scholarly journals The Basal Ganglia in Action

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 299-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry H. Yin
Keyword(s):  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Control Systems ◽  
Position Control ◽  
Brain Disorders ◽  
Transition Control ◽  
Feedback Control Systems ◽  
Subcortical Nuclei ◽  
Negative Feedback Control ◽  
The Brain

The basal ganglia (BG) are the major subcortical nuclei in the brain. Disorders implicating the BG are characterized by diverse symptoms, but it remains unclear what these symptoms have in common or how they can be explained by changes in the BG circuits. This review summarizes recent findings that not only question traditional assumptions about the role of the BG in movement but also elucidate general computations performed by these circuits. To explain these findings, a new conceptual framework is introduced for understanding the role of the BG in behavior. According to this framework, the cortico-BG networks implement transition control in an extended hierarchy of closed loop negative feedback control systems. The transition control model provides a solution to the posture/movement problem, by postulating that BG outputs send descending signals to alter the reference states of downstream position control systems for orientation and body configuration. It also explains major neurological symptoms associated with BG pathology as a result of changes in system parameters such as multiplicative gain and damping.

scholarly journals The Gut Ecosystem: A Critical Player in Stroke

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosa Delgado Jiménez ◽  
Corinne Benakis
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Brain Disorders ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Brain Stroke ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Improve Patient

AbstractThe intestinal microbiome is emerging as a critical factor in health and disease. The microbes, although spatially restricted to the gut, are communicating and modulating the function of distant organs such as the brain. Stroke and other neurological disorders are associated with a disrupted microbiota. In turn, stroke-induced dysbiosis has a major impact on the disease outcome by modulating the immune response. In this review, we present current knowledge on the role of the gut microbiome in stroke, one of the most devastating brain disorders worldwide with very limited therapeutic options, and we discuss novel insights into the gut-immune-brain axis after an ischemic insult. Understanding the nature of the gut bacteria-brain crosstalk may lead to microbiome-based therapeutic approaches that can improve patient recovery.

Signal integration and decision making in Escherichia coli: A biological implementation of negative feedback control systems

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. S184-S185
Author(s):  
Fabio Annunziata ◽  
Gianfranco Fiore ◽  
Antoni Matyjaszkiewicz ◽  
Claire Grierson ◽  
Lucia Marucci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Feedback Control ◽  
Control Systems ◽  
Negative Feedback ◽  
Signal Integration ◽  
Feedback Control Systems ◽  
Negative Feedback Control

scholarly journals The Subthalamic Nucleus: Unravelling New Roles and Mechanisms in the Control of Action

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tora Bonnevie ◽  
Kareem A. Zaghloul
Keyword(s):  
Deep Brain Stimulation ◽  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Subthalamic Nucleus ◽  
Action Control ◽  
Brain Disorders ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
High Level ◽  
Deep Brain

How do we decide what we do? This is the essence of action control, the process of selecting the most appropriate response among multiple possible choices. Suboptimal action control can involve a failure to initiate or adapt actions, or conversely it can involve making actions impulsively. There has been an increasing focus on the specific role of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) in action control. This has been fueled by the clinical relevance of this basal ganglia nucleus as a target for deep brain stimulation (DBS), primarily in Parkinson’s disease but also in obsessive-compulsive disorder. The context of DBS has opened windows to study STN function in ways that link neuroscientific and clinical fields closely together, contributing to an exceptionally high level of two-way translation. In this review, we first outline the role of the STN in both motor and nonmotor action control, and then discuss how these functions might be implemented by neuronal activity in the STN. Gaining a better understanding of these topics will not only provide important insights into the neurophysiology of action control but also the pathophysiological mechanisms relevant for several brain disorders and their therapies.

Role of Diet, Functional Foods, and Nutraceuticals in Brain Disorders

2021 ◽  
pp. 502-525
Author(s):  
Vandana Bharat Patravale ◽  
Shivraj Vasantrao Naik ◽  
Shrikant Ninaji Dhage
Keyword(s):  
Functional Foods ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Therapeutic Options ◽  
Brain Disorders ◽  
Brain Disorder ◽  
Safety And Efficacy ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Alternative Approaches ◽  
The Brain

This chapter presents an overview of various complementary nutritional approaches for the management of brain disorders. Numerous epidemiological studies emphasize the growing burden of brain disorders worldwide. Due to the complex pathophysiology, lack of precise diagnostic and therapeutic options, there is growing need to have alternative approaches. One important strategy for the prevention and treatment of brain impairment is based on dietary supplements, functional foods, and nutraceuticals. The current chapter illustrates various aspects of available nutritional products for the brain disorder. Considering the recent surge in the nutritional products and as it destined to play an important role in future, existing regulatory framework is explained here which ensures purity, safety, and efficacy of the marketed products.

scholarly journals Neuroscience and the future for mental health?

2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Rose
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Living Organism ◽  
Brain Disorders ◽  
Diagnostic Systems ◽  
Social Adversity ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Brain

Psychiatry is in one of its regular crises. It is a crisis of its diagnostic systems despite – perhaps because – of the recurrent claims about the extent of diagnosable ‘brain disorders’. It is a crisis of its explanatory systems despite – perhaps because – of its current wager on the brain as the ultimate locus for explanations of mental disorders. It is a crisis of its therapeutic capacities despite – perhaps because – more and more people are making use of its primary mode of intervention focussed on the brain – psychiatric drugs. In this editorial, I will suggest that this triple crisis of diagnosis, explanation and therapeutics arises from the dominant reductionist approaches to the role of neurobiology in psychiatry that priorities the analysis of brain mechanisms, at the expense of an understanding of the whole living organism in its milieu, and the processes which social experience shapes neurobiology from the moment of conception if not before. I shall suggest a different approach that starts from the experience of persons coping with adversity in their forms of life. This approach does not require giving up on our search for plausible explanations of mental health problems that engage neurobiological mechanisms, but it begins from a commitment to understanding, and hence intervening in, the ways in which social adversity shapes and blights the lives of so many of our fellow citizens.

Sensitivity in Multivariable Control Systems

1969 ◽  
Vol 91 (2) ◽  
pp. 246-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. F. Horton ◽  
C. T. Leondes
Keyword(s):  
Control Systems ◽  
Dual Function ◽  
Sensitivity Matrix ◽  
System Sensitivity ◽  
Multivariable Control Systems ◽  
Strong Controllability ◽  
Feedback Control Systems ◽  
System Output ◽  
Multivariable Feedback

Definitions of system sensitivity for linear single variable systems have been extended, in the past, to linear multivariable systems in the form of a sensitivity matrix. The role of the sensitivity matrix in multivariable feedback control systems is studied further in this paper. The sensitivity matrix serves the dual function of governing the effects of plant parameter variation on the system transfer matrix and governing the effects of disturbances on the system output. The design implications of this are considered and it is shown that certain controllability/observability conditions are necessary if the system design is to be effective. By appropriate design of the loop gain matrix, L(s), a desired insensitivity to system error sources may be achieved. Unless the system has certain controllability/observability properties insensitivity cannot be achieved. It is shown that L(s) must have the property of functional reproducibility which is a relatively strong controllability/observability requirement.

scholarly journals Not Just a Bystander: The Emerging Role of Astrocytes and Research Tools in Studying Cognitive Dysfunctions in Schizophrenia

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (10) ◽  
pp. 5343
Author(s):  
Chia-Yuan Chang ◽  
Da-Zhong Luo ◽  
Ju-Chun Pei ◽  
Ming-Che Kuo ◽  
Yi-Chen Hsieh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Deficits ◽  
Negative Symptoms ◽  
Brain Disorders ◽  
Serotoninergic Neurons ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Core Symptoms ◽  
Behavioral Methods ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Insight Into

Cognitive dysfunction is one of the core symptoms in schizophrenia, and it is predictive of functional outcomes and therefore useful for treatment targets. Rather than improving cognitive deficits, currently available antipsychotics mainly focus on positive symptoms, targeting dopaminergic/serotoninergic neurons and receptors in the brain. Apart from investigating the neural mechanisms underlying schizophrenia, emerging evidence indicates the importance of glial cells in brain structure development and their involvement in cognitive functions. Although the etiopathology of astrocytes in schizophrenia remains unclear, accumulated evidence reveals that alterations in gene expression and astrocyte products have been reported in schizophrenic patients. To further investigate the role of astrocytes in schizophrenia, we highlighted recent progress in the investigation of the effect of astrocytes on abnormalities in glutamate transmission and impairments in the blood–brain barrier. Recent advances in animal models and behavioral methods were introduced to examine schizophrenia-related cognitive deficits and negative symptoms. We also highlighted several experimental tools that further elucidate the role of astrocytes. Instead of focusing on schizophrenia as a neuron-specific disorder, an additional astrocytic perspective provides novel and promising insight into its causal mechanisms and treatment. The involvement of astrocytes in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia and other brain disorders is worth further investigation.

scholarly journals Analysis of the connection of the concentration of iron in basal nuclei with cognitive impairments in patients with hypertension and atherosclerotic encephalopathy in the study of changes in the magnetic susceptibility of the subcortical structures of the

2018 ◽  
pp. 19-25
Author(s):  
M. Petrenko ◽  
S. Grabovetskii
Keyword(s):  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Vascular Diseases ◽  
Main Group ◽  
Specific Pattern ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Subcortical Structures ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Basal Nuclei ◽  
Subcortical Nuclei ◽  
The Brain

Vascular diseases of the brain are an important medical and social problem that negatively affects the economy of the country and the life of society as a whole. Discirculatory encephalopathy refers to slowly progressing disorders of the cerebral circulation, in which development of an essential role is played by hypertension, atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus and other diseases that affect the vessels of the brain. The purpose of the study was to identify a specific pattern of iron accumulation in the subcortical structures of the brain of hypertensive and atherosclerotic encephalopathy patients to improve the diagnostic criteria for the development of cognitive impairment. For the study, 20 patients in the main group with a diagnosis of hypertensive and atherosclerotic encephalopathy were selected, and the control group consisted of 20 patients, the results of which neuropsychiatric tests were within the normal range. According to the results of the study, the accumulation of iron in the basal ganglia is higher in patients with the main group compared with the control group. The exact mechanism for increasing the concentration of iron in the basal ganglia of the patients in the main group is not known, but this study confirms that deposition of subcutaneous iron may be used as a biomarker for early diagnosis of vascular dementia that develops against the background of hypertensive and atherosclerotic encephalopathy. The results of the study reliably established the existence of a negative correlation between hypointensity of subcortical nuclei and neuropsychological parameters in patients with the main group.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document