scholarly journals New Non-Validated Practice: An Enhanced Definition of Innovative Practice for Medicine

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ignacio Mastroleo ◽  
Felicitas Holzer
Keyword(s):  
Research Ethics ◽  
Preventive Interventions ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Conceptual Tool ◽  
Current Definition ◽  
Innovative Practice ◽  
Traditional Research ◽  
Multiple Meanings ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Right To Try Laws

A significant part of the literature on innovative practice in medicine relates to seizing opportunities and curbing harms for patients in desperate situations. Unfortunately, the term innovation has multiple meanings and a rich rhetorical flourish that adds confusion and misunderstanding to an already difficult debate. This paper aims to enhance the current definition of innovative practice for medicine. First, we replace the term innovation with the more literal of new non-validated practice. To identify this meaning, we analyse the traditional research ethics’ distinction between research, validated practice, and innovation in the Belmont Report. Second, we propose the following explicit definition of new non-validated practice: the first or recent use of diagnostic, therapeutic or preventive interventions that introduce a significant change, with an insufficient level of evidence of safety or efficacy for regular healthcare, and with the main aim to benefit individual patients. This definition is a promising conceptual tool to inform empirical research, ethicists, and the harmonization of its regulation and legislation (e.g. right-to-try laws).

scholarly journals Seizing Opportunity at the Limits of Medicine: An Enhanced Definition of Innovative Practice

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ignacio Mastroleo ◽  
Felicitas Holzer
Keyword(s):  
Best Interests ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Conceptual Tool ◽  
Innovative Practice ◽  
Traditional Research ◽  
Investigational Drugs ◽  
Core Elements ◽  
Specific Meaning ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Right To Try Laws

The activity of innovative practice relates to seizing opportunities now for patients in desperate situations and the ethical dilemmas around it. Sadly, the term innovation has multiple meanings, adding confusion and misunderstanding to an already difficult debate. This paper aims to enhance the definition of innovative practice in two ways. Fist, we propose to curb ambiguity by replacing the term "innovative practice" with the more precise of "new non-validated practice" and by distinguishing the specific meaning of innovation at stake. To identify this meaning, we analyse the traditional research ethics’ distinction between research, validated practice, and innovation. Second, we propose the following unified definition of "new non-validated practice", that is, the first or recent use of diagnostic, therapeutic or preventive interventions that introduce a significant change (new); with an insufficient level of evidence of safety or efficacy for regular healthcare (non-validated); and with the main aim to benefit patients (practice). To avoid objections to our definition, we analyse its three core elements (significant novelty, insufficient validation for, and patients' best interests) and we present a 2D classification of medical practice that follows from our definition. If sound, our enhanced definition of "new non-validated practice" allows comparing exceptional activities in different fields of medicine that previously have been considered unconnected (e.g. compassionate use of investigational drugs, humanitarian uses of devices, novel off-label uses, etc.).  In turn, it also provides a promising conceptual tool to inform empirical research, discuss responsible access to innovative care and evaluate the regulation of innovative practice (e.g. right-to-try laws).

scholarly journals A Definition of Conditional Probability with Non-Stochastic Information

Entropy ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 572
Author(s):  
Pier Bissiri ◽  
Stephen Walker
Keyword(s):  
Conditional Probability ◽  
Loss Function ◽  
Current Definition ◽  
Definition Of

The current definition of a conditional probability enables one to update probabilities only on the basis of stochastic information. This paper provides a definition for conditional probability with non-stochastic information. The definition is derived by a set of axioms, where the information is connected to the outcome of interest via a loss function. An illustration is presented.

scholarly journals The Psychology of Sustainability and Sustainable Development: Advancing Decent Work, Inclusivity, and Positive Strength-Based Primary Preventive Interventions for Vulnerable Workers

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annamaria Di Fabio ◽  
Andrea Svicher
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Work Environments ◽  
Preventive Interventions ◽  
Decent Work ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Strength Based ◽  
Development Processes ◽  
Current Area ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Vulnerable Workers

This study discusses the contribution of the psychology of sustainability and sustainable development to the wellbeing of vulnerable workers. The psychology of sustainability and sustainable development is a current area of the research study in the field of sustainability science. It deals with sustainability as a framework to recognize and integrate the value of the psychological approach in the construction of processes linked to sustainable development. Accordingly, the psychology of sustainability and sustainable development could provide sustainable development processes for the employment of vulnerable workers. The contribution starts with the definition of the coordinates of a sustainable development process for vulnerable workers, anchoring it to the principles of decent work and inclusivity. Subsequently, positive variables involved in the sustainable development processes and their relationship with decent work and inclusivity are discussed. Moreover, positive healthy organizations are introduced as work environments capable to take care of the wellbeing, also, of vulnerable workers. Lastly, the applications of positive strength-based primary preventive interventions for vulnerable workers are analyzed. Perspectives for further research studies and interventions are also examined.

scholarly journals Nonlinear Generalisation of Quantum Mechanics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alireza Jamali
Keyword(s):  
Hilbert Space ◽  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Lorentz Invariance ◽  
Current Theory ◽  
Quantum Mechanical ◽  
Dynamical Condition ◽  
Current Definition ◽  
Klein Gordon ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Mechanical Momentum

It is known since Madelung that the Schrödinger equation can be thought of as governing the evolution of an incompressible fluid, but the current theory fails to mathematically express this incompressibility in terms of the wavefunction without facing problem. In this paper after showing that the current definition of quantum-mechanical momentum as a linear operator is neither the most general nor a necessary result of the de Broglie hypothesis, a new definition is proposed that can yield both a meaningful mathematical condition for the incompressibility of the Madelung fluid, and nonlinear generalisations of Schrödinger and Klein-Gordon equations. The derived equations satisfy all conditions that are expected from a proper generalisation: simplification to their linear counterparts by a well-defined dynamical condition; Galilean and Lorentz invariance (respectively); and signifying only rays in the Hilbert space.

Validity and utility of the current definition of binge eating

2009 ◽  
Vol 42 (8) ◽  
pp. 674-686 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara E. Wolfe ◽  
Christina Wood Baker ◽  
Adrian T. Smith ◽  
Susan Kelly-Weeder
Keyword(s):  
Binge Eating ◽  
Current Definition ◽  
Definition Of

Archives, Repatriation, and the Challenges Ahead

2018 ◽  
pp. 144-160
Author(s):  
Anthony Seeger
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Research Ethics ◽  
The United States ◽  
Funding Agency ◽  
Digital Recording ◽  
Cultural Institutions ◽  
Local Circulation ◽  
Communications Technologies ◽  
Audiovisual Archives ◽  
Definition Of

For decades, ethnomusicologists, folklorists, anthropologists, and a variety of cultural institutions such as audiovisual archives and museums have been returning parts of their collections to the communities from which they were originally obtained. Starting with a definition of repatriation, this chapter describes some of the attributes of successful repatriation projects. They usually require a highly motivated individual or group within the community, an intermediary to help locate and obtain the recordings, and a funding agency for the effective return of the music to circulation within the community. Different kinds of repatriation are described using examples from the author’s research in Brazil and projects in Australia, India, and the United States. Projects to return music to local circulation have been greatly facilitated by changes in communications technologies and digital recording, and by profound changes in research ethics and the relations between researchers and documentarians and the communities in which they work. Despite these improvements, challenges remain.

An Objective Approach Toward Understanding Auditory Processing Disorder

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Akshay R. Maggu ◽  
Tobias Overath
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Auditory Processing ◽  
Test Battery ◽  
Domain Specificity ◽  
Auditory Processing Disorder ◽  
Theoretical Construct ◽  
Ongoing Debate ◽  
Current Definition ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Shed Light

Purpose In the field of audiology, auditory processing disorder (APD) continues to be a topic of ongoing debate for clinicians and scientists alike, both in terms of theory and clinical practice. In the current viewpoint, we first lay out the main issues that are central to the controversy surrounding APD, and then suggest a framework toward their resolution. Method The current viewpoint is informed by reviewing existing studies in the field of APD to better understand the issues contributing to the controversies in APD. Results We found that, within the current definition of APD, the two main issues that make the APD diagnosis controversial are (a) comorbidity with other disorders and (b) the lack of domain specificity. These issues remain unresolved, especially with the use of the existing behavioral APD test batteries. In this viewpoint, we shed light on how they can be mitigated by implementing the administration of an objective, physiological test battery. Conclusions By administering an objective test battery, as proposed in this viewpoint, we believe that it will be possible to achieve a higher degree of specificity to the auditory domain that will not only contribute towards clinical practice but also contribute towards strengthening APD as a theoretical construct.

Designing for Intergenerational Play

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sinem Siyahhan ◽  
Elisabeth Gee
Keyword(s):  
Video Games ◽  
Family Engagement ◽  
After School ◽  
Research Projects ◽  
Community Learning ◽  
Design Based Research ◽  
Current Definition ◽  
Intergenerational Play ◽  
Family Friendly ◽  
Definition Of

In this chapter, we bring everything together and provide guidance on how educators and game designers can facilitate productive family engagement around video games. We discuss activity structures we designed and tested in after school and home environments that help connect school, home, and community learning. We also draw upon two design-based research projects to examine how to develop video games for families that expand the current definition of “family-friendly games.”

A History of Police Psychology

2019 ◽  
pp. 377-402
Author(s):  
Philip S. Trompetter
Keyword(s):  
Public Safety ◽  
American Psychological Association ◽  
Police Psychology ◽  
American Psychological ◽  
Current Definition ◽  
Specialty Board ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Definition Of

This chapter briefly identifies important societal events and governmental responses that set the stage for the emergence of the specialty of police psychology, provides the names and departments of early practitioners (1963-1990) of police psychology, and explains how the current definition of police psychology was developed, with its four domains and 55 proficiencies. The maturation of the specialty is outlined from its recognition as an American Psychological Association (APA) proficiency, to the creation of an American Board of Police & Public Safety Psychology (ABPPSP) specialty board, and most recently to its recognition as an APA specialty.

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