq

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mustafa Jamal Akbar ◽  
Omer Sabah Al-Tamimi
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Risk Index ◽  
Sediment Quality ◽  
Hazard Index ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Geochemical Background ◽  
Ecological Indices ◽  
Distribution Maps ◽  
Contamination Levels

The current research aimed to assess contamination levels in the soil of study area by heavy metals. Eight sites were selected for the collection of soil samples. The eight heavy metals namely As, Pb, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Ni, and Zn were analyzed in each soil samples by using ICP-MS technology. The measured concentrations of heavy metals were compared with Geochemical Background values, EPA Sediment Quality Guidelines, Ecological Screening values, and WHO Guidelines. The spatial distribution maps of ecological indices were performed using ArcGIS software (version 10.2), which provides an idea of the geographical distribution of heavy metals contamination levels in the soil of Shewasoor sub-basin. The soil contamination by heavy metals assessed using Potential Ecological Risk Index (RI), Nemerow Pollution Index (P_N), Hazard Index (HI), and Cancer Risk. The RI showed there are high risk of heavy metals in soil and according to P_N the soil has been moderate to severely contaminated by heavy metals. The hazard index of all soil samples was within acceptable range for adults and showed unacceptable risk for children. While the total cancer risk values of As and Cr were within acceptable limits, whereas of Pb, Cd, Co, and Ni were lower than acceptable risk range at all sites for adults and children. Ecological indices which are used to assess the contamination levels in the soil by heavy metals refers to the soil of study area was contaminated moderate to heavily by heavy metals, this attributed to the natural and anthropogenic pollution sources around and within the study area.

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