scholarly journals A Brief Analysis of the Research Scheme of the Cyclotron Radiation from a Single Electron

Author(s):  
Jian Ding

The experiments of Project 8 have been excellent, but the expected goals still difficult to achieve. So much so that some of the results at your fingertips were also missing. In view of this, the focus of this article is to clarify several easy confused concepts. Only in this way, we can reasonably explain the experimental data. The main points are as follows: 1. The value c of the light speed in vacuum and a particle with zero static mass, both of which do not exist in the reality. That is to say, the so-called a photon's static mass is equal to zero but has energy, which is a paradox that confuses two different definitional domains. 2. In the reality, photons are high-speed particles generated by electromagnetic radiation. They must have the characteristics of (static) mass, energy and wave, in order to describe the main body to aim at photons from different angles. 3. After any main body comes into being electromagnetic radiation, its static mass will inevitably decrease accordingly. 4. The charge-mass ratio of an electron is a physical constant, which is the ratio of its charge to the amount of matter, and is not affected by relativistic effects and electromagnetic radiation. 5. The uncertainty of moving electrons is caused by random electromagnetic radiations. Finally, it is pointed out that if the cyclotron frequency of a single electron is measured, and at the same time, its de Broglie wavelength or frequency can also be measured, then its static mass can be obtained. Even so, the expected goals are still difficult to achieve, because random electromagnetic radiations are always taking away continually the matter composition of the single electron being measured. However, this was precisely a result of the research obtained by Project 8, and had universality, which should be reflect on.

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian DING

The experiments of Project 8 have been excellent, but the expected goals still difficult to achieve. So much so that some of the results at your fingertips were also missing. In view of this, the focus of this article is to clarify several easy confused concepts. Only in this way, we can reasonably explain the experimental data. The main points are as follows: 1. The value c of the light speed in vacuum and a particle with zero static mass, both of which do not exist in the reality. That is to say, the so-called a photon's static mass is equal to zero but has energy, which is a paradox that confuses two different definitional domains. 2. In the reality, photons are high-speed particles generated by electromagnetic radiation. They must have the characteristics of (static) mass, energy and wave, in order to describe the main body to aim at photons from different angles. 3. After any main body comes into being electromagnetic radiation, its static mass will inevitably decrease accordingly. 4. The charge-mass ratio of an electron is a physical constant, which is the ratio of its charge to the amount of matter, and is not affected by relativistic effects and electromagnetic radiation. 5. The uncertainty of moving electrons is caused by random electromagnetic radiations. Finally, it is pointed out that if the cyclotron frequency of a single electron is measured, and at the same time, its de Broglie wavelength or frequency can also be measured, then its static mass can be obtained. Even so, the expected goals are still difficult to achieve, because random electromagnetic radiations are always taking away continually the matter composition of the single electron being measured. However, this was precisely a result of the research obtained by Project 8, and had universality, which should be reflect on.


2019 ◽  
Vol 258 ◽  
pp. 05005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wivia Octarena Nugroho ◽  
Dina Rubiana Widarda ◽  
Oryza Herdha Dwyana

As the need of the train speed increased, the existing bridges need to be evaluated, especially in dynamic responses, which are deformation and acceleration. In this study, Cisomang Bridge is modeled and analyzed due to the high-speed train SJ X2 in varying speeds, 50 km/h, 100 km/h, 150 km/h, and 200 km/h. The used of tuned mass damper also will be varied on its setting and placing. The tuned mass dampers setting be varied based on the first or second natural frequency and the placing of tuned mass damper be varied based on maximum deformation of the first or second mode. Moreover, the tuned mass damper ratio will be varied 1% and 1.6%. For all speed variations, dynamic responses of structure without TMD still fulfil the Indonesian Government Criterion based on PM 60 - 2012 but do not meet requirement of comfort criteria based on DIN-Fachbericht 101. Furthermore, only for the speed train 50km/h dynamic responses of structure fulfil safety criteria based on Eurocode EN 1990:2002, whereas the other speed variations do not meet that requirement. In the use of TMD 1% mass ratio, the structure fulfils the safety criteria for all speed variations. In the use of TMD 1.6% mass ratio, all the structure fulfils the safety and comfort criteria except 100 km/h speed which only fulfils the safety criteria.


2014 ◽  
Vol 1035 ◽  
pp. 520-523 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ye Sun ◽  
Yue Fang Zhang ◽  
Wan Jun Hao

To solve more and more serious electromagnetic radiations, electromagnetic wave absorption cement were prepared by introducing carbon black and glass fiber as composited absorbing reagent, wich can be useful in building anechoic chamber and other electromagnetic radiation protection to buildings. The results showed that the absorption properties were improved compared with single absorbing agent such as carbon or glass fiber. the lowest reflection loss of-11.3dB was obtained at 18 GHz of 5wt.% carbon black and 9wt.% glass fiber filled cement with thickness of 20mm. The increase of thickness separately can not improve the absorption properties.


2008 ◽  
Vol 22 (31n32) ◽  
pp. 5603-5608 ◽  
Author(s):  
JIN SUNG KIM ◽  
HOON HUH ◽  
TAE SOO KWON

This paper introduces the jig set for the crash test and the crash test results of shear bolts which are designed to fail at train crash conditions. The tension and shear bolts are attached to Light Collision Safety Devices(LCSD) as a mechanical fuse when tension and shear bolts reach their failure load designed. The kinetic energy due to the crash is absorbed by the secondary energy absorbing device after LCSD are detached from the main body by the fracture of shear bolts. A single shear bolt was designed to fail at the load of 250 kN. The jig set designed to convert a compressive loading to a shear loading was installed to the high speed crash tester for dynamic shear tests. Two strain gauges were attached at the parallel section of the jig set to measure the load responses acting on the shear bolts. Crash tests were performed with a carrier whose mass was 250 kg and the initial speed of the carrier was 9 m/sec. From the quasi-static and dynamic experiments as well as the numerical analysis, the capacity of the shear bolts were accurately predicted for the crashworthiness design.


2014 ◽  
Vol 513-517 ◽  
pp. 3313-3316 ◽  
Author(s):  
De Chun Zhao ◽  
Long Sheng Zhang

With the development of science and technology, electronic equipments are widely applied in society. Electronic equipments make life more convenient and efficient. However, a variety of harmful electromagnetic radiation is generated when the electronic equipment is working. The electromagnetic radiation not only affects the normal operation of other electronic device but also pollutes the environment survival for human. Furthermore, electromagnetic radiation is harm to human. Therefore, it is important to take measures to prevent various electromagnetic radiations. Firstly this paper introduces relevant knowledge of electromagnetic radiation and standards on electromagnetic radiation. Then, it analyses the biological effect of electromagnetic radiations according to the radiation distribution of cell-phone. Finally, it proposes protective measures based on the study of the biological effect.


An apparatus for accelerating small quantities of various liquids vertically downwards at accelerations of the order of 50g ( g being 32.2 ft./sec. 2 ) is described, and the behaviour of small wave-like corrugations initially imposed on the upper liquid surface has been observed by means of high-speed shadow photography. The instability observed under a wide variety of experimental conditions has been analyzed, and the initial phases have been found to agree well with the first-order theory given in part I. When the disturbance has attained a considerable amplitude the first-order equations cease to apply and it changes from a wave into a form which has the appearance of large round-ended columns of air extending into the liquid and separated by narrow sheets of liquid. The air columns attain a steady velocity relative to the accelerating liquid and continue to penetrate into the liquid until the lower surface of the liquid is reached. In spite of these very large surface disturbances, the main body of liquid below them is accelerated as though they did not exist.


2011 ◽  
Vol 187 ◽  
pp. 277-281
Author(s):  
Jian Gang Dong

Available bandwidth measurement of network is an important step in network traffic design and assignment as well as network planning. The previous packet pair and packet train technologies based on network bottleneck segment principle can not be used for available bandwidth measurement of high-speed network. Based on analysis of shortcomings of bandwidth measurement method accordance with network bottleneck segment, the paper presented a kind of high-speed network available bandwidth measurement method based on link idle probability and gave specific steps. The method took router as main body and do not need to consider complicated interference of data flow in the network. Simulation test based on OPNET indicates the feasibility of this method.


1987 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 449-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Robinson

Extraordinary solutions of the weakly relativistic, electromagnetic dispersion relation are investigated for waves propagating perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field in a Maxwellian plasma. As in a companion paper, which treated ordinary modes, weakly relativistic effects are found to modify dramatically the dispersion predicted by strictly non-relativistic ‘classical’ theory in the neighbourhood of harmonics of the cyclotron frequency Ωe. The infinite families of classical Gross–Bernstein and Dnestrovskii–Kostomarov modes are truncated to include only harmonics s satisfying s ≲ (ω2p mc2/4kB TΩ2e)⅓ and s ≲(ωp/Ωe)⅔/8 respectively where ωp is the plasma frequency and T the temperature. All classical cut-offs and resonances are removed apart from the x– and z– mode cut-offs. The only coupling between large- and small-wave-vector modes is between the z mode and a Gross–Bernstein mode near the upper-hybrid frequency and between the x mode and the second Gross–Bernstein mode near 2Ωe. Dispersion of the weakly relativistic counterpart of the x mode departs only slightly from that predicted by cold plasma theory except near Ωe and 2Ωe.


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