scholarly journals Development of Agriculture Model to Measure Survival Income for Different Categories of Agriculture Land-Holding Farmers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masood Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Rural Population ◽  
Market Price ◽  
Small Farmers ◽  
Poverty Level ◽  
Minimum Support ◽  
Agriculture Land ◽  
Support Price ◽  
The Impact

The rural population percentage decreased from 82.7% to 68.9% in 2011, even though there is an increase in the total rural population, which stands at 833.7 million, and the rural population were now more than three times compared to the population seven decades ago. Another observation is the decrease in cultivators percentage from 71.9% to 45.1 %, while agriculture labour increase from 28.1% to 54.9% during the same period. Despite the increase in irrigated land and net area sown, the average holdings' size under the farmers is continuously decreasing, and it requires a study to look into the reasons. The research probes the role of Minimum Support Price (MSP) in supporting farmers and measuring market price above MSP needed to help marginal and small farmers remain above the poverty level. It explains how different market rates above MSP have a different impact on different categories of agriculture landholding. The study works on developing a common model that relates the impact of MSP on different farmers categories. The model can be generalized to all crops and regions and useful in designing policies that focus on uplifting the income of agricultural farmers.

scholarly journals An Analytical Study of Relationship between Socio-Economic Profile and Impact of Minimum Support Price Scheme on Small Farmers of Begusarai District of Bihar

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 70-79
Author(s):  
Krishna Kumar ◽  
Syed H. Mazhar
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Price Policy ◽  
School Level ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Extension Agents ◽  
Small Farmers ◽  
Minimum Support ◽  
Support Price ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

Minimum Support Price fixed by the government to protect the farmers against excessive fall in price during bumper production years. Questions, are being raised about the efficacy and effectiveness of the instruments of price policy specifically the Minimum Support Prices. Under these circumstances it assumes greater significance to understand the impact caused by the minimum support prices on small farmers with socio-economic scale. Total of 60 beneficiaries and 60 non-beneficiaries was selected in Teghara block of Bihar district by purposive sampling method. The primary data were collected with the help of interview schedule and the responses were recorded, classified and tabulated and appropriate statistical tools were employed. The results showed that higher percentage of small farmers were middle aged, attained middle school level education and had low income, the beneficiaries who had primary school level education with high farm experience, present near to the market and contacted extension agents had been sought to have more impacted.

Effectiveness of Auctions in Securing Price Support for Farmers: The Case of a Grain Market in India

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Neha Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Lower Cost ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Price Support ◽  
Minimum Support ◽  
Minimum Price ◽  
Support Price ◽  
The Government ◽  
Nonparametric Estimates ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Analyze Data

Abstract This paper reviews rice procurement operations of Government of India from the standpoints of cost of procurement as well as effectiveness in supporting farmers’ incomes. The two channels in use for procuring rice till 2015, were custom milling of rice and levy. In the first, the government bought paddy directly from farmers at the minimum support price (MSP) and got it milled from private millers; while in the second, it purchased rice from private millers at a pre-announced levy price thus providing indirect price support to farmers. Secondary data reveal that levy, despite implying lower cost of procurement was discriminated against till about a decade back and eventually abolished in 2015 in favor of custom milling, better trusted to provide minimum price support. We analyze data from auctions of paddy from a year when levy was still important to investigate its impact on farmers’ revenues. We use semi-nonparametric estimates of millers’ values to simulate farmers’ expected revenues and find these to be rather close to the MSP; a closer analysis shows that bidder competition is critical to this result. Finally, we use our estimates to quantify the impact of change in levy price on farmers’ revenues and use this to discuss ways to revive the levy channel.

scholarly journals UNCOVERING PRODUCTION FLOWS FROM SMALL FARMS: RESULTS FROM POLAND AND PORTUGAL CASE STUDIES

2019 ◽  
Vol XXI (3) ◽  
pp. 49-61
Author(s):  
Marta Czekaj ◽  
Paola Hernández ◽  
Ana Fonseca ◽  
Maria Rivera ◽  
Katarzyna Żmija ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Focus Groups ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Food System ◽  
Food Product ◽  
Small Farmers ◽  
Small Farms ◽  
Regional Food ◽  
Product Maps ◽  
The Impact

This study is an attempt to assess the impact of small farms (SF) on the regional food product circulation of specific key products in selected, fragmented, agrarian regions in Poland and Portugal. The empirical study is based on the analysis of food product maps which were developed based on data from a survey conducted among owners of small farms and small food businesses at focus group meetings and workshops organized in 2017 and 2018 in the Nowotarski and Nowosądecki subregions in Poland and in the Alentejo Central and Oeste subregions in Portugal. Qualitative data analysis was conducted using uniform methodology. In each of the subregions, focus groups helped to confront the assumptions resulting from surveys and corroborate the flows and fluxes described in the developed food product maps. Data collected during focus groups were enriched by data gathered during regional workshops that focused on food system governance. It was concluded that food product maps indicate interesting relationship flows of small farmers’ products along the food system, highlighting the role of fluxes connecting small farmers with other actors regarding specific key products. Several similarities and disparities between regional KP production flows in the Portuguese and Polish subregions, based on the type of key product, the various distribution channels and farming capacities present in each subregion were observed.

scholarly journals The Impact of the Direct Peanut Price Support Program on Farm Income and Government Cost

1975 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 247-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inbum Song ◽  
John R. Franzmann ◽  
John F. Mead
Keyword(s):  
Market Price ◽  
Support Program ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Price Support ◽  
Support Price ◽  
The Government ◽  
Parity Price ◽  
Operation Results ◽  
On Farm ◽  
The Impact

Two major programs — allotment-quota and price support — have been in force to support peanut farming since 1952. The purpose is to restrict production of peanuts while supporting the price of peanuts produced. Production is restricted through the allotment-quota program, determined by the Secretary of Agriculture, and converted to a national acreage allotment. However, minimum national acreage allotment has been fixed at 1.61 million acres. The price support program provided that price be supported no lower than 75 percent of the parity price of peanuts. Under the programs, peanuts produced by the grower are sold on the market at the support price for edible uses and excess quantities are sold to the government at the support price. Peanuts purchased by the government are stored and later sold for crushing at the going market price. Because peanuts for crushing command a much lower price than the government acquisition price, the purchase-and-resale operation results in a net loss representing public cost of the peanut price support program.

The Value and Cost of Crop Minimum Support Price: Farmer and Consumer Welfare and Implementation Cost

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prashant Chintapalli ◽  
Christopher S. Tang
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Market Price ◽  
Consumer Welfare ◽  
Social Value ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
The Other ◽  
Implementation Cost ◽  
Net Benefit ◽  
Minimum Support ◽  
Support Price

In many developing countries, crop minimum support price (MSP) is a subsidy scheme to (i) improve farmer welfare by safeguarding farmers’ incomes against vagaries in crop price and (ii) improve consumer surplus by ensuring sufficient crop production. Among different mechanisms to operationalize an MSP scheme, we focus on credit-based MSPs under which the government credits farmers should the prevailing market price be below the prespecified MSP. By accounting for the implementation cost of the MSP, we examine the effectiveness of the MSP in terms of net benefit (i.e., farmer’s surplus minus the implementation cost) and net social value (i.e., sum of farmer’s and consumer’s surpluses minus the implementation cost) in a market that consists of risk-averse farmers with heterogeneous production costs. Also, farmers face two types of uncertainties: (1) market and (2) production yield uncertainty. We find that a credit-based MSP can induce crop production, which is intuitive. However, we find some more interesting results: (i) offering a higher MSP may not improve farmer’s surplus, (ii) the net benefit of an MSP can be negative—the cost of offering an MSP can exceed the farmer’s surplus, and (iii) there exists an MSP that maximizes the net social value. We extend our single-crop model to the case of two crops to capture the intercrop MSP interaction. We show that when one crop is more rewarding but riskier than the other crop, then it is sufficient to offer an appropriate MSP for one of the two crops while offering no MSP to the other crop. This paper was accepted by Vishal Gaur, operations management.

Farming through Enclosure

Rural History ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.V. Beckett ◽  
M.E. Turner ◽  
Ben Cowell
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Agricultural Productivity ◽  
Small Farmers ◽  
Legal Process ◽  
Main Substance ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Open Fields

The legal process of gaining an enclosure could be long, complicated and expensive …. It could take up to six years, during which time a farmer did not know what was happening or how to farm. (S. Wade Martins,Farms and Fields(1995), p. 81).The impact of parliamentary enclosure in England has been a subject for debate since at least the 1870s. A series of issues has been identified and discussed including the costs of enclosure; the effect of enclosure on small farmers, small owners, and cottagers; the role of the commissioners; the implications for farm sizes; the impact on agricultural productivity and rents; and the significance for the landscape. Yet the quotation with which we open this paper suggests that there is a subject which has slipped through the historical net, the impact of enclosure on farming. In their work published early in the twentieth century the Hammonds noted of the enclosure of Stanwell in Middlesex (Act 1789) that the nominated commissioners were empowered to direct the course of husbandry ‘as well with respect to the stocking as to the Plowing, Tilling, Cropping, Sowing, and Laying down the same’. W.H.R. Curtler, in 1920, quoted the main substance of the clauses from the Cold Aston (Gloucestershire) enclosure act of 1795: ‘from the passing of the Act until the Award the Commissioners were to direct the course of husbandry in the open fields’. He noted also that earlier acts had stated that the existing course of husbandry should be retained until the award was completed. W.E. Tate wrote as recently as 1967 that during enclosure ‘the general course of agriculture in all the open fields was being carried out under directions laid down by the commissioners’.

scholarly journals Assessing the Impact of Field-of-Use Restrictions in Patent Licensing Agreements: The Ethical Pharmaceutical Industry in the United States, 1950–1962

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 282-323
Author(s):  
MAR CEBRIÁN VILLAR ◽  
SANTIAGO LÓPEZ GARCÍA
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Price Competition ◽  
Market Price ◽  
The United States ◽  
Patent Licensing ◽  
Limit Price ◽  
Product Competition ◽  
The Impact

There are a number of strategies employed by companies to limit price competition, including patenting. This article investigates patent licensing restrictions as a strategy to erode price competition, using mainly information gleaned from the 1960–1962 Kefauver Committee hearings. The article deals with the pharmaceutical industry, which is one of the few sectors in which patents are essential to the development and introduction of innovations. The current study adds to a body of literature that has yielded mixed results with respect to the role of patents in this industry. The main contribution of this research is that restrictive licensing clauses, specifically field-of-use restrictions, are found to be relevant in eroding price competition in the institutional market. However, in the retail ethical market, price competition was absent even when no field-of-use restrictions were included in licensing contracts, although product competition was relevant between patented drugs.

scholarly journals DAMPAK PENDAPATAN BADAN USAHA MILIK DESA (BUMDES) TERHADAP KEMISKINAN MASYARAKAT (Studi Kasus Desa Peunaga Pasi Kecamatan Meureubo Kabupaten Aceh Barat

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuliati Yuliati ◽  
Alisman Alisman ◽  
Bukhari Bukhari
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Method ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Poverty Level ◽  
Village Community ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Village ◽  
Descriptive Qualitative

The role of village-owned enterprisesis an institution managed by the government and the village community which aims to strengthen the village economy. This research was conducted for see the impact of village-owned enterprises in overcoming poverty in Peunaga Pasi village, Meureubo sub-district, West Aceh district year 2020. This study aims to determine the impact of village-owned enterprises in overcoming poverty. The analytical method used is descriptive qualitative, using a sample of 22 respondents.the results of this study indicate that village-owned enterprises have a positive impact on poverty. the existence of village-owned enterprises has reduced the poverty level of the community in the village of Peunaga Pasi, Meureubo sub- district, West Aceh district

scholarly journals Role of Microfinance in Poverty Alleviation: Evidence from Pakistan

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul Ghafoor Awan ◽  
Muhammad Javed Iqbal Juiya
Keyword(s):  
Logit Model ◽  
Poverty Alleviation ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Poverty Level ◽  
Household Poverty ◽  
The Impact

This study has empirically measured the role of microfinance in poverty alleviation and has examined its impact on household poverty level. The factors that can affect the household poverty and living standard have been investigated with innovative econometric technique that is binary logit model and ordered logit model by using Stata software. The empirical analysis of this study is based on fresh data. The data is collected through a household survey method from the rural and urban areas of district Lodhran of Pakistan. A questionnaire was developed to collect primary data which covered the household loan amount, household assets, and household expenditures. The questionnaires were distributed among 220 respondents. We selected total 19 variables: eleven variables to analyze the factors responsible for household poverty and eight variables to measure the household living standard. High value of Living standard shows high living standard and low value shows lower living standard. The empirical evidence shows that the variables such as gender, married status, chronicle diseases, purpose of loans, number of loans taken, amount of loan, Lives Stock, Monthly savings, total number of household members are found impacting poverty significantly while the impact of transport facility, years of schooling and ownership of land were found insignificant. While measuring poverty level we followed World Bank poverty line which is $ 1.25 (Rs.3750) per capita per adult monthly income and expenditure. The data shows that 137 (62.3 percent) households are living below poverty line while 83 households are living above poverty line. We find that 169 households (76.8 percent of the total sample) have good living standard while 20 households (9.1 percent) have high living standard whereas 31 households (14.1 percent), have very low living standard. JEL Classifications Code: E6

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