scholarly journals Economic and Technical Considerations in Pursuing Green Building Certification: A Case Study from Iran

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Amiri ◽  
Juudit Ottelin ◽  
Jaana Sorvari ◽  
Seppo Junnila
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Green Building ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Leed Certification ◽  
Western Asia ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Technical Considerations

Buildings use 30-40 % of all energy resources and are thus their main consumers in modern society. Moreover, buildings require a vast amount of different raw materials. During the last two decades, several green building certifications have been created in order to consider social, economic and environmental aspects of sustainability of buildings. One of the most famous and widely used of these certifications is Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED). So far, the use of LEED has concentrated in the US and other developed countries. One reason that restricts the use of this point-based system certification in developing countries is the limited data about its costs. In this study, the extra cost of the certification process will be evaluated besides the changes needed in the design of the building to reach the points required by LEED. At the first stage, the number of points the case study earns in its current format (Scenario 1) were found out, then the cost difference of getting either the Certified (Scenario 2) or Silver (Scenario 3) level LEED certification for the building was studied. It was found that besides some technical considerations, filling the criteria of the Certified and Silver level increases the total costs of construction by 3.4% and 5.9%. Further improvement of the building’s energy efficiency would enable the attainment of a higher-level certification. The results of the study could help to promote the use of green building certifications in Western Asia.

scholarly journals Economic and Technical Considerations in Pursuing Green Building Certification: A Case Study from Iran

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 719
Author(s):  
Ali Amiri ◽  
Juudit Ottelin ◽  
Jaana Sorvari ◽  
Seppo Junnila
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Green Building ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Leed Certification ◽  
Western Asia ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Technical Considerations

Buildings use 30–40% of all energy resources and are thus the main consumers in modern society. Moreover, buildings require a vast amount of different raw materials. During the last two decades, several green building certifications have been created in order to consider the social, economic, and environmental aspects of the sustainability of buildings. One of the most famous and widely used of these certifications is Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED). So far, the use of LEED has concentrated in the US and other developed countries. One reason that restricts the use of this point-based system certification in developing countries is the limited data about its costs. In this study, the extra cost of the certification process were evaluated, besides the changes needed in the design of the building to reach the points required by LEED. At the first stage, the number of points the case study earns in its current format (Scenario 1) were assessed, then the cost difference of getting either the Certified (Scenario 2) or Silver (Scenario 3) level LEED certification for the building was studied. It was found that besides some technical considerations, filling the criteria of the Certified and Silver level increases the total costs of construction by 3.4% and 5.9%, respectively. Further improvement of the building’s energy efficiency would enable the attainment of a higher-level certification. The results of the study could help to promote the use of green building certifications in Western Asia.

scholarly journals Criminal law measures of ensuring the security of the crypto sphere

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-162
Author(s):  
Oleg Stepanov ◽  
Denis Pechegin
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Foreign Currency ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Financial Asset ◽  
Financial Instruments ◽  
The Us ◽  
Draft Bill ◽  
The Cost

In the first issue of the Bratislava Law Review magazine for 2018, our article addressed the problem of legal regulation of relations related to the crypto sphere “Failure to repatiate funds in foreign currency from abroad and modern issues of currency regulation” was published. In December 2017, Bitcoin predicted the cost of $ 40 – $ 100 thousand. However, in 2018, the situation changed-the Bitcoin exchange rate began to lose from $ 0.5 to $ 1 thousand per day, and its market capitalization fell to $ 70 billion. The crisis of the crypto market has affected not only the capitalization of cryptocurrencies, but also the issues of legal regulation of relations associated with its use. Currently, only three countries – Sweden, the Netherlands and Japan – recognize cryptocurrency as a legal means of payment. In Spain, the cryptocurrency is classified as an electronic means of payment only in relation to the gaming business. The legislation of Germany, as well as Finland, allows to classify cryptocurrencies as financial instruments. In China, Singapore and Norway cryptocurrency is considered as a financial asset in the US – as property, i.e. developed countries are in no hurry to equate cryptocurrency to means of payment. In Russia, the use of cryptocurrencies is not regulated by any rules, but there is no legislation prohibiting the circulation of cryptocurrencies as means of payment. At the same time, the draft bill “On digital nancial assets”, designed to regulate financial relations in the crypto sphere, completely excludes the issues of mining and circulation of existing crypto-currencies. However, new electronic entities carry certain risks associated with their turnover. In this regard, many States seek to develop mechanisms to ensure the security of actions in the new crypto sphere of legal relations before the direct legalization of cryptocurrencies and other modern electronic entities. The purpose of the article is to analyze the approaches related to the security of the crypto sphere in modern society by criminal law measures taking into account foreign experience.

scholarly journals Improving the Link Between the LEED Green Building Label and a Building's Energy-Related Environmental Metrics

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Christopher Wedding ◽  
Douglas Crawford-Brown
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Probabilistic Models ◽  
Green Building ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Market Change ◽  
Leed Certification ◽  
Certification Programs ◽  
The Us ◽  
Leed Buildings

The US Green Building Council's (USGBC) Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) green building rating program has grown from a little known tool for market change to a label and brand relied upon by many of the largest players in real estate. It now serves as an indicator of sustainability and an instrument for environmental management. While LEED-certified buildings tend to offer greater environmental benefits than their conventional counterparts, research and experience shows that the variation in and magnitude of these benefits varies, even among buildings of the same LEED certification level. In light of growing concerns about “greenwashing” and the liability associated with questionable environmental declarations, it is important to ensure that users of LEED and similar certification programs receive a set of benefits comparable to those expected. With a focus on energy-related issues, this research (1) highlights evidence of the inconsistency between the expected and actual benefits of LEED buildings, (2) suggests revisions to LEED's Energy & Atmosphere (EA) section to reduce the variation and magnitude in the energy-related environmental impacts from LEED buildings, (3) quantifies this reduction in variation and magnitude of impacts using Monte Carlo analyses and probabilistic models created specifically for this research, (4) compares carbon dioxide emissions from LEED buildings to the Architecture 2030 Challenge goals and (5) quantifies the importance of scoring LEED buildings on a per capita normalized basis. This research is a follow-up piece to the authors' previous work published in the Journal of Green Building (Wedding and Crawford-Brown 2007).

Towards a Green Building: Opportunities and Challenges in Lebanon

2014 ◽  
Vol 935 ◽  
pp. 27-33
Author(s):  
Mohammed Farouk El-Aby
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Green Building ◽  
Resource Depletion ◽  
Rating System ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Current Resource ◽  
Global And Local ◽  
Case Study Methods

Due to the current resource depletion rates, as well as the growing need toward energy and water efficiency, Governments and the private sector adopted the concept of the Green Building, given the fact that buildings are responsible for energy and raw materials on a large scale. That need is clearly manifested in the developing countries facing energy efficiency challenges. Hence, this research highlights the efforts of the governmental and the non-for-profit organizations; represented by Lebanese Ministry of Environment, Ministry of Energy and Water, Lebanon Green Building Council (LGBC) and funded by the International Finance Corporation of the World Bank. The research summarizes the opportunities and challenges of adopting this concept to the benefit of Lebanon and other countries undergoing the same circumstances and facing the same challenges. In the process of reaching a conclusion, the researcher adopted the analytical and the case study methods through two main axes. The former attends to the theoretical studies which include the definition, the principles, the benefits and the global and local rating system of the Green Building. The latter axis addresses the Lebanese experiment through the review of the Opportunities and the Challenges facing the Green Building in Lebanon, and the ARZ Building Rating System. It also illustrates and analyzes a pioneering project in Lebanon that employed the green building patterns, the Ammiq Eco-Restaurant in Bekaa region. The paper is concluded by a set of recommendations that can be the foundation for similar experiences aspiring for adopting the green building as a cornerstone in the arena of sustainable development.

FINANCIAL AND ECONOMICAL RISKS IMPACTING COST OF LEED CERTIFIED PROJECTS

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Asli Pelin Gurgun ◽  
Gul Polat ◽  
Hasan Gokberk Bayhan ◽  
Atilla Damci
Keyword(s):  
Financial Incentives ◽  
Green Building ◽  
Green Buildings ◽  
Certification Process ◽  
Literature Research ◽  
Leed Certification ◽  
Green Construction ◽  
The World ◽  
Financial Burdens ◽  
The Cost

Green buildings have benefits for the environment, which has been acknowledged by the vast majority of building professionals. LEED is one of the most recognized green building certification systems in the world. However, issues related to financial aspects of the entire process and LEED certification may be significant and constitutes new financial burdens to the cost of the projects. After a diligent literature research, main issues related to cost can be identified under four major categories such as; cost of the certification process, scarcity of insurance solutions, rental due to delay related to green construction procedures and conditions, and failure to use of financial incentives (tax/loan discounts, low financing rates) because of delays or lower certification levels than expected throughout the LEED certification. This study focuses on the assessment of professionals’ experiences about the financial and economical risks green buildings and their impacts on cost by identifying the most common drawbacks and evaluate relevant precautions against them. Analysis results show that high cost of certification process is one of the concerns for the majority of the professionals. Rental loss due to delay related to green construction procedures and conditions, costs related to certification, documentation, practices and design are found as the other risk factors in the study. Proper allocation of such risks in contract documents and special insurance products with appropriate endorsements could be used to mitigate related risks.

Energy Conservation and Green Building Design of Library Case Study on the New Hubei Library

2013 ◽  
Vol 438-439 ◽  
pp. 1746-1750
Author(s):  
Yan Li
Keyword(s):  
Energy Saving ◽  
Natural Ventilation ◽  
Green Building ◽  
Building Design ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Building Structure ◽  
Green Building Design ◽  
Cultural Service ◽  
Conditioning Control

As the major public buildings and cultural service institutions, libraries play an important role in the strategy of energy-saving buildings. In order to keep pace with the footstep of Western developed countries, China has launched a series of green and energy-saving building practices and achieved certain results. The New Hubei Library is a successful example, with Chinese national conditions and the characteristic of the library itself taken into consideration, and limited conditions in the design process fully made the most use of. Besides the designer has efficiently used energy-saving strategy on building structure maintenance, solar radiation, air conditioning control system and natural ventilation, finally achieved the goal of energy saving of library.

scholarly journals Lighting Quality and Acoustic Quality in LEED-Certified Buildings Using Occupant Evaluation

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Young S Lee
Keyword(s):  
Job Performance ◽  
Work Environment ◽  
Environmental Design ◽  
Green Building ◽  
Leed Certification ◽  
Worker Satisfaction ◽  
The Us ◽  
Acoustic Quality ◽  
Building Practice ◽  
The Relationship

Lighting quality and acoustic quality are often not well addressed in the current green building practice, including the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Green Building Rating System in the US. While the level of LEED certification indicates the level of sustainability, it is not clear if a higher level of LEED certification also implies a more comfortable and productive work environment. The study intended to find the relationship between the level of LEED certification and the level of worker satisfaction and perceived job performance regarding lighting quality and acoustic quality from fifteen LEED-certified buildings. The findings indicate that the LEED Platinum building group tended to provide better lighting quality than the other lower certification groups, while the LEED Gold building group showed lower lighting quality and acoustic quality than the rest of the groups. Workplace designers and organizations should be mindful of the importance of lighting and acoustic qualities in promoting better comfort and productivity as it is easy to overlook these criteria when complying with LEED IEQ guidelines.

scholarly journals Economic-mathematical model of obtaining commodity products of the green construction department of the Krasnoyarsk city

2021 ◽  
Vol 875 (1) ◽  
pp. 012056
Author(s):  
N Haydenok ◽  
V Chumakov ◽  
N Yakovenko
Keyword(s):  
Organic Waste ◽  
Optimization Problem ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Economic Effect ◽  
Green Building ◽  
Environmental Safety ◽  
Plant Raw Materials ◽  
Effective System ◽  
The Cost

Abstract The article deals with the possibility of obtaining marketable products from plant raw materials obtained as a result of urban landscaping and gardening in Krasnoyarsk. The aim of this scientific research is to create an effective system of recycling environmentally friendly organic waste, and thus to reduce the negative impact on the environment and ensure environmental safety. The material of the research is organic waste from pruning of trees, bushes and lawn mowing, as well as means of production for their processing. A linear programming method was used in the work. Solving the posed optimization problem according to the chosen criteria and established systems of restrictions, we will receive either the maximum income, or the minimum costs, or the maximum productivity. It is realistic to formulate the optimization problem seasonally. Economic effect is achieved by reducing the cost of landfill disposal and obtaining a profit from the sale of commercial products made from green organic waste. The project is planned to be implemented on the basis of Krasnoyarsk municipal enterprise “Green Building Department”. The prospect of this research is to reduce the amount of waste by maximising recycling and incorporating it into the economy.

scholarly journals Analysis on carbon footprint: A case study of Gorkhapatra national daily in Nepal

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-49
Author(s):  
Anukram Sharma ◽  
Khem N Poudyal ◽  
Nawraj Bhattarai
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Carbon Footprint ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Carbon Emission ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Daily Newspaper ◽  
The Cost

Study of carbon footprint is an emerging field which provides statistical analysis about the contribution of an activity on global climate change. Every human activity in daily life is achieved at the expense of those substances which directly or indirectly contribute to global warming. In this era of global communication, humans are habitual to know about the ongoing changes in the world. Newspapers are one of the reliable sources for getting updated about the global information. Paper-based newspapers come at the cost of greenhouse gas emissions. So, this article based upon an analysis of carbon footprint of Nepal’s national daily newspaper provides evaluation of each of the following: carbon emission during the manufacturing of raw materials, carbon emission from fuel consumption during transportation of raw materials, carbon emissions during the printing of newspaper and carbon emission from the fuel consumption during the transportation of printed newspaper. During the study period of 2019 A.D., the result shows that the total carbon emission of Gorkhapatra newspaper was found to be 2308.5 kg CO2e per ton. The upshot of this study provides not only thorough information about carbon emissions but also builds a foundation for calculation of carbon emissions from paper used in various sectors.

scholarly journals Determining Textbook Cost, Formats, and Licensing with Google Books API: A Case Study from an Open Textbook Project

2019 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-99
Author(s):  
Eamon Costello ◽  
Richard Bolger ◽  
Tiziana Soverino ◽  
Mark Brown
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
North America ◽  
Education Institution ◽  
The Public ◽  
College Course ◽  
The Us ◽  
Google Books ◽  
Retail Prices ◽  
The Cost

The rising cost of textbooks for students has been highlighted as a major concern in higher education, particularly in the US and Canada. Less has been reported, however, about the costs of textbooks outside of North America, including in Europe. We address this gap in the knowledge through a case study of one Irish higher education institution, focusing on the cost, accessibility, and licensing of textbooks. We report here on an investigation of textbook prices drawing from an official college course catalog containing several thousand books. We detail how we sought to determine metadata of these books including: the formats they are available in, whether they are in the public domain, and the retail prices. We explain how we used methods to automatically determine textbook costs using Google Books API and make our code and dataset publicly available. 

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