scholarly journals Basal Ganglia Paths Support Acute vs. Learned Execution, Not Movement vs. Stopping

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ari Rappoport
Keyword(s):  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Receptor Expression ◽  
Central Component ◽  
Direct Path ◽  
Standard Account ◽  
Cholinergic Interneurons ◽  
Neuroscience Research ◽  
Indirect Path ◽  
The Brain

The basal ganglia (BG) are a central component of the brain, crucial to the initiation, execution and learning of adaptive actions. The BG are the major site of the action of dopamine. An important aspect of the BG architecture is the existence of two paths, direct and indirect, having different projection targets and dopamine receptor expression. To understand the BG, dopamine, and related disorders, it is imperative to understand the two paths. The standard account used in neuroscience research for decades posits that the direct path supports movements, while the indirect path suppresses unselected or completed movements. This account is contradicted by converging evidence. Here, we explain why the arguments supporting the standard account are flawed, and present a new account, in which the role of the indirect path is completely opposite: to support learned execution. During acute events, ongoing execution is stopped, and the direct path allows coarse responses. These are refined by competition, and the resulting focused response is executed and learned by the indirect path, assisted by cholinergic interneurons. The new account allows a novel understanding of the symptoms of Parkinson's disease, and of its treatment by deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus.

scholarly journals Expression of FoxP2 in the basal ganglia regulates vocal motor sequences in the adult songbird

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Xiao ◽  
Devin P. Merullo ◽  
Therese M. I. Koch ◽  
Mou Cao ◽  
Marissa Co ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Dopamine Receptor ◽  
Speech Disorders ◽  
Receptor Expression ◽  
Vocal Development ◽  
Motor Actions

AbstractDisruption of the transcription factor FoxP2, which is enriched in the basal ganglia, impairs vocal development in humans and songbirds. The basal ganglia are important for the selection and sequencing of motor actions, but the circuit mechanisms governing accurate sequencing of learned vocalizations are unknown. Here, we show that expression of FoxP2 in the basal ganglia is vital for the fluent initiation and termination of birdsong, as well as the maintenance of song syllable sequencing in adulthood. Knockdown of FoxP2 imbalances dopamine receptor expression across striatal direct-like and indirect-like pathways, suggesting a role of dopaminergic signaling in regulating vocal motor sequencing. Confirming this prediction, we show that phasic dopamine activation, and not inhibition, during singing drives repetition of song syllables, thus also impairing fluent initiation and termination of birdsong. These findings demonstrate discrete circuit origins for the dysfluent repetition of vocal elements in songbirds, with implications for speech disorders.

Expression of FoxP2 in the Basal Ganglia Regulates Vocal Motor Sequences in the Adult Songbird

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Xiao ◽  
Devin P. Merullo ◽  
Mou Cao ◽  
Marissa Co ◽  
Ashwinikumar Kulkarni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Dopamine Receptor ◽  
Speech Disorders ◽  
Receptor Expression ◽  
Vocal Development ◽  
Motor Actions

SUMMARYDisruption of the transcription factor FoxP2, which is enriched in the basal ganglia, impair vocal development in humans and songbirds. The basal ganglia are essential for the selection and sequencing of motor actions, but the circuit mechanisms governing accurate sequencing of learned vocalizations are unknown. Here, we show expression of FoxP2 in the basal ganglia is vital for the fluent initiation and termination of birdsong, and the maintenance of song syllable sequencing in adulthood. Knockdown of FoxP2 imbalances dopamine receptor expression across striatal direct-like and indirect-like pathways, suggesting a role of dopaminergic signaling in regulating vocal-motor sequencing. Confirming this prediction, we show that phasic dopamine activation, and not inhibition, during singing drives repetition of song syllables, thus also impairing fluent initiation and termination of birdsong. These findings demonstrate discrete circuit origins for the dysfluent repetition of vocal elements, a phenotype commonly observed in speech disorders.

Role of Imagery in Recall of Deviant News

1996 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 804-820 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prabu David
Keyword(s):  
Path Analysis ◽  
Coding Theory ◽  
Dual Coding ◽  
News Story ◽  
Direct Path ◽  
Dual Coding Theory ◽  
Indirect Path ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
News Events

The purpose of this paper is to examine why a deviant news story such as “Man bites dog” is more memorable than “Dog bites man.” Distinctiveness and imagery present two competing theoretical positions to explain the advantage that deviant news events have over nondeviant events. While the distinctiveness hypothesis is based on schema incongruence, the imagery hypothesis is based on Paivio's dual coding theory. Findings from two experiments support the imagery hypothesis, which suggests that imagery-evoking potential of deviant news is a better predictor of recall than schema incongruity. The advantage in recall for deviant news almost disappeared for high deviance/low imagery news events. Further, path analysis from both experiments indicates that there is no direct path between deviance and recall, but only an indirect path through imagery. In sum, this paper highlights the importance of imagery in news language and its potential impact on memory and learning.

scholarly journals The Human Basal Ganglia Mediate the Interplay between Reactive and Proactive Control of Response through Both Motor Inhibition and Sensory Modulation

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 560
Author(s):  
Marion Criaud ◽  
Jean-Luc Anton ◽  
Bruno Nazarian ◽  
Marieke Longcamp ◽  
Elise Metereau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Target Stimulus ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Dorsal Striatum ◽  
Proactive Control ◽  
Internal Globus Pallidus ◽  
Healthy Humans ◽  
Inhibitory Mechanisms ◽  
The Brain

The basal ganglia (BG) have long been known for contributing to the regulation of motor behaviour by means of a complex interplay between tonic and phasic inhibitory mechanisms. However, after having focused for a long time on phasic reactive mechanisms, it is only recently that psychological research in healthy humans has modelled tonic proactive mechanisms of control. Mutual calibration between anatomo-functional and psychological models is still needed to better understand the unclear role of the BG in the interplay between proactive and reactive mechanisms of control. Here, we implemented an event-related fMRI design allowing proper analysis of both the brain activity preceding the target-stimulus and the brain activity induced by the target-stimulus during a simple go/nogo task, with a particular interest in the ambiguous role of the basal ganglia. Post-stimulus activity was evoked in the left dorsal striatum, the subthalamus nucleus and internal globus pallidus by any stimulus when the situation was unpredictable, pinpointing its involvement in reactive, non-selective inhibitory mechanisms when action restraint is required. Pre-stimulus activity was detected in the ventral, not the dorsal, striatum, when the situation was unpredictable, and was associated with changes in functional connectivity with the early visual, not the motor, cortex. This suggests that the ventral striatum supports modulatory influence over sensory processing during proactive control.

scholarly journals Glutamate in Male and Female Sexual Behavior: Receptors, Transporters, and Steroid Independence

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vic Shao-Chih Chiang ◽  
Jin Ho Park
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Behavior ◽  
Sexual Behaviors ◽  
Receptor Expression ◽  
Neuron Activity ◽  
Sexual Diversity ◽  
Novel Treatments ◽  
Molecular Events ◽  
Integral Role ◽  
The Brain

The survival of animal species predicates on the success of sexual reproduction. Neurotransmitters play an integral role in the expression of these sexual behaviors in the brain. Here, we review the role of glutamate in sexual behavior in rodents and non-rodent species for both males and females. These encompass the release of glutamate and correlations with glutamate receptor expression during sexual behavior. We then present the effects of glutamate on sexual behavior, as well as the effects of antagonists and agonists on different glutamate transporters and receptors. Following that, we discuss the potential role of glutamate on steroid-independent sexual behavior. Finally, we demonstrate the interaction of glutamate with other neurotransmitters to impact sexual behavior. These sexual behavior studies are crucial in the development of novel treatments of sexual dysfunction and in furthering our understanding of the complexity of sexual diversity. In the past decade, we have witnessed the burgeoning of novel techniques to study and manipulate neuron activity, to decode molecular events at the single-cell level, and to analyze behavioral data. They pose exciting avenues to gain further insight into future sexual behavior research. Taken together, this work conveys the essential role of glutamate in sexual behavior.

Basal Ganglia Orient Eyes to Reward

2006 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 567-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
Okihide Hikosaka ◽  
Kae Nakamura ◽  
Hiroyuki Nakahara
Keyword(s):  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Behavioral Measure ◽  
Learning Theories ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Cognitive Activities ◽  
Cortical Inputs ◽  
The Brain

Expectation of reward motivates our behaviors and influences our decisions. Indeed, neuronal activity in many brain areas is modulated by expected reward. However, it is still unclear where and how the reward-dependent modulation of neuronal activity occurs and how the reward-modulated signal is transformed into motor outputs. Recent studies suggest an important role of the basal ganglia. Sensorimotor/cognitive activities of neurons in the basal ganglia are strongly modulated by expected reward. Through their abundant outputs to the brain stem motor areas and the thalamocortical circuits, the basal ganglia appear capable of producing body movements based on expected reward. A good behavioral measure to test this hypothesis is saccadic eye movement because its brain stem mechanism has been extensively studied. Studies from our laboratory suggest that the basal ganglia play a key role in guiding the gaze to the location where reward is available. Neurons in the caudate nucleus and the substantia nigra pars reticulata are extremely sensitive to the positional difference in expected reward, which leads to a bias in excitability between the superior colliculi such that the saccade to the to-be-rewarded position occurs more quickly. It is suggested that the reward modulation occurs in the caudate where cortical inputs carrying spatial signals and dopaminergic inputs carrying reward-related signals are integrated. These data support a specific form of reinforcement learning theories, but also suggest further refinement of the theory.

scholarly journals Subthalamic, not striatal, activity correlates with basal ganglia downstream activity in normal and parkinsonian monkeys

eLife ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Deffains ◽  
Liliya Iskhakova ◽  
Shiran Katabi ◽  
Suzanne N Haber ◽  
Zvi Israel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Field Potential ◽  
Temporal Discounting ◽  
Projection Neurons ◽  
Invasive Treatment ◽  
Cholinergic Interneurons ◽  
Striatal Projection Neurons ◽  
Local Field Potential Lfp ◽  
Spiking Activity

The striatum and the subthalamic nucleus (STN) constitute the input stage of the basal ganglia (BG) network and together innervate BG downstream structures using GABA and glutamate, respectively. Comparison of the neuronal activity in BG input and downstream structures reveals that subthalamic, not striatal, activity fluctuations correlate with modulations in the increase/decrease discharge balance of BG downstream neurons during temporal discounting classical condition task. After induction of parkinsonism with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), abnormal low beta (8-15 Hz) spiking and local field potential (LFP) oscillations resonate across the BG network. Nevertheless, LFP beta oscillations entrain spiking activity of STN, striatal cholinergic interneurons and BG downstream structures, but do not entrain spiking activity of striatal projection neurons. Our results highlight the pivotal role of STN divergent projections in BG physiology and pathophysiology and may explain why STN is such an effective site for invasive treatment of advanced Parkinson's disease and other BG-related disorders.

scholarly journals The Basal Ganglia in Action

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 299-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry H. Yin
Keyword(s):  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Control Systems ◽  
Position Control ◽  
Brain Disorders ◽  
Transition Control ◽  
Feedback Control Systems ◽  
Subcortical Nuclei ◽  
Negative Feedback Control ◽  
The Brain

The basal ganglia (BG) are the major subcortical nuclei in the brain. Disorders implicating the BG are characterized by diverse symptoms, but it remains unclear what these symptoms have in common or how they can be explained by changes in the BG circuits. This review summarizes recent findings that not only question traditional assumptions about the role of the BG in movement but also elucidate general computations performed by these circuits. To explain these findings, a new conceptual framework is introduced for understanding the role of the BG in behavior. According to this framework, the cortico-BG networks implement transition control in an extended hierarchy of closed loop negative feedback control systems. The transition control model provides a solution to the posture/movement problem, by postulating that BG outputs send descending signals to alter the reference states of downstream position control systems for orientation and body configuration. It also explains major neurological symptoms associated with BG pathology as a result of changes in system parameters such as multiplicative gain and damping.

scholarly journals [D-Lys 3]-GHRP-6, an antagonist of ghrelin receptors, decreases expression of conditioned place preference reaction of ethanol in rats

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 27-33
Author(s):  
Petr Mikhailovich Vinogradov ◽  
Ilya Yurievich Tissen ◽  
Andrei Andreevich Lebedev ◽  
Eugeny Rudolfovich Bychkov ◽  
Nikanor Vasilievich Lavrov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conditioned Place Preference ◽  
Peptide Hormone ◽  
Place Preference ◽  
Neuroscience Research ◽  
Ghrelin Receptors ◽  
Subcortical Nuclei ◽  
Reinforcing Effects ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Specific Ligand

Ghrelin is a peptide hormone synthesized and secreted by the stomach into the bloodstream. The greatest attention of neuroscience research is devoted to investigation of acylated form of ghrelin, which is a specific ligand for the receptor subcortical nuclei of the brain. The aim of this study was to analyze the action of ghrelin and its antagonist on the expression of conditioned place preference (СPP) of ethanol. To develop CPP of alcohol we used a two-chamber apparatus. Rats were spent 74 % of time experiment in chamber associated with alcohol. Rats receiving intranasal receptor ghrelin antagonist [D-Lys3]-GHRP-6 (10 µg) reduced the time of staying in the chamber associated with alcohol for 46 % (p < 0.05). Rats treated with intranasal ghrelin spent in the chamber, associated with alcohol, for 60 % of time. Then the extinction of CPP was produced when rats was replaced into the apparatus every day for 7 days without administration alcohol or any substances. On the 7th day of extinction, CPP was not reproduced. But after administration of ethanol on the 7th day CPP was reinstated. Animals received GHS-R1A receptor ghrelin antagonist [D-Lys3]-GHRP-6 (10 µg) and ethanol spent 50 % of time in chamber associated with the administration of ethanol, i.e. CPP was not reinstated. Animals treated with ghrelin, demonstrated a range of reactions from a sharp preference to avoidance of the place associated with ethanol. Thus, the present study shows the important role of ghrelin in the mechanisms of the reinforcing effects of alcohol and demonstrates the prospect for using of ghrelin antagonists in the correction of pathological craving in addictive disordes.

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