scholarly journals A New Cosmological Model Based on Quantization of the Zero-point Field

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Biswaranjan Dikshit
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Standard Model ◽  
Cosmological Model ◽  
Potential Energy ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Vacuum Energy ◽  
Zero Point ◽  
Vacuum Energy Density ◽  
New Model ◽  
Point Field

Cosmic inflation has presented solutions for a number of important cosmological problems, yet left some unanswered. In this paper, we present a cosmological model based on the quantization of the zero-point field which is consistent with empirical data, requires fewer assumptions, and presents answers to some of those unanswered questions. A comparison between standard cosmology and the theory presented in this paper is given below. Vacuum energy density: Standard inflationary model needs both Hubble’s constant and Matter density to estimate it. But, new cosmological model needs only Hubble’s constant. Non-vacuum energy density: Standard model can’t predict it. But, the new model can predict using only Hubble’s constant. Ratio of vacuum energy to total energy: Standard model can’t predict it. But, new model can predict it, that too without using Hubble’s constant. Energy conservation: In standard model, total energy is not conserved before inflation. But, in the new model, energy is conserved right from beginning of the universe whose net energy (including gravitational potential energy) is always zero. Flatness and homogeneity: Standard model needs Inflaton field with a specific potential energy distribution to explain it. But, new model doesn’t need any such hypothetical field, just the zero-point field is sufficient. Based on the new cosmological model, in the conclusion, realistic possibility for existence of multiverse and a mechanism for end of universe are discussed.

Dark energy and dark matter as due to zero point energy

2012 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 327-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
BO LEHNERT
Keyword(s):  
Dark Matter ◽  
Dark Energy ◽  
Energy Density ◽  
Vacuum Energy ◽  
Mass Density ◽  
Zero Point ◽  
Vacuum Energy Density ◽  
Zero Point Energy ◽  
Observable Universe ◽  
Point Energy

AbstractAn attempt is made to explain dark energy and dark matter of the expanding universe in terms of the zero point vacuum energy. This analysis is mainly limited to later stages of an observable nearly flat universe. It is based on a revised formulation of the spectral distribution of the zero point energy, for an ensemble in a defined statistical equilibrium having finite total energy density. The steady and dynamic states are studied for a spherical cloud of zero point energy photons. The ‘antigravitational’ force due to its pressure gradient then represents dark energy, and its gravitational force due to the energy density represents dark matter. Four fundamental results come out of the theory. First, the lack of emitted radiation becomes reconcilable with the concepts of dark energy and dark matter. Second, the crucial coincidence problem of equal orders of magnitude of mass density and vacuum energy density cannot be explained by the cosmological constant, but is resolved by the present variable concepts, which originate from the same photon gas balance. Third, the present approach becomes reconcilable with cosmical dimensions and with the radius of the observable universe. Fourth, the deduced acceleration of the expansion agrees with the observed one. In addition, mass polarity of a generalized gravitation law for matter and antimatter is proposed as a source of dark flow.

scholarly journals A Unified Cosmological Model for Solution of Problems of Cosmological Constant, Cosmic Coincidence, Energy Conservation, Flatness and Homogeneity of Horizon

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Biswaranjan Dikshit
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Cosmological Model ◽  
Energy Conservation ◽  
Cosmological Constant ◽  
Vacuum Energy ◽  
Vacuum Energy Density ◽  
Zero Energy ◽  
Cosmological Constant Problem ◽  
Coincidence Problem ◽  
Horizon Problem

Cosmological constant problem is the difference by a factor of ~10123 between quantum mechanically calculated vacuum energy density and astronomically observed value. Cosmic coincidence problem questions why matter energy density is of the same order as the present vacuum energy density (former is ~32% and latter is ~68%). Recently, by quantizing zero-point field of space, we have developed a cosmological model that predicts correct value of vacuum and non-vacuum energy density. In this paper, we remove some earlier assumptions and develop a generalized version of our cosmological model to solve three more problems viz. energy conservation, flatness and horizon problem along with the above two. For creation of universe without violating law of energy conservation, net energy of the universe including (negative) gravitational potential energy must be zero. However, in conventional method, its quantitative proof needs the space to be exactly flat i.e. zero-energy universe is a consequence of flatness. But, in this paper, we will prove a zero-energy universe without using flatness of space and then show that flatness is actually a consequence of zero energy density. Finally, using our model we solve the horizon problem of universe. Although cosmic inflation can explain the flatness of space and uniformity of horizon by invoking inflaton field, it cannot predict the present value of vacuum energy density or matter density. But, our cosmological model solves in an unified manner all the above mentioned five problems viz. cosmological constant problem, cosmic coincidence problem, energy conservation, flatness and horizon problem.

scholarly journals Quantum Mechanical Explanation for Dark energy, Cosmic Coincidence, Flatness, Age and Size of Universe

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Biswaranjan Dikshit
Keyword(s):  
Dark Energy ◽  
Energy Density ◽  
Vacuum Energy ◽  
Zero Point ◽  
Astronomical Observation ◽  
Vacuum Energy Density ◽  
Quantum Mechanical ◽  
Coincidence Problem ◽  
Dark Energy Density ◽  
Analytical Expression

In this paper, by taking the structure of universe to be a 3-sphere and assuming that the zero-point oscillator for all particles is same, we derive an analytical expression for  vacuum (or dark) energy density and eliminate the discrepancy of ~10123 between quantum mechanical prediction and astronomical observation. Thus, we solve the cosmological constant problem. Then, using the analytical expression of the dark energy, we derive the expression for non-vacuum contribution to energy density (ordinary/dark matter, radiation) and show that ratio between non-vacuum to vacuum energy is ~1/2, thus solving the cosmic coincidence problem which questions why the matter energy density is of the same order as the vacuum energy density. Finally, using the above expressions for energy density, observed flatness of space is explained, Hubble’s constant is proved to be exactly equal to the reciprocal of the age of universe and size of universe is estimated. The calculated age and radius of universe comes out to be ~14.4 billion years and ~50 billion light years respectively which match well with the astronomically observed data.

C-field cosmological model for barotropic fluid distribution with bulk viscosity and decaying vacuum energy (Λ) in FRW space–time

2013 ◽  
Vol 91 (9) ◽  
pp. 728-732 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raj Bali ◽  
Seema Saraf
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Cosmological Model ◽  
Bulk Viscosity ◽  
Vacuum Energy ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Fluid Distribution ◽  
Vacuum Energy Density ◽  
Massless Scalar ◽  
Barotropic Fluid ◽  
The Creation

A solution of Einstein’s field equations that admits barotropic fluid distribution and a negative-energy massless scalar creation field as a source in the presence of bulk viscosity and time-dependent vacuum energy density (Λ) is investigated. It is shown that a cosmological model based on this solution satisfies observational tests and is thus a viable alternative to the standard Big Bang model. The present model is free from real singularity and particle horizon. The creation field increases with time, which matches the result as obtained by Hoyle and Narlikar (Proc. Roy. Soc. A, 282, 178 (1964)). The vacuum energy density, Λ ∼ t–2, matches the result as obtained by Bertolami (Nuovocim. B, 93, 36 (1986)). The spatial volume increases exponentially with time. Thus the model has an inflationary scenario. The deceleration parameter q < 0 indicating that the model represents accelerating expansion of the universe. The presence of the creation field prevents matter density from vanishing and it remains constant for large t. We also observe that bulk viscosity slows down the rate of decrease of volume expansion.

scholarly journals Locally rotationally symmetric Bianchi type I massive string cosmological model with vacuum energy density and magnetic field in general relativity

2016 ◽  
Vol 94 (3) ◽  
pp. 267-270
Author(s):  
Raj Bali ◽  
Swati Singh
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Energy Density ◽  
Cosmological Model ◽  
Vacuum Energy ◽  
Bianchi Type ◽  
Vacuum Energy Density ◽  
Type I ◽  
Massive String ◽  
Total Energy Density ◽  
Rotationally Symmetric

A locally rotationally symmetric (LRS) Bianchi type I massive string cosmological model with vacuum energy density (Λ) and magnetic field is investigated. To get a deterministic model of the universe, we assume that shear (σ) is proportional to expansion (θ) and Λ ∼ 1/R2 as considered by Chen and Wu (Phys. Rev. D, 41, 695 (1990)) where R is a scale factor. We find that the total energy density (ρ), the particle density ρp decreases with time. The strong energy conditions as given by Hawking and Ellis (The large scale structure of space–time. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. p. 88. (1974)) are satisfied. The vacuum energy density decreases with time, which matches with astronomical observation. The model in general represents anisotropic space–time because of the presence of strings. The total energy density and string tension density decrease because of the presence of a magnetic field. Both the models have point-type singularities at T = 0 and τ = 0, respectively. The other physical aspects of the models are also discussed.

One-loop amplitudes of closed bosonic strings

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Q. Ho-Kim ◽  
P. Mathieu
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Bosonic Strings ◽  
Vacuum Energy ◽  
Klein Bottle ◽  
Scalar Fields ◽  
Vacuum Energy Density ◽  
Ultraviolet Divergence ◽  
Point Field ◽  
The One ◽  
Loop Amplitudes

We derive the one-loop amplitudes for the emission of tachyons and massless bosons from closed unoriented bosonic strings. Contributions from both the torus and the Klein bottle are included, and the structure of their divergences is discussed. It is shown that in the zero-slope limit, the amplitude for emission of massless bosons agrees with results of point-field calculations for the coupling of scalar fields to gravity. Finally, the possibility of cancelling the leading ultraviolet divergence for a particular gauge group is discussed and illustrated for the vacuum-energy density.

Quantum fields and gravity: Expanding space-times

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (02n03) ◽  
pp. 2040039
Author(s):  
Claudio Parmeggiani
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Vacuum Energy ◽  
Fock Space ◽  
Zero Point ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Vacuum Energy Density ◽  
Dimensional Manifold ◽  
Quantum Fields ◽  
Point Energy

We discuss a proposal for a somewhat new formulation of quantum field theory (set in a four-dimensional manifold, the space-time) that includes an analysis of its implications for the evolution of Einstein-Friedmann cosmological models. The proposed theory displays two peculiar features: (i) a local Hilbert-Fock space is associated with each space-time point: we are dealing with a vector bundle whose fibers are Hilbert spaces; the operator-valued sections of the bundle are the quantum fields; (ii) the vacuum energy density is finite, being regularized in a space-time curvature dependent way, independently at each point. In fact everything is finite: self-masses, self-charges, quantum fluctuations: they depend on the space-time curvature and diverge only for a flat metric. In an Einstein-Friedmann model the vacuum (zero-point) energy density is consequently time-dependent and in general not negligible. Then it is shown that, for some choices of the parameters of the theory, the big-bang singularity is resolved and replaced by a bounce driven by the vacuum energy density, which becomes (very) large and negative near the bounce (negative by the contribution of the Fermi fields). But for large times (now, say) the Bose fields’ positive vacuum energy eventually overcomes the negative one and we are finally left with the present vacuum energy: positive and reasonably small.

Casimir stress in spherical media when εμ = 1

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (8) ◽  
pp. 805-810 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Brevik ◽  
H. Kolbenstvedt
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Negative Pressure ◽  
Spherical Surface ◽  
Zero Point ◽  
Source Theory ◽  
Stress Components ◽  
Point Field

The radial and azimuthal stress components of the electromagnetic zero-point field are calculated inside and outside a spherical surface dividing two media of permeabilities μ1 and μ2. The corresponding permittivities ε1 and ε2 are such that εμ = 1 everywhere. Schwinger's source theory is used. In the inside region all stress components are negative, corresponding to a negative pressure. In the outside region the signs of the angular stress components are reversed, similar to the case for the energy density.

scholarly journals LOCAL CONTRIBUTION OF A QUANTUM CONDENSATE TO THE VACUUM ENERGY DENSITY

2003 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 683-690 ◽  
Author(s):  
GIOVANNI MODANESE
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Vacuum Energy ◽  
Casimir Effect ◽  
Landau Equation ◽  
Vacuum Energy Density ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Ginzburg Landau ◽  
Physical Conditions ◽  
Local Contribution ◽  
Gravitational Vacuum

We evaluate the local contribution gμνL of coherent matter with Lagrangian density L to the vacuum energy density. Focusing on the case of superconductors obeying the Ginzburg–Landau equation, we express the relativistic invariant density L in terms of low-energy quantities containing the pairs density. We discuss under which physical conditions the sign of the local contribution of the collective wave function to the vacuum energy density is positive or negative. Effects of this kind can play an important role in bringing the local changes in the amplitude of gravitational vacuum fluctuations — a phenomenon reminiscent of the Casimir effect in QED.

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